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  <doc>
    <id>60005</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>7</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Neues DGZfP-Merkblatt B14: Quantifizierung von Chlorid in Beton mittels LIBS</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Bei der Erhaltung von Stahlbetonbauwerken ist der Chloridgehalt im Beton ein wichtiger Parameter zur Festlegung geeigneter Instandsetzungsmaßnahmen. Die bisher etablierten Verfahren basieren auf der nasschemischen Analyse einer Probe, Bohrmehl oder aufgemahlener Segmente eines Bohrkerns. Das Verfahren liefert einen Chloridgehalt je Tiefensegment, was mit einer starken Homogenisierung der Probe einhergeht, wodurch detaillierte Informationen zu Chloridunterschieden im Millimeterbereich verloren gehen. Eine alternative Methode ist die laserinduzierte Plasmaspektroskopie (LIBS), die nicht nur die quantitative ortsaufgelöste Bestimmung des Chloridgehalts im Bezug zur Zementmasse ermöglicht, sondern auch simultan detaillierte Informationen über die Verteilung vieler anderer chemischer Elemente liefert. Die räumliche Auflösung liegt in der Regel im Bereich von einigen Millimetern, kann aber bei Bedarf auf 0,1 mm oder weniger erhöht werden. Das neue Merkblatt B14 „Quantifizierung von Chlorid in Beton mit der laserinduzierten Plasmaspektroskopie (LIBS)“ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfungen (DGZfP) regelt und vereinheitlicht erstmals die zuverlässige und reproduzierbare Ermittlung des Chloridgehalts mit LIBS. In diesem Beitrag wird das Merkblatt vorgestellt und anhand praktischer Anwendungsbeispiele das Potenzial von LIBS für Fragestellungen in der Betonerhaltung verdeutlicht.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Beton- und Stahlbetonbau</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/best.202400014</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">22.05.2024</enrichment>
    <author>Tobias Völker</author>
    <author>Cassian Gottlieb</author>
    <author>Gesa Kapteina</author>
    <author>Gerd Wilsch</author>
    <author>Steven Millar</author>
    <author>Kenji Reichling</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chlor</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chlorid</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Beton</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bauwerksdiagnostik</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemische Charakterisierung und Spurenanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Verkehrsinfrastrukturen</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>51728</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>8</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>1</issue>
    <volume>25</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>NDT.net</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Kirchwald</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">New possibilities for concrete analysis 4.0 with the Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In civil engineering the damage assessment of concrete infrastructures is an important task to monitor and ensure the estimated life-time. The aging of concrete is caused by different damage processes like the chloride induced pitting corrosion of the reinforcement. The penetration depth and the concentration of harmful species are crucial factors in the damage assessment. As a highly cost and time-consuming standard procedure, the analysis of concrete drill cores or drilling by wet-chemistry is widely used. This method provides element concentration to the total mass as aggregates and binder are homogenized. In order to provide a method that is capable to detect the element concentration regarding the cement content only, the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) will be presented. The LIBS method uses a focused pulsed laser on the sample surface to ablate material. The high-power density and the laser-material interaction causes a laser-induced plasma that emits elemental and molecular line emission due to energy transition of the excited species in the plasma during the cooling phase.&#13;
As each element provides element-specific line emission, it is in principle possible to detect any element on the periodic table (spectroscopic fingerprint) with one laser shot. In combination with a translation stage the sample under investigation can be spatially resolved using a scan raster with a resolution up to 100 µm (element mapping). Due to the high spatial resolution, the element distribution and the heterogeneity of the concrete can be evaluated. By using chemometrics the non-relevant aggregates can be excluded from the data set and the element concentration can be quantified and referred to a specific solid phase like the binding matrix (cement) only. In order to analyze transport processes like diffusion and migration the twodimensional element distributions can provide deep insight into the transport through the pore space and local enrichments of elements. As LIBS is a multi-elemental method it is also possible to compare the ingress and transport process of different elements like Cl, Na, K, S, C, and Li simultaneously and evaluate cross-correlations between the different ions. Furthermore, the element mapping allows to visualize the transport along cracks. This work will show the state of the art in terms of hardware and software for an automated LIBS system as well as different application for a concrete analysis 4.0. Focus will be the application of LIBS for a fast concrete analysis.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">The e-journal of nondestructive testing &amp; ultrasonics</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="url">https://www.ndt.net/?id=24963</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-517282</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1435-4934</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">SMAR 2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Potsdam, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">27.08.2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">29.08.2019</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Cassian Gottlieb</author>
    <author>Christian Bohling</author>
    <author>Gerd Wilsch</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Damage</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Concrete</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mapping</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chlorine</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/51728/SMAR2019-concreteLIBS-Gottlieb_FullPaper-Final.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>50615</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>305</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>319</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>1</issue>
    <volume>9</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Chemische Zustandsanalyse von Stahlbetonbauwerken mit der laserinduzierten Plasmaspektroskopie (LIBS)</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die chemische Analyse von Beton gehört bei der Ermittlung des Ist-Zustandes von Stahl- und Spannbetonbauwerken zu den grundlegenden Untersuchungen bei der Zustandserfassung. Der tiefenabhängige Chloridgehalt sowie der Karbonatisierungsfortschritt müssen bei der Bewertung des Ist-Zustandes, beim Instandsetzungsbedarf und ggf. bei der Planung eines erforderlichen Instandsetzungskonzeptes mit einbezogen werden. Seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre wird an der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung die laserinduzierte Plasmaspektroskopie (engl. Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) – kurz LIBS – stetig für die chemische Analyse von Beton weiterentwickelt. In diesem Beitrag wird der aktuelle Stand der Forschung/ Technik und der Normungsarbeit präsentiert, sowie zukünftig mögliche Anwendungen vorgestellt. Mit den aktuellen LIBS-Systemen (mobiles LIBS-System sowie kommerziell erhältliche Laborsysteme) ist es möglich den Chloridgehalt ortsaufgelöst in wenigen Minuten zu quantifizieren, sogenannte Elementlandkarten zu erstellen und somit die Elementverteilung innerhalb des Betons zu visualisieren. Durch das Scannen eines Bohrkernquerschnittes und der simultanen Erfassung von mehreren Elementen mit einer Messung, ist es zudem möglich, die Gesteinskörnung in den Messdaten zu identifizieren und den Chloridgehalt auf die Zementsteinmatrix zu beziehen. Fehlerquellen aus der Umrechnung der betonbezogenen Chloridgehalte können dadurch minimiert werden. Neben den Grundlagen von LIBS werden vor allem aktuelle Praxisbeispiele vorgestellt, die die aktuellen Möglichkeiten des Verfahrens veranschaulichen.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Kolloquium Parkbauten</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="url">https://elibrary.narr.digital/article/99.125005/kpb202010305</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2510-7763</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">9. Kolloquium Parkbauten</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Esslingen, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">04.02.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">05.02.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Steven Millar</author>
    <author>Cassian Gottlieb</author>
    <author>Gerd Wilsch</author>
    <author>Tobias Günther</author>
    <author>Tobias Völker</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chemische Analyse</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Spektroskopie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Beton</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>50319</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>105772</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>165</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Investigation of grain sizes in cement-based materials and their influence on laser-induced plasmas by shadowgraphy and plasma imaging</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The effect of particle grain sizes in different cement-based mixtures on the laser-induced plasma evolution is studied using two experimental methods: (i) temporal and spatial evolution of the laser-induced shock wave is investigated using shadowgraphy and two-dimensional plasma imaging, and (ii) temporal and spatial distribution of elements in the plasma is investigated using two-dimensional spectral imaging. This study is motivated by the interest in applying laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for chemical analysis of concrete, and subsequently obtain information related to damage assessment of structures like bridges and parking decks. The distribution of grain sizes is of major interest in civil engineering as for making concrete different aggregate grain sizes defined by a sieving curve (64mm to 0.125 mm) are needed. Aggregates up to a size of 180 μm can be excluded from the data set, therefore only the amount of small aggregates with a grain size below 180 μm must be considered with LIBS. All components of the concrete with a grain size smaller than 0.125mm are related to the flour grain content. Tested samples consisted of dry and hardened cement paste (water-cement ratio w/z=0.5), which served as a reference. Aggregate mixtures were made by adding flour grains (size 40 μm) and silica fume (size 0.1 μm) in different ratios to cement: 10%, 30%, 50% and 60%, all combined to the remaining percentage of dry or hydrated cement. The visualization results show that a dependance in the evolution of the plasma as a function of sample grain size can be detected only in the initial stages of the plasma formation, that is, at the initial 3 μs of the plasma life. Spectral information reveals the elemental distribution of the silicon and calcium in plasma, in both neutral and ionized form. Here also, a significant effect is observed in the first 1 μs of the plasma lifetime.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.sab.2020.105772</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">20.04.2020</enrichment>
    <author>Cassian Gottlieb</author>
    <author>Ardian Gojani</author>
    <author>Tobias Völker</author>
    <author>Tobias Günther</author>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <author>Gerd Wilsch</author>
    <author>Jens Günster</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cement-based materials</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Particle size</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Shadowgraphy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma imaging</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.9 Chemische und optische Sensorik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5 Werkstofftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5.4 Multimateriale Fertigungsprozesse</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>46947</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2018</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>7</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>University of Edinburgh</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Edinburgh</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>University of Edinburgh, School of Engineering, UK</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Application of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A big part of the infrastructure is made of concrete, which is a multiphase system made of cement, aggregates, water and pores. Concrete is often used in combination with steel as reinforced concrete. Environmental influences, especially the ingress of harmful ions in combination with the ingress of water, trigger different damage processes which reduce the designed lifetime of a structure. The ingress of chlorides from de-icing salt or sea water leads to corrosion of the reinforcement. In addition, the carbonation of the concrete may trigger the corrosion of the reinforcement. The ingress of alkalis from deicing salts may cause the expansion of the amorphous silica aggregates (alkali-silica reaction) through&#13;
formation of a swelling gel of calcium silicate hydrate if water is present. The ingress of sulphates may cause spalling of the concrete surface due to ettringite formation.&#13;
For the standard procedure in civil engineering cores are taken, cut in slices, grinded and the obtained homogenized powder is solved in acid and investigated by standard procedures.&#13;
BAM has developed the LIBS technique for the 2D evaluation of the chemical composition of concrete. The technique is established for automated laboratory use with high numbers of samples to investigate transport processes of harmful species (Cl-, CO2 , SO4 2-and alkalis) in concrete. Information about ingress depth and the quantitative values are important to estimate the remaining lifetime of the infrastructure. LIBS is a surface technique. To get information about the ingress depth, a drill core has to be taken and cut in the middle. The measurements are carried out at the cross section. The main advantages of LIBS are the direct measurement on the surface of the concrete, fast analysis (sample rate 100 Hz) with a spatial resolution of up to 100 µm, the consideration of the heterogeneity of the concrete and the possibility of automated measurements which save a lot of manpower and time. As an example the investigation of ingress profiles for standard diffusion and migration tests in civil engineering takes hours in comparison to just a few minutes using LIBS. At the same time a 2D-evaluation provides information about hot spots of elemental concentration which may not be found by standard methods.&#13;
The state of the art of LIBS technique for applications in civil engineering will be presented, including typical results of 2D investigation of concrete in laboratory. The performance is also demonstrated by examples for onsite applications using a mobile LIBS system. The road map to standardization is presented as well.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Structural Faults + Repair-2018</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">0-947644-86-5</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.25084/sfr.2018.0030</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Structural Faults + Repair-2018</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Edinburgh, UK</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">15.05.2018</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">17.05.2018</enrichment>
    <author>Gerd Wilsch</author>
    <author>Cassian Gottlieb</author>
    <author>Tobias Günther</author>
    <author>Steven Millar</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sulphate</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chloride</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Concrete</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>46794</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2018</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Temporal evaluation and imaging of laser-induced plasmas on cement-based materials</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In civil engineering, the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy has been applied as a fast and reliable method for a quantitative evaluation of concrete cores. Due to a two-dimensional scanning, the heterogeneity of concrete can be evaluated and elements like Cl, Na, and S are related to the cement matrix only. This study deals with the temporal evaluation and imaging of laser-induced plasmas on cement-based materials, in order to investigate the impact of aggregates with diffrent grain size on the spectral response in LIBS.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Xth international conference on Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Atlanta, GA, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">21.10.2018</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">26.10.2018</enrichment>
    <author>Cassian Gottlieb</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Concrete</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Grain size</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>46779</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2018</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>2380</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>2387</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>2</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>F.A. Finger-Institut für Baustoffkunde,</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Weimar</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>F.A. Finger-Institut für Baustoffkunde, Bauhaus-Universität Weimar</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Schnelle quantitative Untersuchung von Elementverteilungen in Beton mittels LIBS</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die Laserinduzierte Plasmaspektroskopie (engl.: Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, kurz: LIBS) ist eine Kombination aus Laserablation mittels eines energiereichen Laser-Pulses, der Erzeugung eines Plasmas auf der zu untersuchenden Oberfläche und dem quantitativen Nachweis der Elementzusammensetzung durch spektroskopische Untersuchung der vom Plasma emittierten Strahlung. Ein LIBS-Gerät liefert dem sachkundigen Planer Daten für die Bewertung des Ist-Zustandes von Bauwerken unserer Infrastruktur durch die zweidimensionale Erfassung von Elementverteilungen. Typische Anwendungen sind die Erfassung von Chlor, Schwefel, Kohlenstoff, Natrium, Kalium und Lithium in Beton oder als – Qualitätssicherung – der Nachweis der mit einem Marker versehenen Tiefenhydrophobierung.&#13;
In Zusammenarbeit zwischen Industriepartnern und der BAM wurden ein Labor und ein mobiles LIBS-System für die Vor-Ort-Messungen entwickelt. Die Analyse erfolgt vollautomatisch. Die Ortsauflösung beträgt bis zu 0,1 mm x 0,1 mm. Es können Messflächen von 140 mm x 170 mm gescannt werden. Die Erstellung von 2D-Elementverteilungen im Beispiel unten benötigt weniger als 10 Minuten.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">ibausil - 20. Internationale Baustofftagung</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-00-059950-7</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">ibausil - 20. Internationale Baustofftagung</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Weimar, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">12.09.2018</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">14.09.2018</enrichment>
    <author>Gerd Wilsch</author>
    <author>Cassian Gottlieb</author>
    <author>Tobias Günther</author>
    <author>Tobias Völker</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIPS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Beton</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chlorid</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>46558</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2018</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>8</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>September</issue>
    <volume>147</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Chlorine determination in cement-bound materials with Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) – A review and validation</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The determination of chloride is still one of the main tasks for the evaluation of reinforced concrete structures.&#13;
The corrosion of the reinforcement induced by the penetrating chlorides is the dominant damage process affecting the lifetime of concrete structures. In the recent years different research groups demonstrated that LIBS can be a fast and reliable method to quantify chlorine in cement-bound materials. Because chlorine in concrete can only occur as solved ions in the pore solution or bound in salts or hydrated cement phases, the detected emission of chlorine can be correlated with the chloride concentration determined e.g. with potentiometric titration. This work inter alia describes the production of reference samples and possible side effects during the production process. Due to transport processes in the porous matrix of the cement a misinterpretation of the concentrations is possible. It is shown how to overcome these effects and higher precisions of the single measurements can be realised. Using the calibration method, blank sample method and noise method, three different ways of calculating the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) are compared. Due to the preparation of the reference samples a precision of the whole calibration model of sx0 = 0.023 wt% is determined.&#13;
The validation of the model is based on different test sets, which are varying in their composition&#13;
(different Cl-salts, water-to-cement ratios and additives). The determined mean error of the validation is&#13;
0.595 ± 0.063 wt%, which is comparable to standardised methods like potentiometric titration, direct potentiometry&#13;
or photometry (0.40 ± 0.06 wt%) [1].</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Spectrochimica Acta Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.sab.2018.05.015</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0584-8547</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">12.11.2018</enrichment>
    <author>Steven Millar</author>
    <author>Cassian Gottlieb</author>
    <author>Nina Sankat</author>
    <author>Gerd Wilsch</author>
    <author>Sabine Kruschwitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chlorine</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cement</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Calibration</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Validation</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>44595</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2018</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>74</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>84</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>142</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Impact of grain sizes on the quantitative concrete analysis using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In civil engineering concrete is the most used building material for making infrastructures like bridges and parking decks worldwide. It is as a porous and multiphase material made of aggregates with a defined grain size distribution, cement and water as well as different additives and admixtures depending on the application. Different grain sizes are important to ensure the needed density and compressive strength.&#13;
The resulting porous cement matrix contains a mixture of flour grains (aggregates with a grain size below 125 lm) and cement particles (particle size≈50lm). Harmful species like chlorides may penetrate together with water through the capillary pore space and may trigger different damage processes. The damage assessment of concrete structures in Germany is estimated due to the quantification of harmful elements regarding to the cement content only. In the evaluation of concrete using LIBS a two-dimensional scanning is necessary to consider the heterogeneity caused by the aggregates. Therefore, a LIBS system operating with a low energy NdCr:YAG laser, a pulse energy of 3 mJ, a wavelength of 1064 nm, a pulse width of 1.5 ns and a Repetition rate of 100 Hz has been used. Different Czerny-Turner spectrometers with CCD detectors in the UV and NIR range have been used for the detection. Large aggregates (macro-heterogeneity) can be excluded from the evaluation, whereas small aggregates in the range of the laser spot size (flour grains) cannot be spatially resolved. In this work the micro heterogeneity caused by flour grains and their impact on the quantification with LIBS will be discussed. To analyze the effect of changing grain sizes and ratios, the ablation behavior has been determined and compared. Samples with defined grain sizes were made and analyzed using LIBS.&#13;
The grain size distributions were analyzed with laser diffraction (LDA).</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.sab.2018.02.004</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0584-8547</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0038-6987</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">26.04.2018</enrichment>
    <author>Cassian Gottlieb</author>
    <author>Tobias Günther</author>
    <author>Gerd Wilsch</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Concrete</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Micro heterogeneity</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Grain sizes</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>42630</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2017</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>334</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>340</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>1</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Zagreb, Croatia, 2017</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Analysis of concrete structures using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a laser spectroscopic method which allows a time efficient, minor-destructive, chemical analysis of materials. In principle all elements on the periodic table can be simultaneously analysed by using LIBS, regardless of the state of aggregation. LIBS offers numerous applications in the field of civil engineering; most importantly the analysis of building materials. This work will focus on the evaluation of concrete structures and harmful substances which can penetrate the concrete. A variety of information can be collected through LIBS. Determining the concentration of harmful substances like chloride, sodium or sulphur, the examination of the carbonation depth and the distinction between varying layers of materials (e.g. aggregates, cement paste, metals, etc.) are possible applications. All this information can be provided through one LIBS measurement in the form of a high resolution 2D element map, with resolutions up to 0.1 mm x 0.1 mm. To scan a concrete surface only an optical access is needed. To create a depth profile of an intruding substance the extraction of a drill core is necessary. Onsite measurements via LIBS can be conducted by using a mobile version of the LIBS system. Through using calibration curves LIBS allows not only the qualitative but also quantitative analysis of element concentrations. All those prospects make LIBS a trendsetting method to secure the integrity of infrastructures in a sustainable manner. A variety of examples which show the performance and results of LIBS analysis will be presented.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of the 1st International Conference CoMS_2017</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-953-8168-04-8</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">CoMS 2017</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Zadar, Croatia</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">19.04.2017</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">21.04.2017</enrichment>
    <author>Nina Sankat</author>
    <author>Gerd Wilsch</author>
    <author>Cassian Gottlieb</author>
    <author>Steven Millar</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Testing method</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Concrete</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Harmful substances</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>40940</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2017</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Influence of grain sizes on the quantification of libs measurements in concrete influence of grain sizes on the quantification of libs measurements in concrete</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Concrete is a multiphase material made of cement, aggregates and water. The heterogeneity of concrete is a result of mixing aggregates (grain size between 0.125 mm to 32 mm) and cement (grain size &lt; 0.04 mm) together. There are always aggregates with a grain size below 0.125 mm (flour grains) therefore the cement matrix is always a mixture of these small particles. Different grain size distributions by making concrete are important to ensure the needed density and com-pressive strength. In order to estimate the remaining lifetime of concrete structures the quantification of element concentra-tions of alkali and chlorides regarding to the cement matrix only (1/3 of the total mass), is a major concern in civil engineer-ing. Due to two-dimensional scanning with LIBS the coarse aggregates can be evaluated and excluded from the analysis. In the case of particles (flour grains and cement) smaller than the laser spot size, the microscopic hetero-geneity influences the laser-plasma interaction and has therefore an impact on the results. In this study the influence of the micro-heterogeneity and the impact on the laser-material interaction is examined. The effect of changing ratios between cement particles and aggregate particles in the laser-induced plasma has been analyzed (see figure 1, right). Therefore, different samples with defined grain sizes are prepared and the obtained distributions were analyzed with x-ray diffraction (XRD). For the LIBS measurements, an automated system that operates with a low energy NdCr:YAG laser (pulse energy of 3 mJ, a wavelength of 1064 nm, a pulse width of 1.5 ns, a repetition rate of 100 Hz) and a NIR Czerny-Turner spectrometer has been used.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">EMSLIBS Konferenz 2017</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Pisa, Italy</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">12.06.2017</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">16.06.2017</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Cassian Gottlieb</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Grain size</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Concrete</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>40938</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2017</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Material properties and their impact on laserinduced plasmas for concrete analysis</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For concrete production aggregates, cement and water are mixed together and after 28 days of hydration a porous and multiphase material is formed. To consider the heterogeneity of concrete a 2D scanning system is used. The coarse aggregates (limit &gt; 2 X d ) can be excluded. laser spot The remaining content is a mixture of flour grains and cement particles (micro heterogeneity). Harmful species like chlorides may penetrate together with water through the capillary pore space. A quantification of Cl regarding to the cement content only (European standard EN 206) is necessary for the damage assessment. A LIBS system operating with a NdCr:YAG laser (pulse energy of 3 mJ, a wavelength of 1064 nm, a pulse width of 1.5 ns, a repetition rate of 100 Hz) and two Czerny-Turner spectrometer (UV and NIR range) have been used.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">EMSLIBS Konferenz 2017</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Pisa, Italy</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">12.06.2017</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">16.06.2017</enrichment>
    <author>Cassian Gottlieb</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Concrete</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Micro-heterogeneity</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>40644</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2017</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>58</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>68</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>134</issue>
    <volume>2017</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">2D evaluation of spectral LIBS data derived from heterogeneous materials using cluster algorithm</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is capable of providing spatially resolved element maps in regard to the chemical composition of the sample. The evaluation of heterogeneous materials is often a challenging task, especially in the case of phase boundaries. In order to determine information about a certain phase of a material, the need for a method that offers an objective evaluation is necessary. This paper will introduce a cluster algorithm in the case of heterogeneous building materials (concrete) to separate the spectral information of non-relevant aggregates and cement matrix. In civil engineering, the information about the quantitative ingress of harmful species like Cl−, Na+ and SO2−4 is of great interest in the evaluation of the remaining lifetime of structures (Millar et al., 2015; Wilsch et al., 2005). These species trigger different damage processes such as the alkali-silica reaction (ASR) or the chloride-induced corrosion of the reinforcement. Therefore, a discrimination between the different phases, mainly cement matrix and aggregates, is highly important (Weritz et al., 2006). For the 2D evaluation, the expectation-maximizationalgorithm (EM algorithm; Ester and Sander, 2000) has been tested for the application presented in this work. The method has been introduced and different figures of merit have been presented according to recommendations given in Haddad et al. (2014). Advantages of this method will be highlighted. After phase separation, non-relevant information can be excluded and only the wanted phase displayed. Using a set of samples with known and unknown composition, the EM-clustering method has been validated regarding to Gustavo González and Ángeles Herrador (2007).</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Spectrochimica Acta Part B</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.sab.2017.06.005</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0584-8547</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">01.09.2017</enrichment>
    <author>Cassian Gottlieb</author>
    <author>Steven Millar</author>
    <author>S. Grothe</author>
    <author>Gerd Wilsch</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Concrete</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>EM-clustering</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Heterogeneity</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>40066</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2017</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>43</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>49</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>132</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Revealing hidden spectral information of chlorine and sulfur in data of a mobile Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy system using chemometrics</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For the damage assessment of reinforced concrete structures the quantified ingress profiles of harmful species like chlorides, sulfates and alkali need to be determined. In order to provide on-site analysis of concrete a fast and reliable method is necessary. Low transition probabilities as well as the high ionization energies for chlorine and sulfur in the near-infrared range makes the detection of Cl I and S I in low concentrations a difficult task. For the on-site analysis a mobile LIBS-system (k = 1064 nm, Epulse ≤ 3 mJ, t = 1.5 ns) with an automated scanner has been developed at BAM. Weak chlorine and sulfur signal intensities do not allow classical univariate analysis for process data derived from the mobile system. In order to improve the analytical performance multivariate analysis like PLS-R will be presented in this work. A comparison to standard univariate analysis will be carried out and results covering important parameters like detection and quantification limits (LOD, LOQ) as well as processing variances will be discussed (Allegrini and Olivieri, 2014 [1]; Ostra et al., 2008 [2]). It will be shown that for the first time a low cost mobile system is capable of providing reproducible chlorine and sulfur analysis on concrete by using a low sensitive system in combination with multivariate evaluation.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Spectrochimica Acta Part B - Atomic Spectroscopy</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.sab.2017.04.001</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0584-8547</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">15.06.2017</enrichment>
    <author>Cassian Gottlieb</author>
    <author>Steven Millar</author>
    <author>Tobias Günther</author>
    <author>Gerd Wilsch</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chemometrics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Building materials</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>37679</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2016</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>155</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>160</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Columbus, OH 43228-0518, USA</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>The American Society for Nondestructive Testing</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) – automated 2D chemical analysis of concrete</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a combination of laser ablation and optical emission spectroscopy. Due to the possibility of direct measurements on the sample surface with a minimum of sample preparation investigations of building materials can be conducted quite fast. In combination with a scanning technique (translation stage or scanning mirrors head) 2D element distributions of harmful species like chlorides and alkalis are evaluated with a sub-mm resolution. By scanning a surface of typically 100 mm x 100 mm the heterogeneity of the material may be considered. LIBS is capable to identify hot spots in element concentration with a resolution of 0.1 mm or even smaller. A LIBS-system for the on-site application on building materials is, in cooperation with system developers and companies which will use this technique for investigation on real structures, under test at BAM. We present an example. Further work will focus on providing guidelines to establish LIBS as a standard procedure for chemical investigations of building materials.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">NDE / NDT for Highway and Bridges: Structural Materials Technology</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-57117-392-8</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">NDE / NDT for Highway and Bridges: Structural Materials Technology</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Portland, Oregon, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">29.08.2016</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">31.08.2016</enrichment>
    <author>Gerd Wilsch</author>
    <author>Cassian Gottlieb</author>
    <author>Steven Millar</author>
    <author>Herbert Wiggenhauser</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Concrete</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chloride</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chemical analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>37421</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2016</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">2D evaluation of heterogenous building materials using cluster algorithm</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In civil engineering the information about the quantitative ingress of harmful species like Cl⁻, Na⁺ and SO²⁻₄ is of great interest to evaluate the remaining life time of structures. These species are triggering different damage processes like the alkali-silica reaction (ASR) or the chloride-induced corrosion of the reinforcement. For the evaluation of the heterogeneous concrete it is necessary to discriminate between the different phases mainly cement matrix and aggregates. The transport processes are only proceeding in the cement matrix therefore the measured concentrations should be regarded to the cement content. For the 2D evaluation of element distributions different multivariate cluster-algorithms like k-means and Expectation-Maximization-algorithm (EM-algorithm) have been tested. The methods are compared and different figures of merit will be presented. After phase separation non-relevant information of the aggregates can be excluded. The ingress of harmful species is then quantified using chemometrics. Due to concrete cores from a parking deck the methods have been validated and verified with standard methods of wet-chemistry.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">9th International Conference on Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS2016)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Chamonix, France</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">12.09.2016</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">16.09.2016</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Cassian Gottlieb</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Building materials</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Heterogeneity</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Clustering</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>37422</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2016</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Damage assessment of infrastructures using a mobile LIBS system</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Reinforced concrete structures like bridges and parking decks are subject of corrosion of the reinforcement if chlorides from thawing salts or sea water penetrating into the concrete. For the determination of the expected life time normally samples are taken by borehole cuts or drilling of cores. These samples are taken to the lab and standard chemical methods are used for evaluation. As an alternative a fast and reliable onsite technique which gives results just in time is needed. In cooperation with industrial partners and BAM a mobile LIBS system for the on-site application of LIBS in civil engineering has been developed. The mobile system uses a low energy laser with a pulse energy of &lt; 3 mJ, a wavelength of 1064 nm, a pulse width of 1.5 ns, a repetition rate of 100 Hz and a NIR-spectrometer in combination with a scanner to map areas of up 170 mm x 140 mm. In this work the correlation between exposures of the concrete surface due to chlorides and their ingress profiles will be shown. Quantitative ingress profiles are evaluated and compared with standard analysis.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">9th International Conference on Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS2016)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Chamonix, France</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">12.09.2016</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">16.09.2016</enrichment>
    <author>Cassian Gottlieb</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Concrete</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mobile system</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>On-site analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Civil engineering</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>37420</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2016</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">On-site carbon analysis of coal using a mobile LIBS system</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The information about the chemical composition of coal is of great interest during mining, sorting and processing. Due to great variations of the soil layers the quality of coal suffers great fluctuations during mining because of adjoining rocks [1-6]. To provide on-site analysis of coal the application of LIBS as a multi-element method has been tested. Therefore different qualities of coal have been chemically analyzed to get reference values for the water content as well as for the major (carbon) and minor components (ash = Ca, Mg, S, Si). For the LIBS analysis a system using a low energy laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm, pulse energy of 3 mJ, pulse length of 1.5 ns and a repetition rate of 100 Hz have been used. A compact czerny turner spectrometer operating in the UV range (Δλ = 170 nm – 350 nm) have been applied. To provide quantitative concentrations different calibration curves have been evaluated using chemometrics. The system has been validated using internal cross-validation as well as an external set of samples. For the evaluation of the method different figures of merit will be presented. After applying LIBS for coal analysis in the laboratory a LIBS system for the on-site analysis has been tested during the mining process.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">9th International Conference on Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS2016)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Chamonix, Switzerland</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">12.09.2016</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">16.09.2016</enrichment>
    <author>Cassian Gottlieb</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>On-site LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Coal</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>36471</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2016</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Cluster algorithm for the evaluation of heterogeneous materials by LIBS</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a fast method to provide multi-elemental analysis of any sample. At the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) the LIBS technique is applied on building materials to measure ingress profiles of harmful species like chloride and alkalis. The ingress depth and the quantitative amount is important for the evaluation of the potential for damage processes like the alkali-silica reaction or chloride-induced corrosion. Concrete as an example is a highly heterogeneous material with 1/7 cement (major component CaO) and 6/7 aggregates (SiO2) with different grain sizes. Due to a scanning procedure a two dimensional element distribution of a concrete surface can be measured. In order to have an automated Separation method to evaluate heterogeneous materials, different cluster algorithm have been tested. Best results have been achieved with the Expectation-Maximization-Algorithm (EM-Algorithm).</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Chemometrics in analytical chemistry</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Barcelona, Spain</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">06.06.2016</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">10.06.2016</enrichment>
    <author>Cassian Gottlieb</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Concrete</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Multivariate analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>34677</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2015</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>815</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>822</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Quantitative determination of chloride-to-cement content of concrete by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a combination of plasma generation on the sample surface by a high power laser pulse and optical emission spectroscopy (OES). It is a direct measurement method without an extensive sample preparation. Concrete is a multi phase system. With LIBS it is possible to distinguish the different phases and based on that to correlate the chloride content to the cement mass. This is done by scanning the surface with a resolution of up to 0.1 mm. The high measurement frequency of 100 Hz or even higher allows the in-situ visualization of the chloride content over the measured area. With a calibration a quantification of chloride concentration is possible. As an example the LIBS measurement on a 50 mm by 70 mm area with a resolution of 0.5 mm and the visualization of the chloride distribution takes only 10 minutes. Additionally it is possible to evaluate the carbonation depth from the same measurement. Examples of practical application to determine the chloride-to-cement-content on concrete samples are presented. The possibilities and the limitations of LIBS are discussed.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">CONCREEP 10 - Mechanics and physics of creep, shrinkage, and durability of concrete and concrete structures (Proceedings)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">37821</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">CONCREEP 10 - Mechanics and physics of creep, shrinkage, and durability of concrete and concrete structures</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Vienna, Austria</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">21.09.2015</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">23.09.2015</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">18.07.2016</enrichment>
    <author>Gerd Wilsch</author>
    <author>T. Eichler</author>
    <author>Steven Millar</author>
    <author>Cassian Gottlieb</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chlorides</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Carbonation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Heterogeneity</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Quantitative concentration</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>2D-map</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>34676</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2015</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>5</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>Technische Universität Berlin / Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) - alternative to wet chemistry and micro-XRF</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) gives an alternative to the standard techniques for the direct investigation of a building material. It utilize a high energy pulsed laser beam for ablation and vaporization of a small amount of material, a plasma is formed and the plasma radiation is investigated using optical emission spectroscopy. Due to the principal all elements are detectable during one measurement. In combination with a translation stage or scanner system the heterogeneity of concrete is considered in the results. Thus an element concentration may be correlated to the cement content. After calibration with a set of reference samples quantitative results are obtained. The system is automated and allows rapid measurements and minimizes the possibility of errors. At BAM a laboratory LIBS system has been successful applied for the investigation of transport processes of different ions in building materials. The spatial resolution of the measurement may rich 100 μm and the frequency of the measurements is 100 Hz. The concentration of chlorine, sulfur, carbon, sodium, potassium, lithium and hydrogen where quantitatively determined. A mobile system for on-site analysis on bridges or parking decks is available. It is a tool for the estimation of the condition of concrete structures and for quality assurance during concrete repair work on-site. In these work an overview of the possibilities of LIBS for automated investigation of building materials are given.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">NDT-CE 2015 - International symposium non-destructive testing in civil engineering (Proceedings)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">37820</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1435-4934</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">NDT-CE 2015 - International symposium non-destructive testing in civil engineering</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">15.09.2015</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">17.09.2015</enrichment>
    <author>Gerd Wilsch</author>
    <author>Thorsten Eichler</author>
    <author>Steven Millar</author>
    <author>Cassian Gottlieb</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elemental analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Heterogeneity</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chlorides</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sulfates</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Alkalis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Corrosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>ASR</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Carbonation</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>34579</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2015</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>5</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>11</issue>
    <volume>20</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>NDT.net</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Kirchwald</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) - On-site investigatioons on a bridge with a mobile LIBS-system</title>
    <abstract language="eng">LIBS is on the step from a laboratory application to on-site analysis. A validated mobile LIBS-system for on-site application on building materials is under development at BAM in cooperation with industrial partners (system developers and companies), who will use this technique for investigation on building structures like bridges and parking decks. The system is designed to measure the content of harmful species like chlorine, sulfur or alkalis, to give the engineer a tool for the estimation of the condition of concrete structures and for quality assurance during concrete repair work on-site. In these work results of on-site measurements on a chloride contaminated bridge are shown. Further work will focus on providing guidelines to establish LIBS as a standard procedure for chemical investigations of building materials.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">The e-journal of nondestructive testing &amp; ultrasonics</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">37715</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1435-4934</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-345795</identifier>
    <identifier type="url">http://www.ndt.net/?id=18296</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">NDT-CE 2015 - International symposium non-destructive testing in civil engineering</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">15.09.2015</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">17.09.2015</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - Namensnennung - Keine Bearbeitung 3.0</licence>
    <author>Steven Millar</author>
    <author>Cassian Gottlieb</author>
    <author>Gerd Wilsch</author>
    <author>Thorsten Eichler</author>
    <author>C. Bohling</author>
    <author>A. Molkenthin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chlorides</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sulfur</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Alkalis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Corrosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>ASR</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chemical analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chloride</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elementanalyse</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Natrium</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Baustoffuntersuchungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Baustoffe</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Dauerhaftigkeit</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Messsysteme</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mobiles LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/34579/Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy LIBS_ On site investigatioons on a bridge with a mobile LIBS system.pdf</file>
  </doc>
</export-example>
