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    <title language="deu">Aktuelle Anwendungsbeispiele der laserinduzierten Plasmaspektroskopie in der Bauwerksdiagnostik</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die Zustandsbewertung und Instandhaltung von Betonbauwerken erfordert zuverlässige und effiziente Analysemethoden, um komplexe Schadensmechanismen frühzeitig erkennen und fundiert bewerten zu können. Klassische chemisch-analytische Verfahren in der Betonanalytik liefern zwar präzise Ergebnisse bezogen auf die Probenmasse, sind jedoch mit erheblichem Laboraufwand verbunden, in ihrer räumlichen Auflösung durch die Probenahme begrenzt und hinsichtlich der Ergebnisinterpretation mit Unsicherheiten behaftet. Die laserinduzierte Plasmaspektroskopie (LIBS) bietet hier ein hohes Potenzial als schnelle, bildgebende und weitgehend zerstörungsarme Alternative. In den vergangenen Jahren hat sich das Verfahren zunehmend in der Bauwerksdiagnostik etabliert und wird heute für ein breites Spektrum an Anwendungen eingesetzt. Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der LIBS-Anwendungen und zeigt anhand ausgewählter Praxisbeispiele die Leistungsfähigkeit, den Mehrwert, die Grenzen und die zukünftigen Entwicklungsperspektiven des Verfahrens auf.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Beton- und Stahlbetonbau</parentTitle>
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    <author>Gerd Wilsch</author>
    <author>Dirk Dalichow</author>
    <author>Philipp Truffer</author>
    <author>Sabine Kruschwitz</author>
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      <value>Spektroskopie</value>
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      <value>Chemische Analyse</value>
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      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Infrastruktur</value>
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      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Bauwerksdiagnostik</value>
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    <title language="eng">Revolutionizing Concrete Analysis and Maintenance with Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a valuable complement to established methods for the chemical analysis of concrete. Compared to conventional techniques, LIBS enables spatially resolved imaging of harmful ion distributions within the cementitious matrix. It allows the simultaneous detection of all relevant ions and degradation mechanisms, facilitating a better understanding of interacting processes. The benefits of multi-element analysis are illustrated through selected examples that highlight the method’s superior information content. Ion penetration profiles are recorded at a resolution of 0.25 mm, providing high-quality input data for service life modelling. Instead of drill dust, a 50 mm core sample is used. The measurement is automated, requires no chemical reagents or elaborate sample preparation, and is completed within minutes.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">e-Journal of Nondestructive Testing</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1435-4934</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Dirk Dalichow</author>
    <author>Jil Blaschke</author>
    <author>Gerd Wilsch</author>
    <author>Tobias Völker</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Durability</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ion transport profiling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Concrete analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Service life assessment</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
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    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
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  <doc>
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    <title language="eng">Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for the chemical investigation of concrete - Status of practical application and regulations in Germany</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is an advanced, yet still underutilized, analytical technique that has gained increasing recognition for its potential in evaluating cementitious materials. Over the past several years, LIBS has demonstrated exceptional capabilities in providing detailed insights into the microstructural and chemical properties of concrete, with particular relevance to durability studies and service life assessment.&#13;
One of the defining features of LIBS is its high spatial resolution, which enables precise mapping of ion transport processes within the binder matrix. This ability is critical for understanding concrete behavior under diverse environmental and operational conditions, such as chloride ingress, sulfate attack, or carbonation. By allowing the simultaneous detection of multiple elements, LIBS is uniquely suited for investigating complex interactions, including the co-migration of ions. Such comprehensive analyses yield detailed ion ingress profiles, improving the accuracy of key input parameters used in service life models. As a result, LIBS contributes to more reliable predictions of a structure's remaining lifespan and its susceptibility to environmental degradation. &#13;
In addition to ion profiling, LIBS is particularly effective in identifying local anomalies that would otherwise not be detected by conventional methods. For instance, LIBS can reveal zones of elevated ion concentration in microcracks or other vulnerable regions, offering critical insights into structural integrity. LIBS supports the assessment of repair processes not only during application but also over long-term monitoring periods, thus contributing to the optimization of rehabilitation strategies.&#13;
This presentation showcases a series of practical applications of LIBS in the laboratory analysis of building materials, supported by extensive comparative studies. Case studies highlight LIBS's transformative role in repair planning and decision-making, emphasizing its capacity to revolutionize infrastructure monitoring and maintenance.</abstract>
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    <author>Jil Blaschke</author>
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      <value>LIBS</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Concrete analysis</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Ion transport profiling</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Structural durability assessment</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>62822</id>
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    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Concrete Analysis: Applications and Practical Benefits</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Reinforced concrete structures are exposed not only to mechanical loads but also to chemical degradation, which can significantly impact their longevity and performance. Effective assessment and maintenance require a detailed understanding of the ingress of harmful species, such as chlorides or sulfates. Traditional analysis methods, like wet chemical analysis of drill dust or ground core samples, often require homogenization leading to the loss of crucial spatial information in sub-millimeter regions such as localized high concentrations of elements, e.g. in cracks.&#13;
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) offers a cutting-edge solution, providing rapid, multi-element analysis with high spatial resolution from micrometer to millimeter scales. LIBS is capable of detecting both light and heavy elements, making it a powerful tool for detailed concrete analysis. Despite its clear advantages, LIBS is not commonly used in civil engineering.&#13;
This presentation will showcase practical examples demonstrating the effectiveness and advantages of LIBS in concrete analysis, highlighting real-world applications provided by members of the “LIBS” subcommittee of the technical committee “Civil-Engineering” of the German Society for Non-Destructive Testing (DGZfP). Key examples will be discussed, including measurements from car parks or bridges, alongside an introduction to the newly released DGZfP leaflet B14 providing guidelines for the quantitative determination of chlorine content in concrete by LIBS. Furthermore, prospective applications of LIBS including material identification and classification for concrete recycling, and other emerging uses in civil engineering, will also be presented, showcasing the versatility and future potential of this technology.</abstract>
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    <author>Tobias Völker</author>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>LIBS</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Spectroscopy</value>
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      <value>Concrete</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Structural Diagnostics</value>
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  <doc>
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    <publisherName>Zenodo</publisherName>
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    <title language="eng">Estimation of cement content in concrete by spatially resolved laser induced breakdown spectroscopy – Dataset</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This dataset includes both simulated and raw measurement data as detailed in the journal paper [1]. File names follow the format SampleNo_Type, where SampleNo corresponds to the sample identifier listed in Table 1, and Type specifies the data type: either syn (synthetic) or exp (experimental). For experimental data, a slice index is appended to the file name in the format SampleNo_Type_Slice, identifying the specific subsample.&#13;
[1] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107714</abstract>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Tobias Völker</author>
    <author>Friedrich Mensing</author>
    <author>Sabine Kruschwitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Spectroscopy</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cement content</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elemental mapping</value>
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  </doc>
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    <issue/>
    <volume>189</volume>
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    <title language="eng">Estimation of cement content in concrete by spatially resolved laser induced breakdown spectroscopy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The cement content in concrete significantly influences critical properties such as durability, permeability, strength, and workability. Traditional methods for estimating the cement content face limitations. These include the need for comprehensive chemical and solubility knowledge, extensive sample preparation, and their time-consuming and destructive nature. This study investigates the application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as an alternative method. It involves probing concrete samples with high spatial resolution and analyzing the resultant spectra. The methodology is first tested on mesoscale concrete models to assess limitations and inherent errors. Subsequently, the methodology is applied to actual concrete samples with varying cement content and aggregate size distributions. The results demonstrate a promising accuracy, with an average relative error of approximately 8%. This paper offers a comprehensive evaluation of the method's advantages, limitations, and factors influencing its practical applicability in field conditions.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Cement and Concrete Research</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107714</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-620112</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">08.01.2025</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Tobias Völker</author>
    <author>Friedrich Mensing</author>
    <author>Sabine Kruschwitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Cement content</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elemental mapping</value>
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    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/62011/1-s2.0-S0008884624002953-main.pdf</file>
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    <title language="eng">Non-destructive Testing for the Determination of Durability-Relevant Material Properties of Clinker-Reduced Building Materials</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In the quest to combat climate change, the construction industry, heavily reliant on cement-based materials, faces scrutiny due to significant CO2 emissions, mainly from clinker production. To address this, there’s a need to strategically reduce clinker content in cement. However, these new formulations must meet the same requirements as the original ones, so their durability must be investigated. In this study, we determined material parameters that enable an assessment of moisture and ion transport. These methods offer advantages over conventional approaches, including non-destructiveness, reduced measurement time, simplified setup, enhanced resolution, and improvement of detection limits. Our investigation utilizes NDT techniques, using 1H NMR relaxometry for moisture transport and LIBS for ion transport in various clinker-reduced materials. The NMR tomograph provides spatial insights into internal moisture transport, correlated with weight change assessments for the capillary transport coefficient. Additionally, based on NMR relaxometry data the chloride diffusion coefficient is estimated. Chloride migration tests are performed, and results are evaluated using LIBS and indicator tests for the chloride migration coefficient. Our findings highlight NMR relaxometry and LIBS advantages over conventional methods, showcasing superior spatial resolution, non-destructiveness, and, in some cases, expedited results with independence from the formulation of the cement matrix. Thus, these new methods can be used to test the durability of new, more heterogeneous cementbased building.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of the RILEM Spring Convention and Conference 2024</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-031-70281-5</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/978-3-031-70281-5_48</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Rilem Spring Convention 2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Milano, Italy</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">10.04.2024</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">05.05.2025</enrichment>
    <author>Thilo Bintz</author>
    <author>Sabine Kruschwitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>NMR relaxometry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Clinker reduced cement</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Durability parameters</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61664</id>
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    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>9</pageLast>
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    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
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    <title language="eng">Lessons learnt on quantiative spatial chloride analysis using libs and µXRF</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Understanding chloride ingress is crucial in the context of the durability of concrete structures against corrosion. Techniques such as Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and Micro X‑ray Fluorescence (µXRF) can provide a 2D representation of chloride ingress. However, obtaining quantitative data from such techniques is not a trivial task. In this study, we focus on factors such as sample preparation, measurement settings, calibration strategy, and post-processing of results which directly affect the outcome of the experiments but are rarely discussed in the literature.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of the RILEM Annual Week 2024</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Rilem Annual Week  2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Toulouse, Frankreich</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">25.08.2024</enrichment>
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    <author>Annika L. Schultheiß</author>
    <author>Sabine Kruschwitz</author>
    <author>Gerd Wilsch</author>
    <author>Andreas Bogner</author>
    <author>Ravi Patel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Durability</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chloride ingress</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>µXRF</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nondestructive testing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Imaging</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60005</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>7</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Neues DGZfP-Merkblatt B14: Quantifizierung von Chlorid in Beton mittels LIBS</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Bei der Erhaltung von Stahlbetonbauwerken ist der Chloridgehalt im Beton ein wichtiger Parameter zur Festlegung geeigneter Instandsetzungsmaßnahmen. Die bisher etablierten Verfahren basieren auf der nasschemischen Analyse einer Probe, Bohrmehl oder aufgemahlener Segmente eines Bohrkerns. Das Verfahren liefert einen Chloridgehalt je Tiefensegment, was mit einer starken Homogenisierung der Probe einhergeht, wodurch detaillierte Informationen zu Chloridunterschieden im Millimeterbereich verloren gehen. Eine alternative Methode ist die laserinduzierte Plasmaspektroskopie (LIBS), die nicht nur die quantitative ortsaufgelöste Bestimmung des Chloridgehalts im Bezug zur Zementmasse ermöglicht, sondern auch simultan detaillierte Informationen über die Verteilung vieler anderer chemischer Elemente liefert. Die räumliche Auflösung liegt in der Regel im Bereich von einigen Millimetern, kann aber bei Bedarf auf 0,1 mm oder weniger erhöht werden. Das neue Merkblatt B14 „Quantifizierung von Chlorid in Beton mit der laserinduzierten Plasmaspektroskopie (LIBS)“ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfungen (DGZfP) regelt und vereinheitlicht erstmals die zuverlässige und reproduzierbare Ermittlung des Chloridgehalts mit LIBS. In diesem Beitrag wird das Merkblatt vorgestellt und anhand praktischer Anwendungsbeispiele das Potenzial von LIBS für Fragestellungen in der Betonerhaltung verdeutlicht.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Beton- und Stahlbetonbau</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/best.202400014</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">22.05.2024</enrichment>
    <author>Tobias Völker</author>
    <author>Cassian Gottlieb</author>
    <author>Gesa Kapteina</author>
    <author>Gerd Wilsch</author>
    <author>Steven Millar</author>
    <author>Kenji Reichling</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chlor</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chlorid</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Beton</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bauwerksdiagnostik</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemische Charakterisierung und Spurenanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Verkehrsinfrastrukturen</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59861</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1030</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1032</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>4</issue>
    <volume>39</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)</publisherName>
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    <title language="eng">Mass and mole fractions in calibration-free LIBS</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This technical note highlights the fact that CF-LIBS algorithms work in mole fractions, while results of spectrochemical analysis are usually reported in mass fractions or mass percent. Ignoring this difference and not converting mole fractions to mass fractions can lead to errors in reported concentrations determined by the CF-LIBS method and inadequate comparison of these concentrations with certified concentrations. Here, the key points of the CF-LIBS algorithm are reproduced and the formulae for converting a mole fraction to a mass fraction and vice versa are given. Several numerical examples are also given, which show that the greater the difference between the molar mass of an individual element in a sample and the average molar mass, the greater the discrepancy between the mole and mass fractions.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1039/d4ja00028e</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0267-9477</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Tobias Völker</author>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Analytical Chemistry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Calibration</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
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  </doc>
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    <id>59073</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>973</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>976</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>6</issue>
    <volume>6</volume>
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    <publisherName>Ernst &amp; Sohn GmbH</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">LIBS‐ConSort: Development of a sensor‐based sorting method for construction and demolition waste</title>
    <abstract language="eng">AbstractA joint project of partners from industry and research institutions approaches the challenge of construction and demolition waste (CDW) sorting by investigating and testing the combination of laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) with near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and visual imaging. Joint processing of information (data fusion) is expected to significantly improve the sorting quality of various materials like concrete, main masonry building materials, organic components, etc., and may enable the detection and separation of impurities such as SO3‐cotaining building materials (gypsum, aerated concrete, etc.)Focusing on Berlin as an example, the entire value chain will be analyzed to minimize economic / technological barriers and obstacles at the cluster level and to sustainably increase recovery and recycling rates.The objective of this paper is to present current progress and results of the test stand development combining LIBS with NIR spectroscopy and visual imaging. In the future, this laboratory prototype will serve as a fully automated measurement setup to allow real‐time classification of CDW on a conveyor belt.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">ce/papers</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/cepa.2866</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2509-7075</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-590734</identifier>
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Joint processing of information (data fusion) is expected to significantly improve the sorting quality of various materials like concrete, main masonry building materials, organic components, etc., and may enable the detection and separation of impurities such as SO&lt;jats:sub&gt;3&lt;\/jats:sub&gt;\u2010cotaining building materials (gypsum, aerated concrete, etc.)&lt;\/jats:p&gt;&lt;jats:p&gt;Focusing on Berlin as an example, the entire value chain will be analyzed to minimize economic \/ technological barriers and obstacles at the cluster level and to sustainably increase recovery and recycling rates.&lt;\/jats:p&gt;&lt;jats:p&gt;The objective of this paper is to present current progress and results of the test stand development combining LIBS with NIR spectroscopy and visual imaging. 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    <author>Tim Klewe</author>
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      <value>LIBS</value>
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      <value>Data fusion</value>
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    <title language="eng">LIBS-ConSort: Sensor-based sorting of construction and demolition waste</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In construction and demolition waste (CDW) recycling, the preference to date has been to apply simple but proven techniques to sort and process large quantities of construction rubble in a short time. This contrasts with the increasingly complex composite materials and structures in the mineral building materials industry. An automated, sensor-based sorting of these building materials could complement or replace the practice of manual sorting to improve processing speed, recycling rates, sorting quality, and prevailing health conditions for the executing staff. &#13;
A joint project of partners from industry and research institutions approaches this task by investigating and testing the combination of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) with near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and visual imaging. Joint processing of information (data fusion) is expected to significantly improve the sorting quality of CDW, and may enable the detection and separation of impurities such as SO3-cotaining building materials (gypsum, aerated concrete, etc.) &#13;
We present current advances and results about the methodological development combining LIBS with NIR spectroscopy and visual imaging. Here, applying data fusion proves itself beneficial to improve recognition rates. In the future, a laboratory prototype will serve as a fully automated measurement setup to allow real-time classification of CDW on a conveyor belt.</abstract>
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    <title language="eng">LIBS ConSort: Development of a sensor-based sorting method for constuction and demolition waste</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Closed material cycles and unmixed material fractions are required to achieve high recovery and recycling rates in the building industry. In construction and demolition waste (CDW) recycling, the preference to date has been to apply simple but proven techniques to process large quantities of construction rubble in a short time. This is in contrast to the increasingly complex composite materials and structures in the mineral building materials industry. Manual sorting involves many risks and dangers for the executing staff and is merely based on obvious, visually detectable differences for separation. An automated, sensor-based sorting of these building materials could complement or replace this practice to improve processing speed, recycling rates, sorting quality, and prevailing health conditions. A joint project of partners from industry and research institutions approaches this task by investigating and testing the combination of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) with near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and visual imaging. Joint processing of information (data fusion) is expected to significantly improve the sorting quality of various materials like concrete, main masonry building materials, organic components, etc., and may enable the detection and separation of impurities such as SO3-cotaining building materials (gypsum, aerated concrete, etc.) Focusing on Berlin as an example, the entire value chain will be analyzed to minimize economic / technological barriers and obstacles at the cluster level and to sustainably increase recovery and recycling rates. We present current advances and results about the test stand development combining LIBS with NIR spectroscopy and visual imaging. In the future, this laboratory prototype will serve as a fully automated measurement setup to allow real-time classification of CDW on a conveyor belt.</abstract>
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    <author>Tim Klewe</author>
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      <value>Material classification</value>
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      <value>Data fusion</value>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Circular economy</value>
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      <value>LIBS</value>
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      <value>Recycling</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
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    <volume>310</volume>
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    <title language="eng">Extension of the Boltzmann plot method for multiplet emission lines</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The Boltzmann plot method is widely used to determine the temperature of laser induced plasma. It involves the use of individual lines that are not easy to find in complex spectra and/or in the spectral range available. If the number of such lines is not enough to build a reliable Boltzmann plot, overlapping lines are often used, which are separated by software. However, line separation is a rather imprecise procedure, which, in addition, requires significant computational costs. This study proposes an extension of the Boltzmann plot method that allows a specific group of unresolved lines to be included in a Boltzmann plot without the need to separate them. This group of lines are multiplets, lines of the same element with similar upper and lower transition states. The multiplet lines along with the individual lines are included in the algorithm, which also includes a correction for self-absorption and is used to determine the plasma temperature. The algorithm is tested on synthetic spectra which are consistent with the model of a homogeneous isothermal plasma in local thermodynamic equilibrium and is shown to be superior to the standard Boltzmann plot method both in more accurate determination of the plasma temperature and in a significant reduction in the computational time. The advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed in the context of its applications in laser induced breakdown spectroscopy.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jqsrt.2023.108741</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">13.11.2023</enrichment>
    <author>Tobias Völker</author>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
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      <value>Spectroscopy</value>
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      <value>Boltzmann plot</value>
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      <value>Multiplet</value>
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    <subject>
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      <value>Spectral overlap</value>
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    <title language="deu">LIBS ConSort Laserbasierte Baustoffsortierung zur Aufbereitung von Bau und Abbruchabfällen für die Kreislaufwirtschaft</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Geschlossene Materialkreisläufe und sortenreine Materialfraktionen sind erforderlich, um hohe Verwertungs und Recyclingquoten in der Bauindustrie zu erreichen Beim Recycling von Bau und Abbruchabfällen wurden bisher bevorzugt einfache, aber bewährte Techniken eingesetzt, um große Mengen Bauschutt in kurzer Zeit zu verarbeiten Dies steht im Gegensatz zu den immer komplexer werdenden Verbundwerkstoffen in der Mineralbaustoffindustrie Die aktuell oft praktizierte händische Klaubung bürgt viele Risiken und Gefahren für das ausführende Personal und basiert lediglich auf offensichtlichen, visuell erkennbaren Unterschieden zur Trennung Eine automatisierte, sensorgestützte Sortierung dieser Baustoffe könnte diese Praxis ergänzen oder ersetzen, um die Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit, die Recyclingraten, die Sortierqualität und die vorherrschenden Gesundheitsbedingungen zu verbessern.</abstract>
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    <author>Tobias Völker</author>
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      <value>LIBS</value>
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    <title language="deu">Laserbasierte Baustoffsortierung zur Aufbereitung von Bau und Abbruchabfällen für die Kreislaufwirtschaft (LIBS ConSort)</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Geschlossene Materialkreisläufe und sortenreine Materialfraktionen sind erforderlich, um hohe Verwertungs und Recyclingquoten in der Bauindustrie zu erreichen Beim Recycling von Bau und Abbruchabfällen wurden bisher bevorzugt einfache, aber bewährte Techniken eingesetzt, um große Mengen Bauschutt in kurzer Zeit zu verarbeiten Dies steht im Gegensatz zu den immer komplexer werdenden Verbundwerkstoffen in der Mineralbaustoffindustrie Die aktuell oft praktizierte händische Klaubung bürgt viele Risiken und Gefahren für das ausführende Personal und basiert lediglich auf offensichtlichen, visuell erkennbaren Unterschieden zur Trennung Eine automatisierte, sensorgestützte Sortierung dieser Baustoffe könnte diese Praxis ergänzen oder ersetzen, um die Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit, die Recyclingraten, die Sortierqualität und die vorherrschenden Gesundheitsbedingungen zu verbessern.</abstract>
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    <author>Tobias Völker</author>
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      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>LIBS</value>
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    <title language="deu">Methodenentwicklung der sensorgestützten Sortierung von Bau- und Abbruchabfällen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Beim Recycling von Bau- und Abbruchabfällen werden bisher bevorzugt einfache, aber bewährte Techniken eingesetzt, um große Mengen an Bauschutt in kurzer Zeit zu verarbeiten. Dies steht im Gegensatz zu den immer komplexer werdenden Verbundwerkstoffen und Strukturen in der Mineralbaustoffindustrie. Die manuelle Sortierung birgt viele Risiken und Gefahren für das ausführende Personal und basiert lediglich auf offensichtlichen, visuell erkennbaren Unterschieden zur Trennung. Eine automatisierte, sensorgestützte Sortierung dieser Baustoffe könnte diese Praxis ergänzen oder ersetzen, um die Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit, die Recyclingquoten, die Sortierqualität und die gesundheitlichen Bedingungen zu verbessern.&#13;
Ein gemeinsames Projekt von Partnern aus Industrie und Forschungseinrichtungen nähert sich dieser Aufgabe, indem es die Kombination von Laser-induzierter Breakdown-Spektroskopie (LIBS) und VIS/NIR-Spektroskopie untersucht und testet. Durch die gemeinsame Verarbeitung der Informationen soll die Sortierqualität verschiedener Materialien wie Beton, Hauptmauerwerksbaustoffe, organische Bestandteile usw. deutlich verbessert werden. Darüber hinaus könnten Verunreinigungen wie SO3-haltige Baustoffe (Gips, Porenbeton usw.) erkannt und getrennt werden.&#13;
Wir stellen aktuelle Fortschritte und Ergebnisse der Entwicklung eines Prüfstands vor, der LIBS mit NIR-Spektroskopie und visueller Bildgebung kombiniert. In Zukunft wird dieser Laborprototyp als vollautomatischer Messaufbau dienen, um eine Echtzeitklassifizierung von Bau- und Abbruchabfällen auf einem Förderband zu ermöglichen.</abstract>
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    <author>Tim Klewe</author>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Circular economy</value>
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    <subject>
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      <value>LIBS</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Construction and demolition waste</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>NIR</value>
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    <subject>
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      <value>Material classification</value>
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    <title language="eng">Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy to investigate the chemical composition of concrete</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a spectroscopic method for detecting the chemical composition of optically accessible surfaces. In principle, the measurement of all elements of the periodic table is possible. System calibrations allow the quantification of element concentrations. In combination with scanner systems, the two-dimensional element distribution can be determined. Even rough surfaces can be measured by online adjustment of the laser focus. To detect element ingress into the concrete, typically cores are taken, cut in half, and LIBS measurements are performed on the cross-section. The high spatial resolution as well as the simultaneous multi-element analysis enables a separate evaluation of the binder-matrix and aggregates. Therefore, the element concentrations can be determined directly related to the cement paste. LIBS measurements are applicable in the laboratory, on-site and also over a distance of several meters.&#13;
&#13;
Common applications include the investigation of material deterioration due to the ingress of harmful ions and their interaction in porous building materials. LIBS is able to provide precise input parameters for simulation and modelling of the remaining lifetime of a structure. Besides the identification of materials, also their composition can be determined on hardened concrete, such as the type of cement or type of aggregate. This also involves the identification of  environmentally hazardous elements contained in concrete. Another possible application is the detection of the composition of material flows during dismantling. Non-contact NDT for “difficult to assess” structures as an example application through safety glass or in combination with robotics and automation are also possible. &#13;
&#13;
This work presents the state of the art concerning LIBS investigations on concrete by showing exemplary laboratory and on-site applications.</abstract>
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    <author>Gerd Wilsch</author>
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      <value>LIBS</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy to investigate the chemical composition of concrete</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a spectroscopic method for the analysis of the chemical composition of sample materials. Generally, the measurement of all elements of the periodic table is possible. In particular, light elements such as H, Li, Be, S, C, O, N and halogens can be measured. Calibration with matrix-matching standards allows the quantification of element concentrations. In combination with scanner systems, the two-dimensional element distribution can be determined. Even rough surfaces can be measured by online adjustment of the laser focus. LIBS can also be used on-site with mobile systems. Hand-held systems are available for point measurements.&#13;
Common applications include the investigation of material deterioration due to the ingress of harmful ions and their interaction in porous building materials. Due to the high spatial resolution of LIBS and the consideration of the heterogeneity of concrete, the determination of precise input parameters for simulation and modelling of the remaining lifetime of a structure is possible. In addition to the identification of materials, it is also possible to assess the composition for example of hardened concrete, which involves the cement or aggregate type used. Other important fields of application are the detection of environmentally hazardous elements or the material classification for sorting heterogeneous material waste streams during dismantling. Non-contact NDT for “difficult to assess” structures as an example application through safety glass or in combination with robotics and automation are also possible. &#13;
In this work, an overview of LIBS investigations on concrete is given based on exemplary laboratory and on-site applications.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of the International Conference on Non-destructive Evaluation of Concrete in Nuclear Applications</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="url">https://www.aalto.fi/en/nde-nuccon-2023</identifier>
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    <author>Gerd Wilsch</author>
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    <author>Tim Klewe</author>
    <author>Sabine Kruschwitz</author>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>LIBS</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Concrete</value>
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    <title language="eng">Investigation of a method for the correction of self-absorption by Planck function in laser induced breakdown spectroscopy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The electron density and temperature of a laser-induced plasma can be determined from the width and intensity of the spectral lines, provided that the corresponding optical transitions are optically thin. However, the lines in laser induced plasma are often self-absorbed. One of the methods of correction of this effect is based on the use of the Planck function and an iterative numerical calculation of the plasma temperature. In this study, the method is further explored and its inherent errors and limitations are evaluated. For this, synthetic spectra are used that fully correspond to the assumed conditions of a homogeneous isothermal plasma at local thermodynamic equilibrium. Based on the error analysis, the advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed in comparison with other methods of self-absorption correction.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1039/D2JA00352J</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0267-9477</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Tobias Völker</author>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Self-absorption</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Planck function</value>
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    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/57267/LIBS_self-absorption_JAAS_2023.pdf</file>
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