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  <doc>
    <id>64325</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>18</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>242</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Translating Flame Retardant Strategies: Analogy from Polyolefins and Bisphenol A polycarbonates to Poly(limonene carbonate)</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Poly(limonene carbonate)—PLimC—offers a novel sustainable alternative to traditional polymers, as it is derived  from renewable limonene and carbon dioxide as monomers. Proposing PLimC as a future technical polymer for  applications in electrical and electronic (E&amp;E) devices, construction, and transportation, PLimC must meet  specific fire prevention standards to be deemed suitable. Starting from the chemical structure of PLimC, strategies in analogy to flame retarded bisphenol A polycarbonates (PC), PC blends, and polyolefins (PO) are  investigated to identify the most effective route to enhance the flame resistance of PLimC. This study utilized four  halogen-free flame-retardant (FR) systems: APP + pentaerythritol (standard intumescent system in PO), a  phosphorus flame retardant+PTFE as anti-dripping agent (used in PC blends), metal hydroxide ATH (widely used  in PO), and potassium sulfonate salt (specific solution for PC). Applying these FRs at typical PC, PC blends, and  PO loadings, we aim to understand their effect on PLimC and evaluated the different flame-retardant routes. Our  experimental evaluations focused on the thermal properties, flammability, and fire behavior of each system. ATH  emerged as the most effective, reducing the effective heat of combustion from 29.3 MJ kg⁻¹ to 18.6 MJ kg⁻¹ and  the total heat evolved from 95 to 55 MJ m⁻². It also resulted in an increase in the limiting oxygen index from 17.1  to 26 vol.-% O2, along with a UL 94 HB40 rating. The intumescent system also exhibited considerable flame  retardancy, highlighting the similarity of PLimC’s fire behavior to that of PO rather than PC</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Polymer Degradation and Stability</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-2321</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0141-3910</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111711</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-643257</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">27.10.2025</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Jose P. Chacon Castro</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Poly(limonene carbonate)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sustainability</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Intumescent systems</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Metal hydroxides</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sulfonate salts</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Phosphorus flame retardants</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Circular Economy</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/64325/25polymdegradstab_2.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64107</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>9</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>260</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Bayesian Optimization of flame-retardant performance in a high-Tg epoxy resin system</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Polymeric materials are widely used due to their mechanical properties and cost-effectiveness, but their inherent flammability requires effective flame-retardant additives to meet safety standards. Optimizing multicomponent flame-retardant formulations is challenging due to the vast experimental space. This study applies Bayesian Optimization (BO) to optimize flame-retardant formulations in high glass transition temperature (Tg) epoxy resins. Aluminum diethyl phosphinate (AlPi) was systematically combined with three synergists: zinc stannate (ZnSt), a silicone-based additive (DowSil), and low-melting glass frits (Ceepree). BO-guided experimental design expanded from 16 initial formulations to a total of 28, minimizing the Maximum Average Rate of Heat Emission (MARHE) under the constraint of Total Smoke Production (TSP) &lt; 17 m2 using the epsilon-constraint method. BO revealed non-linear synergistic interactions: ZnSt significantly reduced smoke production while AlPi effectively lowered heat release. The optimized formulation (BO7) achieved the lowest MARHE (122 kW/m2) while maintaining acceptable smoke levels, establishing a new Pareto front. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of BO in accelerating the development of synergistic, halogen-free flame-retardant polymer systems, offering a scalable and sustainable approach to polymer formulation design.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Computational Materials Science</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0927-0256</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1879-0801</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.commatsci.2025.114210</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-641070</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">06.10.2025</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>N. Krebs</author>
    <author>M. Demleitner</author>
    <author>R.Q. Albuquerque</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <author>H. Ruckdäschel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Machine learning</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Epoxy resin</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bayesian optimization</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cone calorimeter</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/64107/25compumatersci.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64053</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>e70350</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>9</issue>
    <volume>36</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Together We Can: Synergistic Flame Retardancy by Melamine Polyphosphate and Phosphorylated Microalgae in Polylactide Biocomposites</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A strategy for enhancing the sustainable flame retardancy of polylactide (PLA) composites by partially replacing melamine polyphosphate (MPP), a commercial flame retardant proposed for PLA, with wastewater polyphosphate-enriched microalgae (P-Algae) has been explored. The incorporation of P-Algae at a 1:1 ratio with MPP leads to a notable synergistic effect, surpassing the expected additive behavior of the individual components. Comprehensive characterization encompassing thermogravimetric analysis coupled with FTIR, pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter (PCFC), cone calorimeter, oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 tests, and rheological measurements—demonstrates that the presence of this biomaterial can significantly enhance flame retardant performance. Replacing 50% of MPP with P-Algae in PLA resulted in a 17% reduction in peak heat release rate (pHRR) and maintained a V-0 rating in UL-94 testing. The use of P-Algae does not compromise the flame retardancy of PLA but rather contributes positively, offering a promising path toward more sustainable flame-retardant systems. By leveraging naturally derived biomass, this approach aligns with the growing demand for novel eco-friendly technologies in polymer engineering. Insights into an innovative renewable additive as a functional and effective component in flame-retardant biocomposites have been achieved.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Polymers for Advanced Technologies</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1099-1581</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1042-7147</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/pat.70350</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-640539</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">11.12.2025</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Mateusz Dudziak</author>
    <author>Esra Dural</author>
    <author>R. Dey</author>
    <author>M. S. Ullrich</author>
    <author>Christian Huth</author>
    <author>C. Thomson</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Melamine polyphosphate</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Phosphorus- enriched microalgae</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Polylactide PLA</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Synergism</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.1 Baustoffe</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Circular Economy</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/64053/25polymadvtech.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63908</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>17</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>150</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Two heads are better than one: Aluminum trihydroxide / phosphorous  flame retardant combination in natural waste fiber biocomposites</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Future polymeric materials that replace fossil fuel-based engineering plastics demand the use of renewable sources as well as the implementation of key properties such as flame retardancy, processing, and mechanical  properties. This study focuses on the combination of aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) and phosphorus-based flame retardants in compositable thermoplastic starch reinforced with sustainable multifunctional leather waste fibers. The flame retardants engender different flame-retardant modes of action, improving overall performance when combined. The partial substitution of ATH with phosphorous flame retardant allowed a reduction in flame retardant loading. Materials with 90 phr of ATH reached a limiting oxygen index of 31.5 vol.-% and a UL-94  rating of V-1, whereas the combination of 73 phr ATH and 7 phr of diphenyl ocytyl phosphate achieved a V-0 rating and a slightly reduced peak of heat release rate. This study demonstrates the potential of multicomponent systems implementing waste fiber–reinforced biocomposites.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Polymer Testing</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0142-9418</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-2348</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108938</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-639084</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">20.10.2025</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Daniel Rockel</author>
    <author>G. Sanchez Olivares</author>
    <author>F. Calderas</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biocomposites</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Phosphorous flame retardants</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Synergism</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sustainability</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Circular Economy</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/63908/25polymtest.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63431</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>2225</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>2252</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>6</issue>
    <volume>38</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Sage</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">It’s not waste, it’s a resource: Utilizing industrial waste fibers/mineral fillers to attain flame retardant biocomposites</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Integrating natural fibers derived from local industrial waste streams into thermoplastic starch (TPS) proves to be a promising approach towards sustainable flame retardant biocomposites. Initially, three types of waste fibers from the agave, coconut, and leather industries were evaluated for their flame retardant properties in combination with aluminum trihydroxide (ATH), an environmental friendly flame retardant. Leather fiber (BLF) exhibited the best flame retardant performance and were further investigated along with ATH and varying amounts of bentonite nanoclay to enhance the residual protective layer. The combination of multiple components shows improvement in performance while reducing the total load of filler. The images of the fire residues revealed that a more enclosed surface correlates with a reduction in the peak of heat release rate. Whereas higher amounts of bentonite does not deliver further inprovements, only 1 phr nanoclay in the novel multicomponent system of TPS, ATH, BLF, and bentonite synergistically improved the UL-94 rating from HB to V1. The proposed system brings together the different approaches using a renewable biopolymer, natural waste fibres, and envirnmentally friendly flame retardancy and thus, is striking for its combination of outstanding sustainablity, instant feasability, and sufficient fire performance.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0892-7057</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1530-7980</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1177/08927057241297083</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">23.06.2025</enrichment>
    <author>Daniel Rockel</author>
    <author>G. Sanchez Olivares</author>
    <author>F. Calderas</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biocomposites</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residue analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sustainability</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Waste streams</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Circular Economy</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61726</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Flame and Fire Retarded Composites: Principles and Concepts</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Carbon fibre (CF), short glass fibre, and long glass fibre (GF) reinforced polymers are used for diverse applications such as electronics/electrical engineering, transportation (railway vehicles, shipping, aviation) and construction. The fire behaviour of composites differs in comparison to polymers. Fibres behave often inert with respect to pyrolysis, but they change the melt flow and dripping behaviour, the heat absorption and transfer, the amount and properties of the fire residue and so on. Flame and fire retardancy concepts are needed not only suitable for the different fire protection goals typical for each application, but also tailored for composites. The field is illuminated by examples taken from different projects carried out in the group of the author in the last 22 years. The examples target on different applications through achieving V0 in UL 94 testing (reaction to small flame controlling the fire risks in the beginning of a fire), reducing heat release rate and fire load in the cone calorimeter (fire risks under forced flaming combusting controlling the contribution to developing fires) and investigating the fire stability when a severe flame is directly applied (key property in fully developed fires). Approaches to halogen-free flame retardancy in GF reinforced thermoplastics and CF reinforced thermosets are presented as well as building up a bench and intermediate scale testing of composites in fire applying mechanical load and direct flame exposure simultaneously.&#13;
	The understanding of fire behaviour and flame retardancy mode of actions in composites is a promising basis for target-oriented development. The role of flame inhibition, charring and protective layer formation is discussed in composites. Successful concepts are presented for flame retardancy tailored for different application as well as general guidelines for future development. Different phosphorus flame retardants are proposed to achieve halogen-free flame retardancy in applications demanding limited fire risks with respect to ignition and developing fires. Different protective approaches are sketched for addressing the fire resistance of composite that is the most important fire risk for structural applications.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">2nd Conference Flame Retardancy for Composite Applications</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">20.11.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">21.11.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Composites</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Modes of action</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lightweight materials</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flammability</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardant mechanisms</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Leichtbau</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60845</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>360</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>385</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition>3rd</edition>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>bookpart</type>
    <publisherName>CRC Press</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Boca Raton</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Uses of Fire Tests for Flame-Retardant Material Development</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Innovation and scientific progress are often located in the synthesis of new flame retardants or in the compounding of new composites. Thus, although nearly everyone applies fire tests to ascertain the flame retardancy achieved, regular, cost-efficient fire testing is preferred, sometimes its reliability and meaningfulness are questioned. The goal of this revised chapter is to inspire the exploitation of the potential of fire testing beyond a soulless pass-and-fail or isolated number rating. Recommendations are given as to how fire behaviour can be investigated and how data can be evaluated faithfully and meaningfully. Backgrounds and benchmarks are discussed as thought-provoking impulses which could allow bench-scale fire testing to be exploited as a vital basis and powerful tool for science-based development.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-0324-5754-3</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-0324-6233-2</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-0033-8068-9</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1201/9781003380689-17</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire behaviour</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flammability</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardant modes of action</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardants</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire scenarios</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ignition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Developing fire</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire tests</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cone calorimeter</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Petrella plot</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60843</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>330</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>359</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition>3rd</edition>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>bookpart</type>
    <publisherName>CRC Press</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Boca Raton</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Multi-Component Flame-Retardant Systems</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Applying synergistic multicomponent systems is often key to efficient flame retardancy. Different flame retardants are combined or used together with fillers, adjuvants, or synergists to enhance their efficiency, reduce the worsening of other properties, or reduce the costs. Further, fibres and other reinforcing fillers contribute to fire properties crucially. Although the main flame-retardant modes of action are known, the scientific understanding usually falls short, when it comes to complex multicomponent systems, the crucial tiny optimizations, or quantifying in terms of specific fire properties. This book chapter illuminates the need for the multicomponent approach, the concept of synergistic flame retardants, and the main phenomena. Multicomponent systems are discussed in their capacity as general powerful strategy for achieving and optimizing future flame retardant polymeric materials.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-0324-5754-3</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-0324-6233-2</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-0033-8068-9</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1201/9781003380689</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardants</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Synergy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Composites</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60719</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>31</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>181</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Pyrolysis and flammability of phosphorus based flame retardant pressure sensitive adhesives and adhesive tapes</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes are used in a variety of applications such as construction, aircrafts, railway vehicles, and ships, where flame retardancy is essential. Especially in these applications, phosphorus-based flame retardants are often chosen over halogenated ones due to their advantages in terms of toxicity. Although there are pressure-sensitive adhesives with phosphorus flame retardants available on the market, their flame-retardant modes of action and mechanisms are not entirely understood. This research article provides fundamental pyrolysis research of three phosphorus-based flame retardants that exhibit different mechanisms in a pressuresensitive adhesive matrix. The flame-retardants modes of action and mechanisms of a 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) derivate, an aryl phosphate, and a self-synthesized, covalently bonded DOPO derivate (copolymerized) are investigated. The blended DOPO derivate is volatilized at rather low temperatures while the covalently bonded DOPO derivate decomposes together with the polymer matrix at the same temperature. Both DOPO derivates release PO radicals which are known for their flame inhibition. The aryl phosphate decomposes at higher temperatures, releases small amounts of aryl phosphates into the gas phase, and acts predominantly the condensed phase. The aryl phosphate acts as precursor for phosphoric acid and improves the charring of the pressure sensitive adhesive matrix. All flame retardants enhance the flammability of the adhesives depending on their individual mode of action while the covalently bonded flame retardant additionally improves the mechanical properties at elevated temperatures making it a promising future technology for pressure-sensitive adhesives.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0165-2370</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-250X</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jaap.2024.106658</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-607192</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">19.08.2024</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Vitus Hupp</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <author>K. Flothmeier</author>
    <author>A. Hartwig</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pyrolysis of flame retardant</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pyrolysis gas chromatography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mass spectrometry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Phosphorus flame retardant</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Decomposition mechanism</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardant pressure sensitive adhesives</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/60719/24janalapplpyrol.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60571</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1131</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1145</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>6</issue>
    <volume>1</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>ACS</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Improving the Flame Retardancy of Aluminium Trihydroxide in Thermoplastic Starch Biocomposites Using Waste Fibers and Silicon-Based Synergists</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The synergistic behavior of different silicon compounds is investigated in flame retardant biocomposites with aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) as the main flame retardant. The paper shows a new approach towards sustainable biocomposites through the implementation of thermoplastic starch (TPS), leather fibers from industrial waste streams, and non-hazardous flame retardants and synergists. In these multicomponent systems, the different components address different modes of action in the fire scenario. When ATH is partially substituted by glass frits or layered silicates, fire performance is enhanced without changing the total amount of filler in the polymer. In a biocomposite with 25 phr of fiber and 90 phr of ATH, substituting 5 phr of ATH for layered silicates increased the LOI from 31.5 vol % to 34.8 vol %, decreased the peak of heat release by 20%, and increased the UL 94 rating from V-1 to V-0.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">ACS Sustainable Resource Management</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2837-1445</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1021/acssusresmgt.4c00053</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-605711</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY-NC-ND - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Daniel Rockel</author>
    <author>G. Sanchez Olivares</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biocomposites</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sustainability</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Waste streams</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Synergism</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Modes of action</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Circular Economy</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/60571/24ACSsustainresmanag.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60556</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Flame retardant poly(limonene carbonate): material innovation as a game changer</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The global plastic industry relies on fossil-based materials, presenting environmental challenges. A sustainable polymer namely poly(limonene carbonate) (PLimC), made of limonene and CO2 as two monomers from non-food sources, shows advances in various applications where additives such as flame retardants (FRs) are crucial to comply with fire safety measures.&#13;
The variety of FRs is wide, and therefore the approach involved conducting a comparative study of four different halogen-free flame retardant systems that are conventionally used in polycarbonates and polyolefins to understand which FR enhances the flame resistance of PLimC most effectively. The primary task of the project is to conduct experimental evaluations to analyze the thermal properties, flammability, and fire behavior of each system. This data will offer valuable insights towards the advancement of safer and more sustainable materials.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Polymers for Sustainable Future 2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Prague, Czech Republic</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">24.06.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">28.06.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Jose Pablo Chacon Castro</author>
    <author>Rika Schneider</author>
    <author>Andreas Greiner</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Poly(limonene carbonate)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire science</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Circular Economy</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60142</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Phosphor-enriched wastewater products as sustainable flame retardant in PLA</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Revolutionizing our polymer industry for adaption to a sustainable carbon circular economy has become one of today’s most demanding challenges. Exploiting renewable resources to replace fossil-fuel—based plastics with biopolymers such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is inevitable while using waste streams as a raw material resource at least is promising. When it comes to using PLA as technical polymer, its high flammability must be addressed by flame retardants compatible with the thermoplastic processing of PLA and its compostability. This study proposes microalgae enriched with phosphorus from wastewater (P-Algae) as an elegant way towards a kind of sustainable organophosphorus flame retardant. The concept is demonstrated by investigating the processing, pyrolysis, flammability, and fire behavior of PLA/P-Algae, while varying the P-Algae content and comparing P-Algae with four alternative bio-fillers (phosphorylated lignin, biochar, thermally treated sewage sludge, and metal phytate) with different P-contents as meaningful benchmarks.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">EcoFRam2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Valencia, Spain</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">22.05.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">23.05.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Mateusz Dudziak</author>
    <author>Riya Bhatia</author>
    <author>Rohit Dey</author>
    <author>Matthias S. Ullrich</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>PLA</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Phosphorylated algae</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wastewater flame retardants</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Zink phytate</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Phosphorylated lignin</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermally treated sludge</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Circular Economy</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60063</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>9</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>737</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Phosphorus features halogen –calcium hypophosphite replaces antimony trioxide, reduces smoke, and improves flame retardancy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Replacing antimony trioxide (ATO) in flame retardant formulations is an urgent task due to its toxicity. There are indications that calcium hypophosphite (CaP) may be a promising replacement. This study investigates the decomposition, fire behavior, and smoke release of brominated flame-retarded acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) under various fire scenarios like ignition, developing fire and smoldering, while replacing ATO with CaP and CaP/talc. Adding 4 wt.-% of talc to CaP formulations showed beneficial effects on flammability due to changes in the viscosity and barrier properties. Synergism between 8 wt.-% talc and CaP improved the protective layer in the developing fire scenario, resulting in a ∼60 % decrease in the peak of heat release rate and reduction of ∼21 % in total smoke production (ref. ABS+Br+ATO). With a conventional index of toxicity (CIT) of below 0.75, ABS+Br+CaP passes the highest requirements according to EN 45545-2. Overall, the CaP/talc materials improve flame retardancy, show less smoke emission under forced flaming conditions, and prevent chronic intoxication and environmental pollution through smoke particles contaminated with antimony.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Thermochimica Acta</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0040-6031</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.tca.2024.179764</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">false</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">24.06.2024</enrichment>
    <author>Sebastian M. Goller</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <author>Simone Krüger</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Smoke</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Calcium hypophosphite</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimony trioxide</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59556</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>148</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>160</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>132</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Utilizing leather fibers from industrial wastes as bio-filler to improve flame retardancy in polypropylene</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Combining buffing leather fibers from industrial waste streams with ammonium polyphosphate and bentonite clay is proposed as a flame-retardant additive for polypropylene. The paper addresses how they can be processed into attractive composites with the desired mechanical properties. Buffing leather fibers function as a multifunctional bio-filler and as a synergist for the flame retardant, resulting in fire retardancy successful enough to increase the oxygen index (LOI) by up to 7 vol.-% and to achieve a V0 UL 94 classification. Impressively reduced heat release rates are obtained in the cone calorimeter at 50 kW/m2 irradiation; for instance, the maximum average rate heat evolved (MARHE) drops from 765 to below 200 kW m􀀀 2. The synergistic effects are quantified and shown to be very strong for LOI and MARHE. This work opens the door to use waste buffing leather fibers as a promising multifunctional and synergistic bio-filler.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1226-086X</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1876-794X</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jiec.2023.11.008</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">22.04.2024</enrichment>
    <author>G. Sanchez Olivares</author>
    <author>Daniel Rockel</author>
    <author>F. Calderas</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Polypropylene</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Industrial waste</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Leather fibers</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bio-filler</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59533</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>117</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>141</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>2</issue>
    <volume>42</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>SAGE Publications</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Block it and rock it: Smoke suppressants that form a protective layer in PA 6.6</title>
    <abstract language="eng">To ensure fire safety, polymers are filled with flame retardants and smoke suppressants. To meet the highest requirements, it is essential to understand the decomposition of those polymeric materials. This study reveals interactions between polymer, smoke suppressants, and flame retardants, and discusses their impact on the materials’ flame retardancy, smoke emission, smoke toxicity, and particle emission in conventional loadings to provide deeper general understanding. Low melting oxide glass, melem, spherical silica, sepiolite, melamine polyphosphate, and boehmite in an aluminum diethylphosphinate flame-retarded polyamide 6.6 were investigated. All smoke suppressants improve the protective layer and act as an adjuvant. Silica and melem performed best under forced flaming conditions. Spherical silica reduces the peak of heat release rate by 39% and the total heat evolved by 14%, whereas 10 wt% melem lowers the total smoke production by 41%. Melem alters the mode of action of aluminum diethylphosphinate from gas to more condensed phase activity. This change reduces flame inhibition and hence smoke toxicity, but further improves the protective layer due to charring reactions in the decomposition mechanism. In addition, the sizes of the smoke particles decrease because of the prolonged time in the pyrolytic zone. This study highlights that interactions between polymer, flame retardants, and smoke suppressants can significantly determine the smoking and burning behavior.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Fire Sciences</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0734-9041</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1177/07349041231220250</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">22.02.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Sebastian M. Goller</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <author>Simone Krüger</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Smoke suppressant</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Aluminum diethylphosphinate</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Smoke</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Polyamide 6.6</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59320</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>114</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>127</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>1</issue>
    <volume>48</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>New York, NY</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Fire Behavior of Pressure-sensitive Adhesive Tapes and Bonded Materials</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes are used in several industrial applications such as con-struction, railway vehicles and the automotive sector,where the burning behavior is ofcrucial importance. Flame retarded adhesivetapes are developed and provided, however,often without considering the interaction of adhesive tapes and the bonded materialsduring burning nor the contribution of the tapes to fire protection goal of the bondedcomponents in distinct fire tests. This publication delivers an empirical comprehensiveknowledge how adhesive tapes and their flame retardancy effect the burning behaviorof bonded materials. With a special focus on the interaction between the single compo-nents, one flame retarded tape and one tapewithout flame retardant are examined inscenarios of emerging and developing fires, along with their bonds with the commonmaterials wood, zinc-plated steel, mineral wool, polycarbonate, and polymethylmethacry-late. The flame retardant significantly improved the flame retardancy of the tape as afree-standing object and yielded a V-2 rating in UL 94 vertical test and raised the OxygenIndex by 5 vol.%. In bonds, or rather laminates, the investigations prove that the choiceof carrier and substrates are the factors with the greatest impact on the fire propertiesand can change the peak of heat release rate and the maximum average rate of heatemission up to 25%. This research yielded a good empirical overall understanding of thefire behavior of adhesive tapes and bonded materials. Thus, it serves as a guide for tapemanufacturers and applicants to develop tapes and bonds more substrate specific.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Fire and Materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0308-0501</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1099-1018</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/fam.3171</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-593207</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">11.01.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="PaperofMonth">1</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Vitus Hupp</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <author>K. Flothmeier</author>
    <author>A. Hartwig</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Adhesives</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cone calorimeter</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laminates</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Phosphorus flame retardants</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pressure-sensitive adhesive</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Tapes</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/59320/24firemater.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59138</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>7</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Adapting intumescent/low-melting glass flame-retardant formulations for transfer to glass-fiber-reinforced composites and post-fire mechanical analysis</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The residual post-fire mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced epoxy composites are influenced by their fire residues after burning. This study uses intumescent/low-melting glass flame retardants to tailor fire residues in epoxy resin. Processibility of prepregs and their quality are analysed for transfer of the flame-retardant epoxy resins to layered glass-fiber reinforced composites. Minimal effects were found on the pre-fire flexural strengths of the composites due to low loading of the flame retardants. However, when transferred to glass-fiber reinforced composites, the fire residues diminish significantly. Further studies are required to improve theoretical and experimental estimations of the post-fire mechanics of the composites.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">SAMPE Technical Papers (SAMPE Europe Conference 2023 Madrid - Spain)</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="eventName">SAMPE Europe Conference 2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Madrid, Spain</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">03.10.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">05.10.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>S. Sunder</author>
    <author>Maria Jauregui Rozo</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <author>H. Ruckdäschel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire residue</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Prepregs</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lightweight materials</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Composites</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58290</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>23</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>58</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>bookpart</type>
    <publisherName>CRC Press</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Boca Raton</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Influence of the Size and Dispersion State of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials on the Fire Safety of Polymers</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Only the nano-scaled structure of the nanocomposite and the dispersion of nanoparticles within the polymer matrix harbor multifunctional potential including superior fire retardancy. Thus, this chapter focuses on the dispersion of nanoplates, based mainly on studies of layered silicates and graphene/graphene-related nanoplates. The nanostructure and properties of the nanocomposites are dependent mainly on thermodynamic and kinetic factors during preparation. Improving nano-dispersion often directly improves flame retardancy. Therefore, the modification of the nanoplates as well as the preparation of nanocomposites becomes very important to control this dispersion. The dispersion of nanoplates functions as a prerequisite for the formation of an efficient protective layer, changing the melt flow and dripping behavior, or the improvement of the char properties.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Fire-Safe Polymers</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-032-35268-8</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-032-35502-3</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-003-32715-8</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1201/9781003327158-2</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nanocomposite</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>2D nanoparticle</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Exfoliation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Dispersion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flammability</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Advanced Materials</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57507</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1891</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1901</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>3</issue>
    <volume>5</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>ACS</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Flame Retardant Combinations with Expandable Graphite/ Phosphorus/CuO/Castor Oil in Flexible Polyurethane Foams</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A series of flexible polyurethane foams (FPUFs) were prepared with single and different combinations of flame retardants and additives. Expandable graphite (EG), phosphorous polyol (OP), copper (II) oxide (CuO), and/or castor oil (CAS) were added to FPUF during the foam preparation in a one-step process. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the synergistic effects of the flame retardants, additives, and the presence of bio-based content on the mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and smoke behavior of FPUFs. The combination of 10 wt % EG and 5 wt % OP in FPUF significantly improves the char yield. In the cone calorimeter experiment, the char yield is nearly three times higher than that with 10 wt % EG alone. The smoke behavior is additionally evaluated in a smoke density chamber (SDC). Comparing the samples with a single flame retardant, 10 wt % EG in FPUF considerably reduces the amount of smoke released and the emission of toxic gases. Replacing the amount of 10 wt % polyether polyol in FPUF with CAS maintains the physical and mechanical properties and fire behavior and enhances the bio-based content. The presence of 0.1 wt % CuO in FPUF effectively reduces the emission of hydrogen cyanide. As a result, this study proposes a multicomponent flame retardant strategy for FPUF to enhance the biomass content and address the weaknesses in flame retardancy, smoke, and toxic gas emissions. A starting point is disclosed for future product development.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">ACS Applied Polymer Materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2637-6105</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1021/acsapm.2c01969</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">17.05.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Yin Yam Chan</author>
    <author>A. Korwitz</author>
    <author>D. Pospiech</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flexible polyurethane foam</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Synergistic effect</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Smoke behavior</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Expandable graphite</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bio-based</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56981</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>209</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">No business as usual: The effect of smoke suppressants commonly used in the flame retardant PA6.6 on smoke and fire properties</title>
    <abstract language="eng">As most of polymeric materials are inherently flammable, flame retardants (FR) are commonly used to reduce their fire risks. Nevertheless, these flame retardant materials are often detrimental to smoke parameters like specific optical density or smoke toxicity. The influence of several smoke suppressants (SP)-zinc stannate, zinc phosphate, titanium oxide and hydrotalcite-were investigated with respect to flame retardancy, smoke emission, particle emission and smoke toxicity in a diethyl aluminum phosphinate (AlPi) flame retardant polyamide 6.6 (PA6.6). It was shown that the interaction between SP, FR and polymer is crucial for smoke and fire properties and can change the mode of action of the FR as well the decomposition mechanism of the polymer. Small amounts of SP show less effect on forced flaming behavior and the optical density, but they can influence flammability and the particle size distribution of the soot particles. The flame retardancy was significantly enhanced by 5 wt.-% zinc stannate in PA6.6 under forced flaming conditions. The charring mechanism was improved, and the mode of action of AlPi switched from the gas to the condensed phase. This resulted of in a reduced PHRR and TSP and an increase in residue yield. The smoke toxicity and optical density were reduced in the smoke density chamber as well. The smoke particles shifted to smaller sizes as the time in the pyrolytic zone increased. The formation of a dense char is assumed to be the key factor to enhance smoke suppression and flame retardancy properties.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Polymer Degradation and Stability</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0141-3910</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110276</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">13.03.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="PaperofMonth">1</enrichment>
    <author>Sebastian M. Goller</author>
    <author>Simone Krüger</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Polyamide 6.6</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Smoke suppression</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Zinc stannate</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Smoke density</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>54845</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>6313</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>6324</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>19</issue>
    <volume>10</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>ACS</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Tenebrio molitor Beetle as a “Nonvegan” Adjuvant to Flame Retardants in Tannic Acid-Based Epoxy Thermosets</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Material solutions that meet both circular bioeconomy policies and high technical requirements have become a matter of particular interest. In this work, a prospectively abundant proteinrich waste resource for the manufacturing of flame-retardant epoxy biocomposites, as well as for the synthesis of biobased flame retardants or adjuvants, is introduced. Different biomass fillers sourced from the cultivation of the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor are embedded in a bioepoxy resin cured with tannic acid and investigated regarding the fire performance of the thermosets. By means of spectroscopic and thermal analysis (attenuated total reflectance FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis-coupled FTIR spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry), the influence of the biomass microparticles on the curing and thermal degradation behavior is evaluated. The final performance of the biocomposites is assessed based on fire testing methodology (limited oxygen index, UL-94, and cone calorimetry). Providing a high charring efficiency in the specific tannic acid-based epoxy matrix, the protein-rich adult beetle is further investigated in combination with commercial environmentally benign flame retardants in view of its potential as an adjuvant. The results highlight a char forming effect of nonvegan fillers in the presence of tannic acid, particularly during thermal decomposition, and point toward the potential of protein-based flame retardants from industrial insect rearing for future formulations.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">ACS Sustainable Chemistry &amp; Engineering</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2168-0485</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c00746</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">13.06.2022</enrichment>
    <author>F. Robert Gleuwitz</author>
    <author>Alexander Battig</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Tannic acid</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sustainable</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Epoxy resin</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Insects</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Circular Economy</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>54438</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>109875</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>198</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Valorizing “non-vegan” bio-fillers: Synergists for phosphorus flame retardants in epoxy resins</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Sustainable, biogenic flame retardant adjuvants for epoxy resins are receiving increased focus. Zoological products like insects, bone meal, and eggshells are available in large quantities, but remain uninvestigated as functional fillers to epoxy resins, although they are potential synergists to flame retardants. The efficacy and flame retardancy of “non-vegan” additives in combination with flame retardants is investigated and the fire behavior and thermal decomposition of bio-sourced epoxy resin composites is characterized. By comparing the fire performance of composites containing flame retardants or fillers at varying loadings (5, 10, and 20%), their role as synergists that enhance the function of organophosphorus flame retardants in bio-epoxy composites is identified and quantified. Peak heat release rates were 44% lower in composites containing both filler and flame retardant versus those containing only flame retardants, and fire loads were reduced by 44% versus the pure resin, highlighting the ability of “non-vegan” fillers to function as synergists.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Polymer Degradation and Stability</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0141-3910</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109875</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">28.03.2022</enrichment>
    <author>Alexander Battig</author>
    <author>Karla I. Garfias González</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Synergy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bio-composite</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Epoxy resin</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biogenic</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Renewable</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>54330</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1021</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1034</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>2</issue>
    <volume>4</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>ACS Publ.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Washington, DC</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Multifunctional Property Improvements by Combining Graphene and Conventional Fillers in Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Rubber Composites</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The incorporation of nanoparticles like multilayer graphene (MLG) into elastomeric composites boosts their technical performance, such as their mechanical behavior and electrical conductivity. Common filler types (carbon black (CB) and aluminum trihydroxide (ATH)) generally fulfill single, specific purposes and are often used in high loadings. CB typically reinforces rubber mechanically, while ATH increases flame retardancy. Small amounts of MLG reduce these high filler contents and maintain the multifunctional characteristics of rubber composites. In chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSM) + ATH, an intrinsically flame-retardant rubber was designed to achieve the highest standards such as maximum average of heat emission (MARHE) &lt;90 kW m−2, 3 phrMLG was substituted for 15 phr CB and/or 3 phr ATH via an industrially applicable processing approach. Replacing either CB or ATH resulted in a property profile that was multifunctionally improved in terms of features such as mechanical performance, reduced sorption, and flame retardance. MLG nanocomposites are reported to show promise as an industrially utilizable route to obtain multifunctional high-performance rubbers.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">ACS Applied Polymer Materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2637-6105</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1021/acsapm.1c01469</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">14.02.2022</enrichment>
    <author>Bettina Strommer</author>
    <author>Alexander Battig</author>
    <author>Daniele Frasca</author>
    <author>Dietmar Schulze</author>
    <author>Christian Huth</author>
    <author>Martin Böhning</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nanocomposites</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Rubber</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Multilayer graphene</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Synergy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nanoparticles</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elastomers</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.1 Baustoffe</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Advanced Materials</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>53297</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>16</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>210</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Waste not, want not: The use of leather waste in flame retarded EVA</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Leather is among the most ancient, widely used materials worldwide. Industrial-scale leather production produces large quantities of organic waste attained during shaving and buffing steps during processing. In this study, leather wastes (LW) are used as fillers in flame retarded polymer composites. LW is investigated as a multifunctional bio-filler that enhances the fire performance of flame retarded poly(ethylene–vinyl acetate) (EVA) containing phosphorus flame retardants (P-FRs) ammonium polyphosphate (APP) or a melamine-encapsulated APP (eAPP). Using LW from tanneries as adjuvants to enhance P-FRs in EVA reduces industrial wastes that otherwise require costly waste management solutions. Materials are characterized multi-methodically via mechanical tests, electron microscopy, rheology, thermogravimetric analysis, evolved gas analysis, and condensed phase FTIR, also reaction-to-small-flames and cone calorimeter tests. EVA containing 10 wt-% LW and 20 wt-% P-FRs achieve 20% reductions in fire loads versus EVA, and up to 10% reduction in effective heats of combustion versus EVA with equal (30 wt-%) P-FR loadings. Enhanced char stabilization of EVA composites with LW and P-FRs lowered peaks of heat release rates up to 53% compared to EVA, and up to 40% compared to equal P-FRs loadings. Synergisms between LW and P-FRs in EVA are quantified. A chemical decomposition mechanism is proposed.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Materials and design</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0264-1275</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110100</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-532977</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">07.10.2021</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Alexander Battig</author>
    <author>G. Sanchez-Olivares</author>
    <author>Daniel Rockel</author>
    <author>M. Maldonado-Santoyo</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Leather waste</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Tannery industry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>EVA</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire protection</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Charring</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Circular Economy</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/53297/21materdesign.pdf</file>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/53297/21materdesign_supplementary_material.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>52907</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>9656</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>191</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Flame retardant flexible polyurethane foams based on phosphorous soybean-oil polyol and expandable graphite</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A phosphorous soybean-oil–based polyol was derived via epoxidation and ring opening reaction as an alternative to petrochemical-based polyol for the synthesis of flexible polyurethane foams (FPUFs). 5-wt.% and 10-wt.% of expandable graphite (EG) were added to further improve flame retardancy. The mechanical properties (tensile strength and compression stress) of the foams were investigated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) coupled with Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) were conducted to evaluate the pyrolysis; limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL 94 and cone calorimeter were performed to analyze the fire performance of the foams; smoke density chamber was used to investigate the smoke released during burning. When 10-wt.% of EG was used, the flame retardancy of the foams was much enhanced due to the synergistic effect between phosphorus and EG. The char yield was three times higher (54wt.%). The fire load MARHE approached 100 kWm−2, half of the value expected for a superposition. The combination of phosphorous polyols and EG is proposed as strategy for future flame retarded FPUFs.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Polymer Degradation and Stability</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0141-3910</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109656</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">22.09.2021</enrichment>
    <author>Yin Yam Chan</author>
    <author>C. Ma</author>
    <author>F. Zhou</author>
    <author>Y. Hu</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Phosphorous soybean-oil–based polyol</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flexible polyurethane foam</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Expandable graphite</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Smoke measurement</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>50740</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>109160</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>177</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Effects of novel phosphorus-nitrogen-containing DOPO derivative salts on mechanical properties, thermal stability and flame retardancy of flexible polyurethane foam</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In this work, a series of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) derivative salts containing phosphorus and nitrogen were synthesized, and their effects on mechanical properties, thermal stability and flame retardancy of flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) were investigated. Studies have shown that the addition of DOPO derivatives will increase the tensile strength, compression set, and compression hardness of FPUF, but it will lead to a decrease in elongation at break. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the initial decomposition temperature of FPUF containing DOPO derivatives was reduecd, but the char reside was significantly improved. A series of combustion tests indicated that the addition of DOPO derivative salts can improve the flame retardancy of FPUF, of which 10-hydroxy-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10 phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide dicyandiamide salt (D-DICY) exhibited the best flame retardancy. When the load of D-DICY was 20 phr, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of foam reached 24.5%, and the peak heat release rate and total heat release were decreased by 55.7% and 52.9%, respectively. Furthermore, based on the analysis of the gas phase combustion products and the char residue of the condensed phase, the possible flame retardant mechanism was proposed.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Polymer Degradation and Stability</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109160</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0141-3910</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">18.06.2020</enrichment>
    <author>S. Ma</author>
    <author>Y. Xiao</author>
    <author>F. Zhou</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <author>Yin Yam Chan</author>
    <author>O. P. Korobeinichev</author>
    <author>S. A. Trubachev</author>
    <author>W. Hu</author>
    <author>C. Ma</author>
    <author>Y. Hu</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flexible polyurethane foam</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DOPO derivative salts</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanical properties</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal stability</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>49759</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2019</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Flammschutzmechanismen in der Kunststofftechnik</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The main flame retardant modes of action are known, nevertheless in practise the detailed scientific understanding usually falls short, when it comes to modern multicomponent systems, the important tiny optimizations, or quantifying in terms of specific fire properties. The description of the flame retardant modes of action remains usually vague and fragmentary. This talk tries to deliver thought-provoking impulses how the understanding of the fire behaviour and flame retardancy can be utilized to direct the development of future flame retardant polymer products. Some overseen details are picked up as well as rethinking of concepts memorised long ago is encouraged to discover something new. Furthermore, the talk tries to fill the gap between flame retardant modes of action and fire performance constituting a product. This talk promotes the evidence-based development of flame retardant polymers.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">VDI-Vortrag, AK “Kunststofftechnik” des VDI-Bezirksverein Nürnberg e.V.</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Erlangen, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">20.11.2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Modes of action</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Charring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame inhibition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fuel dilution</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Protective layer</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>49020</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2019</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Weathering resistance of halogen-free flame retardancy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Whereas the degradation of flame retardant polymers has been discussed since decades, only more recently, the lifetime of the flame retardancy itself becomes an important factor, e.g. for cables used as building products. In this work, several kinds of accelerated artificial ageing tests are performed simulating different environmental exposures and thus highlighting different degradation mechanisms: artificial accelerated weathering, climatic chamber, water immersion, salt spray chamber, and autoclave test. The durability is expected to be different for different flame-retardant materials. Thus, various sets of halogen-free ﬁre-retarded polymers were investigated: ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) with aluminum hydroxide (ATH), boehmite and synergists, ester-based and ether-based thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) with melamine cyanurate (MC), aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPi), and boehmite, and glass fiber reinforced polyamide 66 (PA66) with AlPi-based mixtures.&#13;
Intensive degradation of the surface was observed, e.g. yielding discoloration and yellowing, EVA showed cracking when weathered. Changes in chemical structure was investigated by ATR-FTIR. The flammability was investigated with the cone calorimeter, UL-94 classification, and oxygen index (LOI). The flame retardancy of most of the materials studied degraded only slightly for the investigated exposure times. EVA/ATH achieved an improved LOI due to flame retardants agglomeration at the surface. Sets of materials, based on EVA and TPU, were also investigated as cable jackets. While flame retarded EVA exhibited no dripping during burning, TPU flame-retarded with MC cables showed pronounced melt-dripping. Cone calorimeter tests were carried out using cable rafts as well as our self-made cable module test, simulating a vertical bundle of cables at the bench scale. The comparison of different fire tests, different exposure conditions, and different materials carved out the specific degradation phenomena with respect to each of these parameters. &#13;
Most of this work was supported by the IGF Project (18926 N) of the Fördergemeinschaft für das Süddeutsche Kunststoff-Zentrum e.V., supported by the AiF within the framework of the program “Förderung der Industriellen Gemeinschaftsforschung (IGF)” of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy based on a decision of the Deutschen Bundestag.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">33rd Polymer Degradation Discussion Group Conference (PDDG-2019)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">St. Julian, Malta</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">01.09.2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">05.09.2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Weathering resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Durability</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>45698</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2018</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>43</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>58</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>156</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Rapid mass calorimeter as a high-throughput screening method for the development of flame-retarded TPU</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The rapid mass calorimeter (RMC) was used as a screening tool based on accelerated fire testing to assess flame-retarded thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The reliability of RMC results was proven with the cone calorimeter as reference fire test. The influence of melamine cyanurate (MC) concentration on the fire performance of TPU was investigated, along with some flame-retardant combinations such as MC with aluminium diethylphosphinate (AlPi), aluminium trihydrate (ATH), and melamine polyphosphate (MPP). The two-stage burning behaviour of TPU was investigated in detail; the first stage corresponds mainly to the hard segments' decomposition and has a much lower effective heat of combustion (EHC) than the second stage, in which mainly the soft segments decompose and an intensive liquid pool fire is observed in the cone calorimeter set-up. In addition to fire testing with the cone calorimeter, RMC, and UL 94 flammability tests, the decomposition of the materials was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis coupled with infrared spectrometry (TGeFTIR). TPU/MC/AlPi shows the most promising results, achieving V-0 classification in UL 94 and reducing the extreme peak heat release rate (PHRR) of the liquid pool fire from 3154 kW/m2 to 635 kW/m2. Using MC/AlPi/MPP enhances the latter PHRR reduction further. The decomposition products identified in the gas phase via TGeFTIR reveal specific MCeAlPi eMPP interactions, as they differ from products seen in systems with MC/AlPi or MC/MPP. Correlations between RMC and cone calorimeter results were examined and presented in the final part of the paper. Several characteristics correlate strongly, pointing out that RMC is a reliable high-throughput fire testing method to screen multicomponent flame-retardant solutions in TPU.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Polymer Degradation and Stability</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-456982</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0141-3910</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-2321</identifier>
    <enrichment key="Audience">08.11.2018</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">08.11.2018</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY-NC-ND - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Aleksandra Sut</author>
    <author>E. Metzsch-Zilligen</author>
    <author>M. Großhauser</author>
    <author>R. Pfaendner</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermoplastic polyurethane</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Rapid mass calorimeter</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High throughput screening</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/45698/18polymdegradstab.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>45324</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2018</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Flame retardancy of polyolefins a bunch of thoughts</title>
    <abstract language="eng">After introducing into the activities and competence of BAM in the field of fire science, several aspects of successful and tailored flame retardancy of polyolefins are discussed. The talk gives an overview of the works relevant for developing flame retardant polyolefins performed in the working group flame retardancy of polymers. The hypothesis of conservation of effective heat of combustion is proposed. The role of charring, inert fillers, protection layer, and intumescence is assessed for flame retarded polyolefins. Distinct routes of optimization sketched. Examples of controlling the dripping and melt flow to obtain the desired fire behaviour are discussed. Finally the cable modul for the cone calorimeter is presented.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Corning FR Workshop</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">20.06.2018</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">20.06.2018</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bench scale fire testing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardant modes of action</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Polyolefins</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Melt dripping</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cables</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>43487</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2017</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Flame and Fire Retarded Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Carbon fibre (CF) and glass fibre (GF) reinforced polymers are used for diverse applications demaning flame and fire retardancy in the fire scenarios ignition, developing fire and fully developed fire. The fire behaviour of composites differs from polymers, since fibres behave often inert with respect to pyrolysis, change the melt flow / dripping behaviour, the heat absorption and transfer, the amount and properties of the fire residue. Concepts are needed suitable for the different fire protection goals, but also tailored for composites. The field is illuminated by examples carried out in the group of the author in the recent years.  Approaches to halogen-free flame retardancy in GF reinforced thermoplastics and CF reinforced thermosets are presented as well as building up a bench and intermediate scale testing of composites in fire applying mechanical load and direct flame exposure simultaneously. The understanding of fire behaviour and flame retardancy modes of action in composites is a promising basis for target-oriented development.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">GDCh-Kolloquium Bremen</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Bremen, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">11.12.2017</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">11.12.2017</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Composites</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire stability</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Halogen-free flame retardant</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Composite in fire</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Modes of action</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>39298</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2017</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>141</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>153</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>1</issue>
    <volume>128</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Synergy in flame-retarded epoxy resin - Identification of chemical interactions by solid-state NMR</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The potential synergists aluminium diethylphosphinate (AlPi), boehmite (AlO(OH)) and melamine polyphosphate (MPP) were compared in flame-retardant epoxy resin (EP)/melamine poly(magnesium phosphate) (S600). The pyrolysis, the fire behaviour as well as the chemical interactions in the gas and condensed phases were investigated by various methods. Flammability was investigated by cone calorimeter and oxygen index (OI). The thermal and thermo-oxidative decomposition were studied by thermogravimetric analysis coupled with FTIR spectrometer. The special focus was on the Investigation of structural changes in the condensed phase via solid-state NMR of 27Al and 31P nuclei. By the comparison of epoxy resin with only one additive or with S600 in combination with AlPi, AlO(OH) or MPP, it was possible to calculate the synergy index. The best performance in terms of fire behaviour was observed for EP/S600/MPP with a PHRR (Peak heat release rate) of 208 kW m-2 due to slight synergy. In the case of THE (total heat evolved), clear synergy occurred for EP/S600/AlPi and EP/S600/AlO(OH). By solid-state NMR, different phosphates and aluminates were identified, indicating the chemical interactions between S600 and AlPi, AlO(OH) or MPP. The systematic multi-methodical approach yielded insight into the synergistic effects in the flame-retarded epoxy resin.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s10973-016-5934-4</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1388-6150</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1588-2926</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">28.04.2017</enrichment>
    <author>Aleksandra Sut</author>
    <author>Sebastian Greiser</author>
    <author>Christian Jäger</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Synergy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Epoxy resin</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Melamine poly(magnesium phosphate)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Solid-state NMR</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>39084</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2017</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>3</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>20</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>1</issue>
    <volume>35</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Sage</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Recommendations on the scientific approach to polymer flame retardancy: Part 2 - concepts</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The usage of concepts in scientific communication is critical to our ability to inform the reader about work that has been performed. The significance and thus the quality of scientific discussion rely on the precise use of concepts. In this second part of a two-part paper, concerning the scientific basis of polymer fire retardancy, the proper use of concepts is addressed. Distinct concepts in flame retardancy are discussed, such as fire residue, the correlation of fire performance with char yield according to van Krevelen, catalysis, and wicking. Synergy is discussed in detail, as well as approaches to quantify it, due to its importance for flame retardant polymers. The preceding first paper (part 1) discussed the proper use of scientific terms, thermal analysis, and fire testing. Thus, together these two papers support the community by offering recommendations and addressing some of the most relevant points. They encourage to review scientific practice in the field of flame retardancy of polymers.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Fire Sciences</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0734-9041</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1530-8049</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1177/0734904116675370</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">10.03.2017</enrichment>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <author>Charles A. Wilkie</author>
    <author>G. Camino</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Char</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Synergism</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flammability</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire growth indices</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Synergy index</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>38739</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2017</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>165</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>174</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>57</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">The rapid mass calorimeter: Understanding reduced-scale fire test results</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The effects of reducing specimen size on the fire behavior of polymeric materials were investigated by means of the rapid mass calorimeter, a high-throughput Screening instrument. Results from the rapid mass calorimeter were compared with those from the cone calorimeter. Correlation coefficients between the different measures of each method and between the two methods are discussed to elucidate the differences and similarities in the two methods. Materials with characteristic heat release rate (HRR) curves in the cone calorimeter were evaluated in detail. The rapid mass calorimeter produces valuable and interpretable results with HRR curve characteristics similar to cone calorimeter results. Compared to cone calorimeter measurements, material savings of 96% are achieved, while maintaining the Advantages of a macroscopic fire test.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Polymer Testing</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.polymertesting.2016.11.027</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0142-9418</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">10.03.2017</enrichment>
    <author>Sebastian Rabe</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Rapid mass calorimeter</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High throughput</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cone calorimeter</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>38565</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2016</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Flame and fire retardancy of fibre reinforced polymer composites</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Carbon fibre (CF) and glass fibre (GF) reinforced polymers are used for diverse applications such as electronics/electrical engineering, transportation (railway vehicles, shipping, aviation) and construction. The fire behaviour of composites differs in comparison to polymers. Fibres behave often inert with respect to pyrolysis, but they change the melt flow and dripping behaviour, the heat absorption and transfer, the amount and properties of the fire residue and so on. Flame and fire retardancy concepts are needed not only suitable for the different fire protection goals typical for each application, but also tailored for composites. The field is illuminated by examples taken from different projects carried out in the group of the author in the recent years. The examples target on different applications through achieving V0 in UL 94 testing (reaction to small flame controlling the fire risks in the beginning of a fire), reducing heat release rate and fire load in the cone calorimeter (fire risks under forced flaming combusting controlling the contribution to developing fires) and investigating the fire stability when a severe flame is directly applied (key property in fully developed fires). Approaches to halogen-free flame retardancy in GF reinforced thermoplastics and CF reinforced thermosets are presented as well as building up a bench and intermediate scale testing of composites in fire applying mechanical load and direct flame exposure simultaneously. &#13;
The understanding of fire behaviour and flame retardancy mode of actions in composites is a promising basis for target-oriented development. The role of flame inhibition, charring and protective layer formation is discussed in composites. Successful concepts are presented for flame retardancy tailored for different application as well as general guidelines for future development. Different phosphorus flame retardants are proposed to achieve halogen-free flame retardancy in applications demanding limited fire risks with respect to ignition and developing fires. Different protective approaches are sketched for addressing the fire resistance of composite that is the most important fire risk for structural applications.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">International Workshop on Nanostructured Materials and Their Use in Fire Retardancy Applications</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Stockholm, Sweden</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">23.11.2016</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">24.11.2016</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Composites</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Composites in fire</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire testing</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>37802</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2016</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>74</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>84</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>640</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Aluminium diethylphosphinate versus ammonium polyphosphate: A comprehensive comparison of the chemical interactions during pyrolysis in flame-retarded polyolefine/poly(phenylene oxide)</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A systematic comparison of chemical interactions and fire behaviour is presented for the thermoplas-tic elastomer (block copolymer styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene) (TPE-S)/diethyl- and methylvinylsiloxane (Si)/poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO), flame-retarded with aluminium diethylphosphinate (AlPi)and with ammonium polyphosphate (APP), respectively. TPE-S/APP/Si/PPO performed better in the conecalorimeter test (reduction in peak heat release rate from 2042 to 475 kW m−2), but TPE-S/AlPi/Si/PPO inthe flammability tests (oxygen index (OI) and UL 94). This difference was caused by the different modes ofaction of APP (more in the condensed phase) and AlPi (mainly in the gas phase). Thermogravimetry cou-pled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) was used to analyse the mass loss and theevolved gas products, while a Linkam hot-stage cell to investigate the decomposition in the condensedphase. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the fire residues was done using solid-state NMR.13C MAS NMRshowed that both flame-retarded compositions form graphite-like amorphous carbonaceous char, orig-inating from PPO.31P MAS NMR and29Si MAS NMR delivered important information about interactionbetween phosphorus and the siloxane. For TPE-S/AlPi/Si/PPO aluminium phosphate and silicon dioxideoccurred, while also silicophosphate was produced in TPE-S/APP/Si/PPO. The direct comparison of two ofthe most prominent halogen-free flame retardants containing phosphorus delivered meaningful insightsinto the modes of action and molecular mechanisms controlling flame retardancy.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Thermochimica Acta</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0040-6031</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1872-762X</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">14.10.2016</enrichment>
    <author>Aleksandra Sut</author>
    <author>Sebastian Greiser</author>
    <author>Christian Jäger</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Aluminium diethylphosphinate</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ammonium polyphosphate</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Solid-state NMR</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SEBS</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>37482</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2016</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>88</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>book</type>
    <publisherName>Shaker Verlag</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Aachen</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>SKZ-Das Kunststoff-Zentrum</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Wirkungsweise von halogenfreien Flammschutzmitteln in WPC</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Das Ziel des Forschungsvorhabens war die Untersuchung der Wirkungsweise von halogenfreien Flammschutzmitteln in WPC.&#13;
Eine große Anzahl verschiedener Flammschutzmittel wurde hinsichtlich ihrer Wirkmechanismen umfassend untersucht, um ein Verständnis für die ablaufenden Prozesse zu entwickeln. Hierbei wurden verschiedene Brandtests eingesetzt, um die Materialien bezüglich verschiedener Applikationen (E&amp;E, Transportwesen, Bauwesen) zu beleuchten.&#13;
Die verschiedenen Untersuchungen liefern aber auch ein umfassendes Bild vom Brandverhalten in den verschiedenen Eigenschaften, wie Entflammbarkeit und Brandausbreitung.&#13;
Die prinzipiellen Ansätze wurden anhand von verschiedenen Flammschutzmitteln beleuchtet, ihre Pyrolyse und ihre Performance in verschiedenen Brandtests gegenübergestellt. Bei der angestrebten geringen Zusatzmenge ist durch den Zusatz eines einzigen Flammschutzmittels keine zufriedenstellende Reduktion der Brandeigenschaften zu erwarten. Multikomponentensysteme zur Steigerung der Effizienz sind angezeigt. Einige prinzipielle Kombinationsmöglichkeiten wurden für alle Hauptflammschutzmittel durchgespielt. Die teilweise deutlichen Verbesserungen zeigen Wege zur erfolgreichen Produktentwicklung auf. So konnten bei den Spritzgießcompounds Eigenschaften erzielt werden, die eine UL 94 V0 Klassifizierung ermöglichen.&#13;
Ein Einsatz der im Forschungsvorhaben hergestellten Compounds als Baustoff ist aufgrund des Brandverhaltens in den baustoffspezifischen Prüfungen nicht möglich. Hier sind weitere Flammschutz-Konzepte zu erproben.&#13;
Gleitmittel nehmen bei den untersuchten Extrusionscompounds keinen Einfluss auf das Brandverhalten. Haftvermittler nehmen ebenfalls keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf das untersuchte Brandverhalten, können aber zu einer veränderten Verteilung der Füllstoffe&#13;
und damit zur Ausbildung einer effektiveren Schutzschicht führen.&#13;
Feinere Holzpartikel schneiden bei den Brandprüfungen besser ab als grobe Holzpartikel.&#13;
Bei Einsatz von grobem Holz wird eine schlechtere Rückstandsstruktur ausgebildet, was das Brandverhalten negativ beeinflusst. Der Einsatz von vorbehandeltem Holz&#13;
brachte nicht die erwartete Verbesserung.&#13;
Die neu konzipierte Aufbereitungsanlage auf Basis des Planetwalzenextruders konnte erfolgreich in Betrieb genommen werden. Vergleichende Versuche mit dem Doppelschneckenextruder zeigten, dass der PWE-Aufbau eine gute Alternative zur etablierten DSE-Aufbereitung darstellt.&#13;
Zusätzlich wurden an Compounds vielversprechender Flammschutzansätze weitere Materialprüfungen (Biegeversuch, Schlagversuch, Wasseraufnahme) durchgeführt, um den Einfluss der FSM auf die spezifischen Eigenschaften der WPC zu beleuchten.</abstract>
    <abstract language="eng">The objective of the research project was to investigate the effect of halogen-free flame&#13;
retardants in WPC.&#13;
A large number of different flame retardants was thoroughly examined regarding their&#13;
effect mechanisms to develop an understanding for the processes taking place. Different&#13;
fire tests were used to examine the materials with respect to the different applications&#13;
(E&amp;E, transportation, construction). Additionally, the different investigations provide a&#13;
comprehensive picture of the fire behavior regarding the different properties, such as&#13;
flammability and fire spread. The fundamental approaches were examined by means of&#13;
different flame retardants and their pyrolysis and performance were compared in different&#13;
fire tests. A satisfactory reduction of the fire properties by adding only one flame&#13;
retardant cannot be expected with the intended low added amount. Multi-component&#13;
systems to increase the efficiency are indicated. Some basic combination options were&#13;
tried out for all main flame retardants. The partially considerable improvements illustrate&#13;
ways for successful product development. This way, properties could be achieved&#13;
in injection molding compounds, which allow for a UL 94 V0 classification.&#13;
It is not possible to use the compounds introduced in the research project as building&#13;
material due to the fire behavior in the building material specific tests. Further flame&#13;
protection concepts need to be tested in this area.&#13;
Slip agents do not have an influence on the fire behavior of the examined extrusion&#13;
compounds. Adhesion promoters also do not have a significant influence on the examined&#13;
fire behavior but can lead to a change in the distribution of the fillers and thus to&#13;
the formation of a more effective protective layer.&#13;
Finer wood particles performed better in the fire tests than coarse wood particles. When&#13;
using coarse wood, an inferior residual structure is formed, which has an adverse effect&#13;
on the fire behavior. The use of pretreated wood fibers did not bring the expected improvement.&#13;
The newly conceived processing technique based on a planetary roller extruder (PRE)&#13;
was successfully put into operation. Comparative tests with twin-screw extruders (TSE)&#13;
showed that the PRE configuration is a good alternative to the established TSE processing.&#13;
Additionally, further material testing (bending test, impact test, water absorption) was&#13;
performed on promising flame retarded compounds to examine the influence of the fire&#13;
retardants on the specific properties of the WPC.</abstract>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-8440-4645-8</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2364-754X</identifier>
    <author>Martina Schubert</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <author>M. Lang</author>
    <author>Huajie Yin</author>
    <author>Bettina Dittrich</author>
    <author>P. Heidemeyer</author>
    <author>Martin Bastian</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wood plastic composite</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Halogen free</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>36863</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2016</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>307</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>319</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>130</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Melamine poly(zinc phosphate) as flame retardant in epoxy resin: Decomposition pathways, molecular mechanisms and morphology of fire residues</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Synergistic multicomponent systems containing melamine poly(metal phosphate)s have been recently proposed as flame retardants. This work focuses on the decomposition pathways, molecular mechanisms and morphology of the fire residues of epoxy resin (EP) flame retarded with melamine poly(zinc phosphate) (MPZnP) to explain the modes of action and synergistic effects with selected synergists (melamine polyphosphate (MPP) and AlO(OH), respectively). The total load of flame retardants was always 20 wt.%. The decomposition pathways were investigated in detail via thermogravimetric Analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The fire residues were investigated via elemental analysis und solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The morphology of intumescent fire residues was investigated via micro-computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy.&#13;
EP + (MPZnP + MPP) formed a highly voluminous residue that showed structural features of both EP + MPZnP and EP + MPP, resulting in a highly effective protection layer. EP + (MPZnP + AlO(OH)) preserved the entire quantity of phosphorus content during combustion due to the Formation of Zn₂P₂O₇ and AlPO₄.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Polymer Degardation and Stability</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.06.023</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0141-3910</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">12.09.2016</enrichment>
    <author>Patrick Müller</author>
    <author>Michael Morys</author>
    <author>Aleksandra Sut</author>
    <author>Christian Jäger</author>
    <author>Bernhard Illerhaus</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Melamine poly(metal phosphate)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Epoxy resin</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Solid-state NMR</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Micro-computed tomography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire residue</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>35273</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2016</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>9</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>35</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>1</issue>
    <volume>301</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley-VCH Verl.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Weinheim</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Flame retardancy of polymers: the role of specific reactions in the condensed phase</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Condensed-phase mechanisms play a major role in fire-retardant polymers. Generations of development have followed the concept of charring to improve fire properties. Whereas the principal reactions are believed to be known, the specific description for multicomponent systems is lacking, as is the picture across different systems. A two-step approach is proposed in general, and also presented in greater detail. The second step covers the specific reactions controlling charring, whereas the actual reactants are provided in the preceding step. This model consistently incorporates the variety of structureproperty relationships reported. A comprehensive case study is presented on seven phosphorus flame retardants in two epoxy resins to breathe life into the two-step approach.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Macromolecular materials and engineering</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/mame.201500250</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1438-7492</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1439-2054</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">21.01.2016</enrichment>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <author>Birgit Perret</author>
    <author>Bettina Dittrich</author>
    <author>M. Ciesielski</author>
    <author>J. Krämer</author>
    <author>P. Müller</author>
    <author>V. Altstädt</author>
    <author>L. Zang</author>
    <author>M. Döring</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Charring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Epoxy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pyrolysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>34306</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2015</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>116</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>125</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>121</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Applied Science Publ.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>London</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Interactions in multicomponent flame-retardant polymers: Solid-state NMR identifying the chemistry behind it</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Distinct approaches are used to reduce the fire risks of polymers, a key issue for many industrial applications. Among the variety of approaches, the use of synergy in halogen-free multicomponent systems is one of the most auspicious. To optimize the composition of such flame-retardant systems it is essential to understand the mechanisms and the corresponding chemistry in the condensed phase. In this work different methods are used, including cone calorimeter, thermogravimetry (TG), and TG-FTIR, with the main focus on the solid-state NMR analysis of the solid residues. The structural changes in the condensed phase of two thermoplastic elastomer systems based on copolymer styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene (TPE-S) were investigated: TPE-S/aluminium diethylphosphinate (AlPi)/magnesium hydroxide (MH) and TPE-S/AlPi/zinc borate (ZB)/poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO). Strong flame inhibition is synergistically combined with protective layer formation. 13C-, 27Al-, 11B- and 31P MAS NMR (magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance) experiments using direct excitation with a single pulse and 1H31P cross-polarization (CP) were carried out as well as double resonance techniques. Magnesium phosphates were formed during the pyrolysis of TPE-S/AlPi/MH, while for the system TPE-S/AlPi/ZB/PPO zinc phosphates and borophosphates were observed. Thus, the chemistry behind the chemical interaction was characterized unambiguously for the investigated systems.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Polymer degradation and stability</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">37435</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.08.018</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0141-3910</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-2321</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">28.09.2015</enrichment>
    <author>Aleksandra Sut</author>
    <author>Sebastian Greiser</author>
    <author>Christian Jäger</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Synergy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Solid-state NMR</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SEBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Aluminium diethylphosphinate</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Magnesium hydroxide</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Zinc borate</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Poly(phenylene) oxide</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>33619</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2015</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1230</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1241</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>7</issue>
    <volume>36</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Society of Plastics Engineers</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Manchester, NH</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">The influence of layered, spherical, and tubular carbon nanomaterials' concentration on the flame retardancy of polypropylene</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The characteristic influences of increasing concentrations of graphene, expanded graphite (EG), carbon black (CB), and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNT) are investigated on pyrolysis, reaction to small flame, burning behavior, and on electrical, thermal, and rheological properties of flame retarded polypropylene (PP-FR). The property-concentration dependency is different for the various material properties, as threshold, linear, and leveling off functions were observed. Increasing concentrations of carbon nanoparticles resulted in a decrease in the electrical resistivity of the polymer by crossing the percolation threshold. The developing nanoparticle network changes melt flow behavior for small shear rates, increases thermal conductivity and therefore, affects the UL 94 classification and oxygen index. The onset temperature of PP decomposition is shifted to temperatures up to 37°C higher; the peak heat release rate is reduced by up to 74% compared to PP-FR. Both effects leveled off with increasing particle concentration. Among the four carbon nanomaterials tested, graphene presents superior influence on composite properties over the tested concentration range and outperforms commercial CB, MWNT, and EG. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:12301241, 2015.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Polymer composites</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">36729</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/pc.23027</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0272-8397</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1548-0569</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">09.07.2015</enrichment>
    <author>Bettina Dittrich</author>
    <author>K.-A. Wartig</author>
    <author>D. Hofmann</author>
    <author>R. Mülhaupt</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Graphene</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Concentration dependency</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nanocomposite</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Carbon nanomaterial</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>32692</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2015</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>157</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>177</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>2</issue>
    <volume>33</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Sage</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>London</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Halogen-free fire retardant styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene-based thermoplastic elastomers using synergistic aluminium diethylphosphinate-based combinations</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Multicomponent flame retardant systems containing aluminum diethylphosphinate in thermoplastic styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene elastomers are investigated (oxygen index, UL 94, cone calorimeter, and mechanical testing). Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscopy, and elemental analysis illuminate the interactions in the condensed phase. Thermoplastic styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene elastomers are a challenge for flame retardancy (peak heat release rate at 50 kW m-2 &gt; 2000 kW m-2, oxygen index = 17.2 vol%, no UL-94 horizontal burn rating) since it burns without residue and with a very high effective heat of combustion. Adding aluminum diethylphosphinate results in efficient flame inhibition and improves the reaction to small flame, but it is less effective in the cone calorimeter. Its efficacy levels off for amounts &gt;~25 wt%. As the most promising synergistic system, aluminum diethylphosphinate/melamine polyphosphate was identified, combining the main gas action of aluminum diethylphosphinate with condensed phase mechanisms. The protection layer was further improved with several adjuvants. Keeping the overall flame retardant content at 30 wt%, aluminum diethylphosphinate/melamine polyphosphate/titanium dioxide and aluminum diethylphosphinate/melamine polyphosphate/boehmite were the best approaches. An oxygen index of up to 27 vol% was achieved and a horizontal burn rating in UL 94 with immediate self-extinction; peak heat release rate decreased by up to 85% compared to thermoplastic styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene elastomers, to &lt;300 kW m-2.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of fire sciences</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">35768</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1177/0734904114565581</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0734-9041</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1530-8049</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">05.03.2015</enrichment>
    <author>Kirsten Langfeld</author>
    <author>Antje Wilke</author>
    <author>Aleksandra Sut</author>
    <author>Sebastian Greiser</author>
    <author>B. Ulmer</author>
    <author>V. Andrievici</author>
    <author>P. Limbach</author>
    <author>Martin Bastian</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Aluminium phosphinate</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermoplastic elastomers</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cone calorimetry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flammability</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>32014</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2014</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>7042</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>7053</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>24</issue>
    <volume>5</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Hyperbranched poly(phosphoester)s as flame retardants for technical and high performance polymers</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A structurally novel hyperbranched halogen-free poly(phosphoester) (hbPPE) is proposed as a flame retardant in poly(ester)s and epoxy resins. hb polymeric flame retardants combine several advantages that make them an extraordinary approach for future flame retardants. hbPPE was synthesized by olefin metathesis polymerization according to a straightforward two-step protocol. The impact of hbPPE on pyrolysis, flammability (reaction-to-small-flame), and fire behavior under forced flaming conditions (cone calorimeter) was investigated for a model substance representing poly(ester)s, i.e. ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, and an epoxy resin of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether cured with isophorone diamine. The flame retardancy performance and mechanisms are discussed and compared to a commercial bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP). Both hbPPE and BDP combined gas-phase and condensed-phase activity; hbPPE is the more efficient flame retardant, and is proposed to be efficient in a greater variety of polymeric matrices. The hydrolysis of hbPPE is suggested to produce phosphorous acids, which, when available at the right temperatures, enhance the charring of the polymer in the condensed phase. The better fire protection behavior of the hbPPE is due not only to its higher phosphorus content, but also to the higher efficiency of the phosphorus it contains.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Polymer chemistry</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">35074</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1039/c4py00830h</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1759-9954</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1759-9962</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">20.11.2014</enrichment>
    <author>Karoline Täuber</author>
    <author>F. Marsico</author>
    <author>F. R. Wurm</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hyperbranched polymers</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flammability</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Poly(phosphoester)s</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>30994</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2014</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>14</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>17</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>1599</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>AIP Publishing</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Melville, New York</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>American institute of physics (AIP)</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Nanotechnology finding its way into flame retardancy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Nanotechnology is one of the key technologies of the 21st century. The exploitation of 'new' effects that arise from materials structured on the nano-scale has also been proposed successfully for flame retardancy of polymers since the end of the 90s. Of all of the approaches these include, at this time the use of nanocomposites offers the best potential for industrial application, also some other ideas are sketched, such as using electrospun nanofibers mats or layer-by-layer deposits as protection coatings, as well as sub-micrometer multilayer coatings as effective IR-mirrors. The general phenomena, inducing a flow limit in the pyrolysing melt and changing the fire residue, are identified in nanocomposites. Key experiments are performed such as quasi online investigation of the protection layer formation to understand what is going on in detail. The flame retardancy mechanisms are discussed and their impact on fire behaviour quantified. With the latter, the presentation pushes forward the state of the art. For instance, the heat shielding is experimentally quantified for a layered silicate epoxy resin nanocomposite proving that it is the only import mechanism controlling the reduction in peak heat release rate in the investigated system for different irradiations. The flame retardancy performance is assessed comprehensively illuminating not only the strengths but also the weak points of the concepts. Guidelines for materials development are deduced and discussed. Apart from inorganic fillers (layered silicate, boehmite, etc.) not only carbon nanoobjects such as multiwall carbon nanotubes, multilayer graphene and graphene are investigated, but also nanoparticles that are more reactive and harbor the potential for more beneficial interactions with the polymer matrix.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Times of polymers (TOP) and composites 2014 - 7th international conference on times of polymers (TOP) and composites (Proceedings)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">33982</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-0-7354-1233-0</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1063/1.4876766</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0094-243X</identifier>
    <note>Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings</note>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Times of polymers (TOP) and composites 2014 - 7th international conference on times of polymers (TOP) and composites</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Ischia, Italy</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">22.06.2014</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">26.06.2014</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">07.07.2014</enrichment>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nanotechnology</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nanocomposites</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire behavior</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Layered silicate</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Graphene</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nanotubes</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nanofibers</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flammability</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cone calorimeter</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>30952</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2014</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>74</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>87</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>106</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Applied Science Publ.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>London</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Flame-retarded bisphenol A polycarbonate/silicon rubber/bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate): Adding inorganic additives</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Various inorganic additives belonging to four different groups: layered materials, metal hydroxides, metal oxides/carbonate and metal borates are investigated in bisphenol A polycarbonate/silicon rubber/bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (PC/SiR/BDP) to improve flame retardancy. The pyrolysis, reaction to small flame and fire behaviour of the blends are characterised and structure–property relationships discussed. Among the added layered materials, talc functions as an inert filler with potential for commercialisation, whereas organically modified montmorillonite (LS) enhances decomposition. PC/SiR/BDP + talc and PC/SiR/BDP + LS reinforce the char and induce a flow limit. The different dispersion and location of boehmite (AlO(OH)) nano-particles and Mg(OH)2 micro-particles determine the impact on performance. PC/SiR/BDP + Mg(OH)2 shows additional hydrolysis and thus reduced flame retardancy. AlO(OH) is embedded in SiR and thus behaves as an inert filler. Both additives worked as smoke suppressants. Using selective filling with nano-particles is proposed as an interesting route for flame retardancy in PC/SiR blends. Adding metal oxides and carbonate (MgO, CaCO3 and SiO2) changes the decomposition pathways of PC/SiR/BDP, worsening the fire performance of PC/SiR/BDP. CaCO3 harbours the potential to intumescence, even though an early collapse of the char structure occurred. Adding hydrated metal borates, CaB, MgB and ZnB, changes the pyrolysis and flame retardancy action. Smoke suppression occurs; LOI is improved as well as UL 94 classification. ZnB performs better than MgB and CaB. The comprehensive study, also based on systematic material variation, delivers valuable guidelines for future development of flame-retarded multi-component PC blends.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Polymer degradation and stability</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">33938</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.08.006</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0141-3910</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-2321</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">03.07.2014</enrichment>
    <author>Eliza Wawrzyn</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <author>Andrea Karrasch</author>
    <author>Christian Jäger</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Polycarbonate blends</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Aryl phosphate</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Inorganic fillers</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>30951</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2014</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>5</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>BCC Research</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Designed flame retardancy with phosphorus polymers</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Polymeric flame retardants offer the possibility to match effective flame retardancy with the requirements of new regulations. Synthesis, properties and efficiency in polymer matrices are discussed for two systems, epoxy resins as well as poly(butylene terephthalate).</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Flame conference 2014 - 25th Annual conference: Recent advances in flame retardancy of polymeric materials (Proceedings)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">33937</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">25th Annual conference: Recent advances in flame retardancy of polymeric materials</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Stamford, Connecticut, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">18.05.2014</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">21.05.2014</enrichment>
    <author>D. Pospiech</author>
    <author>O. Fischer</author>
    <author>A. Korwitz</author>
    <author>T. Hoffmann</author>
    <author>T. Köppl</author>
    <author>V. Altstädt</author>
    <author>M. Ciesielski</author>
    <author>M. Döring</author>
    <author>Sven Brehme</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <author>D. Vollmerhausen</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Phosphorus polymer</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Poly(butylene terephthalate)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Epoxy resin</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>30648</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2014</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>193</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>208</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>3</issue>
    <volume>14</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>De Gruyter</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>[S.l.]</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>European Polymer Federation</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Competition in aluminium phosphinate-based halogen-free flame retardancy of poly(butylene terephthalate) and its glass-fibre composites</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Aluminium diethylphosphinate (AlPi-Et) and inorganic aluminium phosphinate with resorcinol-bis(di-2,6-xylyl phosphate) (AlPi-H+RXP) were compared with each other as commercially available halogen-free flame retardants in poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) as well as in glass-fibre-reinforced PBT (PBT/GF). Pyrolysis behaviour and flame retardancy performance are reported in detail. AlPi-H+RXP released phosphine at very low temperatures, which can become a problem during processing. AlPi-Et provided better limiting oxygen index (LOI) values and UL 94 ratings for bulk and PBT/GF than AlPi-H+RXP. Both flame retardants acted via three different flame-retardancy mechanisms in bulk as well as in PBT/GF, namely, flame inhibition, increased amount of char, and a protection effect of the char. AlPi-Et was more efficient in decreasing the total heat evolved of PBT in the cone calorimeter test. AlPi-H+RXP reduced the peak heat release rate of PBT more efficiently than AlPi-Et. An optimum loading of AlPi-Et in PBT/GF was found, which was below the supplier's recommendation. This loading provides a maximum increase in LOI and a maximum decrease in total heat evolved.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">e-Polymers</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">33624</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1515/epoly-2014-0029</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1618-7229</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">08.05.2014</enrichment>
    <author>Sven Brehme</author>
    <author>T. Köppl</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <author>V. Altstädt</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Aluminium phosphinate</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Glass-fibre composite</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Poly(butylene terephthalate)</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>29519</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2013</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1239</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1240</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>2</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>Interscience Communications Limited</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>University of London</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Composites in fire: Fire behaviour tailored for different applications</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Fibre reinforced polymers are used for a large variety of applications such as electronics and electrical engineering, transportation (railway vehicles, shipping, aviation), offshore and construction. In these applications limited fire hazards are a prerequisite. Passing distinct fire tests is demanded according to the different protection goals: mainly reduced ease of ignition and reaction to small flame for electronics, limited flame spread and heat release rate for transportation, and structure integrity under fire for offshore and construction.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Interflam 2013 - 13th International fire science &amp; engineering conference (Proceedings)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">32445</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-0-9556548-9-3</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Interflam 2013 - 13th International fire science &amp; engineering conference</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Egham, Surrey, UK</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">24.06.2013</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">26.06.2013</enrichment>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Composite</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>29337</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2013</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>916</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>926</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>10</issue>
    <volume>24</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Chichester</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Carbon black, multiwall carbon nanotubes, expanded graphite and functionalized graphene flame retarded polypropylene nanocomposites</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Herein, we examine the influence of adding functionalized graphene (FG), distinct expanded graphites and carbon nanofillers such as carbon black and multiwall carbon nanotubes on mechanical properties, morphology, pyrolysis, response to small flame and burning behavior of a V-2 classified flame-retarded polypropylene (PP). Among carbon fillers, FG and multilayer graphene (MLG) containing fewer than 10 layers are very effectively dispersed during twin-screw extrusion and account for enhanced matrix reinforcement. In contrast to the other fillers, no large agglomerates are detected for PP-FR/FG and PP-FR/MLG, as verified by electron microscopy. Adding FG to flame-retardant PP prevents dripping due to reduced flow at low shear rates and shifts the onset of thermal decomposition to temperatures 40°C higher. The increase in the onset temperature correlates with the increasing specific surface areas (BET) of the layered carbon fillers. The reduction of the peak heat release rate by 76% is attributed to the formation of effective protection layers during combustion. The addition of layered carbon nanoparticles lowers the time to ignition. The presence of carbon does not change the composition of the evolved pyrolysis gases, as determined by thermogravimetric analysis combined with online Fourier-transformed infrared measurements. FG and well-exfoliated MLG are superior additives with respect to spherical and tubular carbon nanomaterials.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Polymers for advanced technologies</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">32249</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/pat.3165</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1042-7147</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1099-1581</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">28.10.2013</enrichment>
    <author>Bettina Dittrich</author>
    <author>K.-A. Wartig</author>
    <author>D. Hofmann</author>
    <author>R. Mülhaupt</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Graphene</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nanocomposites</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Polypropylene</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Carbon nanoparticles</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>28638</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2013</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1495</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1505</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>8</issue>
    <volume>98</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Applied Science Publ.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>London</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Flame retardancy through carbon nanomaterials: carbon black, multiwall nanotubes, expanded graphite, multi layer graphene and graphene in polypropylene</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Herein we investigate the influence of carbon additives with different particle sizes and shapes on the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene. Thermally reduced graphite oxide (TRGO) and multi-layer graphene (MLG250), consisting of few graphene layers, are compared with spherical, tubular and platelet-like carbon fillers such as carbon black (CB), multiwall nanotubes (MWNT) and expanded graphite (EG). The different morphologies control the dispersion of the carbon particles in PP and play a key role in structure–property relationships. Uniformly dispersed CB, MLG250 and TRGO shift the onset temperature of PP decomposition to temperatures around 30 °C higher, induce a flow limit in the composites' melt viscosity and change drastically their fire behaviour. The prevented dripping and significantly increased heat absorption result in decreased time to ignition and hardly any change in the reaction to a small flame. Under forced-flaming conditions reductions in the peak heat release rate of up to 74% are achieved due to the formation of a protective layer of residue during combustion. The described effects of carbon nanomaterials on the properties of PP composites are most pronounced for well-exfoliated graphenes, making them preferable to less exfoliated, micron-sized expanded graphite or conventional spherical and tubular carbon nanoparticles.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Polymer degradation and stability</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">31506</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.04.009</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0141-3910</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-2321</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">13.06.2013</enrichment>
    <author>Bettina Dittrich</author>
    <author>K.-A. Wartig</author>
    <author>D. Hofmann</author>
    <author>R. Mülhaupt</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Polypropylene</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nanocomposites</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Graphene</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Carbon nanomaterials</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermally reduced graphite oxide</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
</export-example>
