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    <title language="eng">From Research to a Standard: The Hollow Specimen Technique for High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas Testing</title>
    <abstract language="eng">As the world moves towards a decarbonised economy, the demand for sustainable and low-carbon alternatives is growing rapidly. Hydrogen has an important role to play in this transition, but in order to make the most of hydrogen as an energy carrier, a comprehensive understanding of its impact on the integrity of structural materials is necessary. Metallic materials, mainly steels, are the most commonly used structural materials in various components throughout the hydrogen supply chain. Ensuring their sustainable and safe use in hydrogen technologies is a crucial factor in the development of the hydrogen economy. This is particularly important since hydrogen can promote crack formation and ultimately lead to premature failure in these materials when combined with mechanical load. This process is commonly known as Hydrogen Embrittlement and can occur in almost all the steels used for the hydrogen technologies. Extensive materials qualification is required for the rapid implementation of hydrogen technologies, however, most accepted, and standardised test methods for determining the effect of gaseous hydrogen on metallic materials describe complex and costly procedures that are only available to a very limited extent worldwide.&#13;
The hollow specimen technique is a simple and economical method that has the potential to overcome the limitations of the current methods and complement them for qualifying metallic materials under high-pressure hydrogen gas. Unlike the conventional autoclave technique, this method requires significantly lower amounts of hydrogen, resulting in fewer safety measures and no need for complex equipment or a specialised laboratory. The technique's low investment and testing costs, simple operation, and shorter testing time make it an optimal for widespread use around the world, thereby increasing the output of results.&#13;
Initial studies have demonstrated the feasibility of assessing hydrogen effects in metallic materials using the hollow specimen technique. This led to the establishment of an ISO committee to standardise the method. However, there are open questions that currently prevent the technique from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These open questions relate to specimen geometry, inner hole surface and gas quality and are being addressed in the H2HohlZug project, of which the overall aim is to systematically close the gaps towards a standard. This contribution presents the structure and milestones of the project, followed by initial results.</abstract>
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    <author>Tomás Grimault de Freitas</author>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Hydrogen Embrittlement</value>
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      <value>Hollow Specimen Technique</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TransHyDE</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">Hollow Specimen Method for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas: The TransHyDE - H2HohlZug Project</title>
    <abstract language="eng">As the world moves towards a decarbonised economy, the demand for sustainable and low-carbon alternatives is growing rapidly. Hydrogen has an important role to play in this transition, but in order to make the most of hydrogen as an energy carrier, a comprehensive understanding of its impact on the integrity of structural materials is necessary. Metallic materials, mainly steels, are the most commonly used structural materials in various components throughout the hydrogen supply chain. Ensuring their sustainable and safe use in hydrogen technologies is a crucial factor in the development of the hydrogen economy. This is particularly important since hydrogen can promote crack formation and ultimately lead to premature failure in these materials when combined with mechanical load. This process is commonly known as Hydrogen Embrittlement and can occur in almost all the steels used for the hydrogen technologies. Extensive materials qualification is required for the rapid implementation of hydrogen technologies, however, most accepted, and standardised test methods for determining the effect of gaseous hydrogen on metallic materials describe complex and costly procedures that are only available to a very limited extent worldwide.&#13;
The hollow specimen technique is a simple and economical method that has the potential to overcome the limitations of the current methods and complement them for qualifying metallic materials under high-pressure hydrogen gas. Unlike the conventional autoclave technique, this method requires significantly lower amounts of hydrogen, resulting in fewer safety measures and no need for complex equipment or a specialised laboratory. The technique's low investment and testing costs, simple operation, and shorter testing time make it an optimal for widespread use around the world, thereby increasing the output of results.&#13;
Initial studies have demonstrated the feasibility of assessing hydrogen effects in metallic materials using the hollow specimen technique. This led to the establishment of an ISO committee to standardise the method. However, there are open questions that currently prevent the technique from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These open questions relate to specimen geometry, inner hole surface and gas quality and are being addressed in the H2HohlZug project, of which the overall aim is to systematically close the gaps towards a standard. This contribution presents the structure and milestones of the project, followed by initial results.</abstract>
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    <author>Tomás Grimault de Freitas</author>
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      <value>Hydrogen</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen Embrittlement</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hollow Specimen Technique</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TransHyDE</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>H2HohlZug</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Standardisation</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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  <doc>
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    <title language="eng">Hollow Specimen Method for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas: The Role of Strain-Rate and Surface Quality</title>
    <abstract language="eng">As the world moves towards a decarbonised economy, the demand for sustainable and low-carbon alternatives is growing rapidly. Hydrogen has an important role to play in this transition, but in order to make the most of hydrogen as an energy carrier, a comprehensive understanding of its impact on the integrity of structural materials is necessary. Metallic materials, mainly steels, are the most commonly used structural materials in various components throughout the hydrogen supply chain. Ensuring their sustainable and safe use in hydrogen technologies is a crucial factor in the development of the hydrogen economy. This is particularly important since hydrogen can promote crack formation and ultimately lead to premature failure in these materials when combined with mechanical load. This process is commonly known as Hydrogen Embrittlement and can occur in almost all the steels used for the hydrogen technologies. Extensive materials qualification is required for the rapid implementation of hydrogen technologies, however, most accepted, and standardised test methods for determining the effect of gaseous hydrogen on metallic materials describe complex and costly procedures that are only available to a very limited extent worldwide.&#13;
The hollow specimen technique is a simple and economical method that has the potential to overcome the limitations of the current methods and complement them for qualifying metallic materials under high-pressure hydrogen gas. Unlike the conventional autoclave technique, this method requires significantly lower amounts of hydrogen, resulting in fewer safety measures and no need for complex equipment or a specialised laboratory. The technique's low investment and testing costs, simple operation, and shorter testing time make it an optimal for widespread use around the world, thereby increasing the output of results.&#13;
Initial studies have demonstrated the feasibility of assessing hydrogen effects in metallic materials using the hollow specimen technique. This led to the establishment of an ISO committee to standardise the method. However, there are open questions that currently prevent the technique from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These open questions relate to specimen geometry, inner hole surface and gas quality and are being addressed in the H2HohlZug project, of which the overall aim is to systematically close the gaps towards a standard. This contribution presents the structure and milestones of the project, followed by initial results.</abstract>
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    <author>Tomás Grimault de Freitas</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Hydrogen</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen Embrittlement</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hollow Specimen Technique</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TransHyDE</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>H2HohlZug</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
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    <title language="eng">Repair Welding on Future Pressurized Hydrogen Pipelines</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Hydrogen is the energy carrier for a sustainable future without fossil fuels. This requires a reliable transport infrastructure. In this context, the conversion of existing natural gas (NG) grids is an essential part of the worldwide hydrogen strategies, in addition to the construction of new pipelines. Given the known effects of hydrogen embrittlement, the compatibility of the materials already in use (typically low alloy steels in a wide range of strengths and thicknesses) must be investigated. Initial comprehensive studies of the hydrogen compatibility of pipeline materials indicate that these materials can be used to a certain extent. However, pipelines require frequent maintenance and repair. In some cases, it is necessary to perform welding on pipelines while they are under pressure,&#13;
such as the well-known tapping of natural gas grids. This in-service welding presents additional challenges for hydrogen operations in terms of additional hydrogen absorption during welding and material compatibility. The challenge can be roughly divided into the possible austenitization of the inner pipe material exposed to hydrogen, which can lead to sufficient hydro- gen absorption, and the welding itself, which causes an increased temperature range. Both lead to a significant increase in hydrogen solubility and diffusivity of the respective materials compared to room temperature. In this context, knowledge about hot tapping on hydrogen pipelines is scarce due to the lack of operating experience. Fundamental experimental investigations are required to investigate the possibility of transferring the state-of-the-art concepts from natural gas to hydrogen pipeline grids to ensure that no critical material degradation occurs due to the potentially increased hydrogen uptake. For this reason, the presentation will present the state of the art in hydrogen pipeline hot tapping, including current research projects and their solution strategies in terms of pressurized mock-ups and basic testing scenarios.</abstract>
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    <author>Tomás Grimault de Freitas</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Component Test</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Hydrogen</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>In-service welding</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Pipeline</value>
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    <title language="eng">Hollow Specimen Technique for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas: The Path Towards Standardisation and the Case Study of a Pipeline Steel and its Weld</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The hollow specimen technique is a simple method that has the potential to make material qualification with gaseous pressurized hydrogen widely applicable for the hydrogen industry at low cost. The feasibility of this method has been demonstrated in several studies, leading to the establishment of an ISO committee for its standardization. Questions have emerged during this process, that currently prevent the method from being standardized for hydrogen testing. These questions relate to specimen geometry, specimen manufacturing and gas quality and are being systematically addressed in the TransHyDE-H2HohlZug project. The aim is to close the identified gaps towards the standardization of this method for hydrogen testing.&#13;
This contribution presents the structure and milestones of the project, followed by the results regarding the influence of specimen production and its response to hydrogen effects. Depending on the production method, different roughness and residual stresses can be expected on the inner hole surface of the specimens. This is of importance since an increase in stress concentration sites have been found to be associated to a higher severity of hydrogen effects. This influence has been investigated after applying the following machining processes: a) drilled only; b) drilled and reamed; c) drilled and honed; d) electro-discharge machining (EDM) and honed; e) EDM and reamed.&#13;
Roughness measurements using a profilometer, electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis and microhardness tests have been performed previous to mechanical testing to infer on the effect of the different production methods on the surface of the inner hole. Next, the specimens were mechanically tested via slow strain rate tensile tests in a argon and in hydrogen, both at 150 bar and room temperature. Here, a strain-rate sensibility analysis was also performed to identify an optimal strain-rate for the mechanical tests. Based on the results an optimal production method is identified and proposed.</abstract>
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    <author>Tomás Grimault de Freitas</author>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Hydrogen Embrittlement</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hollow Specimen Technique</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Austenitic Stainless Steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>H2HohlZug</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TransHyDE</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Tensile Test</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pipeline Steel</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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  </doc>
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    <title language="eng">Hollow Specimen Method for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas: The Role of Strain-Rate and Surface Quality</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The feasibility of the method for slow strain tensile tests has been demonstrated in several studies, leading to the establishment of the ISO/TC 164/SC 1/WG 9 ISO committee for its standardisation. Questions have emerged during this process, that currently prevent the method from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These questions relate to specimen geometry, specimen manufacturing and gas quality and are being systematically addressed in the TransHyDE-H2HohlZug project. The first results addressing the questions regarding specimen manufacturing are presented in this poster.</abstract>
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    <author>Tomás Grimault de Freitas</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Hydrogen</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen Embrittlement</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hollow Specimen Technique</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TransHyDE</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>H2HohlZug</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.1 Komponenten für Energieträger</collection>
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    <title language="eng">Hollow Specimen Method for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas: The TransHyDE - H2HohlZug Project</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The feasibility of the method for slow strain tensile tests has been demonstrated in several studies, leading to the establishment of the ISO/TC 164/SC 1/WG 9 ISO committee for its standardisation. Questions have emerged during this process, that currently prevent the method from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These questions relate to specimen geometry, specimen manufacturing and gas quality and are being systematically addressed in the TransHyDE-H2HohlZug project.</abstract>
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    <author>Tomás Grimault de Freitas</author>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Hydrogen Embrittlement</value>
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    <subject>
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      <value>Hollow Specimen Technique</value>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen</value>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.1 Komponenten für Energieträger</collection>
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    <title language="eng">Investigation of resistance to gaseous hydrogen of a longitudinal weld seam in a X65 pipeline using the hollow specimen technique</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The constantly increasing demand for renewable energy sources leads to the necessity of transporting large amounts of hydrogen. Since pipelines enable a cost-effective way for the distribution of gaseous hydrogen, the interaction of hydrogen and the pipeline materials must be carefully investigated as hydrogen can cause a degradation of the mechanical properties under certain conditions. Especially welds, which are assumed to be more susceptible to the degradation enhanced by hydrogen, are of great interest. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of gaseous hydrogen on the mechanical properties of an X65 pipeline, and the longitudinal submerged arc welding (SAW) welded joint. The tests are conducted using the hollow specimen technique on two types of specimens: one extracted from the base material (BM) and the other extracted as a cross-weld (CW) specimen consisting of BM and weld seam. The specimens are charged in situ under a pressure of 60 bar and tested using slow strain rate (SSR) tensile tests with a nominal strain rate of 10−5 s−1. The properties obtained of specimens tested in hydrogen atmosphere are compared to the properties of comparable specimen in inert argon atmosphere as a reference. The performed tests showed a decrease of the reduction of area (RA) from 72% in inert atmosphere to 52% in hydrogen atmosphere for the CW specimen and a decrease from 73% in inert atmosphere to 51% for the BM. Metallographic analyses showed the crack initiation between fine-grained heat-affected zone (FGHAZ) and BM for the specimens tested in hydrogen atmosphere as well as for the reference specimens. This leads to the conclusion that the location of the crack initiation does not change due to the presence of gaseous hydrogen.</abstract>
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    <author>Florian Konert</author>
    <author>Jonathan Nietzke</author>
    <author>Tomás Grimault de Freitas</author>
    <author>Michael Rhode</author>
    <author>Oded Sobol</author>
    <author>Thomas Böllinghaus</author>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hollow specimen technique</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pipeline</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SSRT</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen embrittlement</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Cross-weld specimen</value>
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    <title language="eng">Hollow Specimen Method for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas: The Role of Geometry, Surface Quality and Gas Purity</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The hollow specimen technique is a simple and cost-effective method that has the potential to make materials qualification with pressurised gaseous hydrogen widely accessible to academia and industry.&#13;
The feasibility of this method for slow strain tensile tests has been demonstrated in several studies, leading to the establishment of the ISO/TC 164/SC 1/WG 9 ISO committee for its standardisation. Questions have emerged during this process, that currently prevent the method from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These questions relate to specimen geometry, specimen manufacturing and gas quality and are being systematically addressed in the TransHyDE-H2HohlZug project. The first results are presented in this poster.</abstract>
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    <author>Tomás Grimault de Freitas</author>
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      <value>Hydrogen</value>
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      <value>Hydrogen Embrittlement</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Austenitic Stainless Steel</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TransHyDE</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>H2HohlZug</value>
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    <title language="eng">Comprehensive standardization of the hollow specimen method for tests in high pressure hydrogen gas</title>
    <abstract language="eng">As the world moves towards a decarbonised economy, the demand for sustainable and low-carbon alternatives is rapidly increasing. Hydrogen plays an important role in this transition, but in order to make the most of hydrogen as an energy carrier, a comprehensive understanding of its impact on the integrity of structural materials is necessary. Metallic materials, mostly steels, are the most regularly used structural materials in various components throughout the hydrogen supply chain. Ensuring their sustainable and safe use in hydrogen technologies is a crucial factor in the development of the hydrogen economy. This is particularly important since hydrogen can promote crack formation and ultimately lead to premature failure in these materials when combined with mechanical load. This process is commonly known as Hydrogen Embrittlement and can occur in almost all the steels used for the hydrogen technologies. Extensive materials qualification is needed for the rapid implementation of hydrogen technologies, however, most accepted, and standardised test methods for determining the effect of gaseous hydrogen on metallic materials describe complex and costly procedures that are only available to a very limited extent worldwide.&#13;
The hollow specimen technique is a simple and economical method that has the potential to overcome the limitations of the current methods and complement them for qualifying metallic materials under high-pressure hydrogen gas. In this method, an axial hole is drilled in a tensile specimen, which is then filled with hydrogen gas, sealed, and placed in a standard testing machine. This method requires significantly lower amounts of hydrogen, resulting in fewer safety measures and no need for complex equipment or a specialised laboratory, unlike the conventional autoclave technique. The technique's low investment and testing costs, simple operation, and shorter testing time make it optimal for widespread use around the world, thereby increasing the output of results.&#13;
Initial studies have demonstrated the feasibility of assessing hydrogen effects in metallic materials using the hollow specimen technique. This led to the establishment of the committee ISO/TC 164/SC 1/WG 9 “Tensile testing, method in high-pressure hydrogen environment“ to standardise the method, however, there are open questions that currently prevent the technique from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These open questions relate to specimen geometry, inner hole surface and gas quality and are being addressed in the H2HohlZug project. Here, the aim is to systematically address and close the gaps towards the standardisation of this technique for tests with hydrogen. &#13;
This contribution presents the structure and milestones of the project, followed by initial results regarding the optimisation of the specimen geometry, as well as the influence of different manufacturing and finishing processes on the inner hole surface of the hollow specimen and its response to hydrogen effects.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">TestXpo | 32nd International Expo for Materials Testing</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Ulm, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">21.10.2024</enrichment>
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    <author>Tomás Grimault de Freitas</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Hydrogen</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen Embrittlement</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-Pressure Gaseous Gas</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hollow Specimen Technique</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>H2HohlZug</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TransHyDE</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Standardisation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Tensile Test</value>
    </subject>
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    <title language="eng">Closing the gaps towards the Standardisation of the Hollow Specimen Method for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Metallic materials, mainly steels, are the most commonly used structural materials in various components throughout the hydrogen supply chain. Ensuring their sustainable and safe use in hydrogen technologies is a crucial factor in the development of the hydrogen economy. This is particularly important since hydrogen can promote crack formation and ultimately lead to premature failure in these materials when combined with mechanical load. This process is commonly known as Hydrogen Embrittlement and can occur in a large number of steels used for the hydrogen technologies.[1] Extensive materials qualification is required for the rapid implementation of hydrogen technologies, however, most accepted, and standardised test methods for determining the effect of gaseous hydrogen on metallic materials describe complex and costly procedures (e.g. in-situ autoclave technique) that are only available to a very limited extent worldwide.&#13;
The hollow specimen technique is a simple and economical method that has the potential to overcome the limitations of the current methods and complement them for qualifying metallic materials under high-pressure hydrogen gas. Unlike the conventional autoclave technique, this method requires significantly lower amounts of hydrogen, resulting in fewer safety measures and no need for complex equipment or a specialised laboratory. The technique's low investment and testing costs, simple operation, and shorter testing time make it an optimal for widespread use around the world, thereby increasing the output of results.&#13;
Initial studies have demonstrated the feasibility of assessing hydrogen effects in metallic materials using the hollow specimen technique. This led to the establishment of an ISO committee to standardise the method, however, there are open questions that currently prevent the technique from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These open questions relate to specimen geometry, inner hole surface and gas quality and are being addressed in the TransHyDE - H2HohlZug project. The aim of the project is to systematically address and close the gaps towards the standardisation of this technique for tests in hydrogen. &#13;
The project is divided into four work packages. First, the elastic-plastic behaviour of a hollow tensile specimen is compared with that of a conventional solid tensile specimen of identical external dimensions using finite element methods (3D-FEM) and subsequently validated by experimental results. In the second, the influence of the inner hole surface quality of the specimen on the hydrogen effects is evaluated. Five different methods of producing the inner axial hole were chosen to ensure different average roughness values and residual stresses (drilling vs. EDM), and also to ensure a good representation of the more common and easily accessible processes (drilling and reaming) to the more complex ones (EDM and honing). Next, the influence of gas purity (different compositions) and purging process (different routines) is evaluated. Finally, an optimal specimen geometry, inner hole production process, gas quality and purging process are proposed from each working package and its reproducibility and repeatability is evaluated in a round robin with national and international partners. &#13;
This contribution presents the structure and milestones of the project, followed by initial results regarding the influence of different manufacturing and finishing processes on the inner hole surface of the hollow specimen and its response to hydrogen effects.</abstract>
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    <author>Tomás Grimault de Freitas</author>
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      <value>Hydrogen</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Hydrogen Embrittlement</value>
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      <value>Tensile Test</value>
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      <value>High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hollow Specimen Technique</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Standardisation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TransHyDE</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>H2HohlZug</value>
    </subject>
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    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">State of the Art in the Qualification of Metallic Materials for Hydrogen Technologies</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The hydrogen economy is one of the main solutions for achieving climate neutrality in Europe. Metallic materials, predominantly steels, are the most common structural materials in the various components along the hydrogen supply chain. Ensuring their sustainable and safe use in hydrogen technologies is a key factor in the ramp-up of the hydrogen economy. This requires extensive materials qualification, however, most of the accepted, and standardised test methods for determining the influence of gaseous hydrogen on metallic materials describe complex and costly procedures that are only available to a very limited extent worldwide (e.g., autoclave technique).&#13;
The hollow specimen technique is presented as an alternative method that can overcome the limitations of current techniques and complement them. To standardise the technique, a process has been initiated by ISO in 2021. Knowledge gaps for tests with the technique in hydrogen have been identified by DIN. The H2HohlZug project, which falls under the umbrella of TransHyDE, aims to address the identified knowledge gaps and provide a foundation for a comprehensive standardisation of the hollow specimen technique.</abstract>
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    <author>Tomás Grimault de Freitas</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen Embrittlement</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Hollow Specimen Technique</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen</value>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Standardisation</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>H2HohlZug</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TransHyDE</value>
    </subject>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.1 Komponenten für Energieträger</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
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  </doc>
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    <id>58185</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>25609</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>25618</pageLast>
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    <title language="eng">Tensile testing in high pressure gaseous hydrogen using conventional and tubular specimens: Austenitic stainless steels</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Eight commercial austenitic stainless steels were tensile tested in reference atmosphere, in gaseous high-pressure hydrogen and in gaseous hydrogen precharged condition using conventional (CS) and tubular specimens (TS). For all configurations, 0.2 yield strength and ultimate tensile strength were comparable. In reference atmosphere, reduction of area of CS was higher compared to TS, whereas in gaseous high pressure hydrogen reduction of area of CS was lower compared to TS. In gaseous hydrogen precharged condition reduction of area of CS and TS were comparable for the severely affected grades. The differences in necking behavior between CS and TS are explained by different competitions between necking and hydrogen assisted crack initiation and growth especially for the tests in high pressure hydrogen gas.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">International Journal of Hydrogen Energy</parentTitle>
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    <author>T. Michler</author>
    <author>Tomás Grimault de Freitas</author>
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      <value>Hydrogen</value>
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      <value>Hydrogen Embrittlement</value>
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      <value>Tensile Test</value>
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      <value>Conventional and Tubular Specimen</value>
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      <value>Austenitic Stainless Steel</value>
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      <value>High Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen</value>
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    <title language="eng">Utilization of the Tubular Specimen Technique for the Qualification of Metallic Materials for Hydrogen Technologies</title>
    <abstract language="eng">As the world shifts to a decarbonized economy, the demand for hydrogen-based technologies is rapidly increasing. In order to make optimal use of hydrogen as an energy carrier, the infrastructure for hydrogen storage and transport in particular, must meet high technical safety standards. The indispensable basis for such safety assessments are the material properties, which must be evaluated under operating conditions that are as real as possible.&#13;
The conventional method for the assessment of the material properties in gaseous hydrogen is conducted by testing materials in high-pressure hydrogen gas in a pressure vessel (autoclave). It is an established method that allows to perform common standardized tests such as tensile, fatigue and crack growth tests under varying hydrogen conditions. However, this method is complex and entails high costs due to extensive safety regulations.&#13;
The hollow specimen technique is a more efficient test method, which can be used to assess the mechanical properties of materials under high-pressure hydrogen gas. The procedure is conducted by enclosing high-pressure gas into a hole along the axis of the tensile test specimen. Recently, this method has been successfully performed at pressures up to 1000 bar and over a wide range of temperatures. Due to the low hydrogen volume needed, this method requires minimal safety regulation; therefore, the costs are reduced when compared to the conventional autoclave technique. This method is now in a standardization process, which has been initiated by Japan as a new working package in ISO (TC 164/SC 1/WG 9).&#13;
The following contribution presents preliminary results obtained testing common grades of metastable austenitic stainless steel. For this purpose, the mechanical properties and fracture surface of solid and tubular specimens were assessed and compared using slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) test as part of the preliminary work at the Fraunhofer IWM. In a similar way, pipeline steels evaluated under hydrogen atmospheres using the geometry adapted by BAM will be presented. Within the framework of the TransHyDE flagship project, more results with the goal of supporting the standardization of the hollow specimen technique are expected to be obtained.</abstract>
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    <author>Tomás Grimault de Freitas</author>
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      <value>Hydrogen</value>
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      <value>H2Hohlzug</value>
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      <value>TransHyDE</value>
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      <value>Tubular specimen technique</value>
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      <value>Innovation</value>
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