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    <title language="eng">Embedded Sensors for Quality Control and Structural Integrity Monitoring of Large scale 3DCP Structures</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Additive manufacturing of concrete structures is a novel and emerging technology. Free contouring in civil engineering, which allows for entirely new designs, is a significant advantage. Although several techniques and approaches demonstrate these advantages, quality control during printing is highly challeng-ing and rarely applied. Due to the continuous mixing process used in 3D concrete printing, it is impossible to exclude variations in the dry mixture or water content, and a single test sample is insufficient to represent the whole structure. A defect in one layer during printing can affect the integrity of the entire structure.</abstract>
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    <title language="eng">Investigation of long-term embedded RFID sensors for structural health monitoring</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Ensuring the health of civil engineering structures is crucial for the safety and longevity of the built environment. In this direction, structural health monitoring (SHM) has been increasingly employed, providing insight into the structural behavior, based on sensor data representing structural responses. This paper investigates the plausibility of embedding sensors into concrete structures for SHM, leveraging radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, in an attempt to enable the passive operation of sensors without continuous power supply and to reduce potential sources of interference. In contrast to conventional SHM sensors, the uninterrupted operation of embedded sensors must be ensured because post-installation interventions are either impractical or impossible. RFID technology enables wireless data acquisition and energy transmission without mechanical impact on civil engineering structures, although it may be challenging when RFID sensors are embedded in concrete.&#13;
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    <title language="eng">Investigation of long-term embedded RFID sensors for structural health monitoring</title>
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    <title language="eng">Implementation and validation of robot-enabled embedded sensors for structural health monitoring</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In the past decades, structural health monitoring (SHM) has matured into a viable supplement to regular inspections, facilitating the execution of repair and maintenance work in the early stages of structural damage. With the advent of wireless technologies and advancements in information and communication technologies, civil infrastructure has been increasingly instrumented with wireless sensor nodes to record, analyze, and communicate data relevant to SHM. A promising method for SHM is to embed sensors directly into concrete for recording SHM data from inside structural elements. In this paper, a sensor system for embedment into concrete is proposed, able to assess SHM data recorded from concrete. Power is supplied to the sensors on-demand by quadruped robots, which also collect the SHM data via radio-frequency identification (RFID), providing an automated and efficient SHM process. In laboratory experiments, the capability of the sensor system of automatically collecting the SHM data using quadruped robots is validated. In summary, the integration of RFID technology and robot-based inspection presented in this study demonstrates a vital approach to evolve current SHM practices towards more digitalized and automated SHM.</abstract>
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    <title language="eng">Implementation and validation of robot-enabled embedded sensors for structural health monitoring</title>
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    <title language="deu">Implementation and validation of robot-enabled embedded sensors for structural health monitoring</title>
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    <title language="eng">Implementation and validation of robot-enabled embedded sensors for structural health monitoring</title>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Verkehrsinfrastrukturen</collection>
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    <title language="eng">Structural behavior and damage assessment of a reinforced concrete wall by various NDT methods and embedded sensors under blast-loading</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A safety or security related assessment of explosions, accidental and intentional scenarios alike, often necessitate performance of replication-tests. Such test results are necessary to clarify the causes within the scope of forensic investigations. To gain important insights into the behavior of structures and materials under such loading, field tests may also be performed in accordance with different test standards. To determine the resistance of building-structures after explosions, estimation of the residual load-bearing capacity in addition to the assessment of dynamic structural response and damage to the building components is important. In most cases an evaluation of structural integrity is based only on the visual damage, resulting in an overestimation of the residual capacity.&#13;
The Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) operates the Test site for Technical Safety (TTS) on an area measuring about 12 km2 in the Federal State of Brandenburg for execution of true-to-scale explosion tests. At the TTS, building component testing was performed to assess the suitability of different non-destructive testing methods to characterize the dynamic structural response and damage resulting from the detonation of high explosives.&#13;
Different blast-loading scenarios were realized by varying the net explosive mass and the standoff distance with all scenarios representing a near-field detonation. The test object was a reinforced concrete wall 2 m high, 2.5 m wide and 20 cm thick, fixed at both vertical edges. The dynamic loading of the wall was characterized with 8 piezoelectric pressure sensors flush-mounted on the front surface, thus measuring the reflected pressures from the shock wave. The tests were conducted with the aim of characterizing the global behavior of the wall under dynamic shock loading and the resulting local damage pattern, respectively. High speed digital image correlation was implemented in combination with multiple acceleration sensors to observe the rear surface of the wall to chart the dynamic deflection during the loading and to determine the residual deformation after the loading had ceased. In addition, one test specimen was instrumented with fiber optic sensor cables, both fixed to the rebars and embedded in the concrete-matrix, respectively. Firstly, these sensors were interrogated during the blast test by a distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) device using a particularly high sampling rate to measure the shock-induced vibrations in the structure with high temporal resolution. This delivers information on dynamics of compression and tension cycles from within the structure. Secondly, the local damage-pattern emerging during the series of blasts was determined via distributed fiber optic strain sensing (DSS) by interrogating the embedded fiber optic sensors with a high spatial resolution DSS device after each blast. This enabled the characterization of non-visual damage to the structure, in particular with regard to the formation of localized cracks in the concrete matrix. The DSS was further complimented by a structure-scanner based on ultrasonic measurements.&#13;
Our contribution describes this new test approach in detail. Results of the three datasets, namely dynamic shock loading, global behavior of the test object and the local damage pattern will be presented. The suitability of the implemented measurement methods will be discussed in combination with the challenges in their application for technical safety evaluation of building components under explosive loading.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">26th International Symposium on Military Aspects of Blast and Shock (MABS26)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Wollongong, Australia</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">03.12.2023</enrichment>
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    <author>Amit Agasty</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Blast tests</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reflected pressure</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Embedded sensors</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Distributed fiber optic sensors</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Acceleration sensors</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Digital image correlation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ultrasonic structure-scanner</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.4 Prüfung und Bewertung von Explosivstoffen/Pyrotechnik</collection>
  </doc>
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    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
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    <title language="eng">Multi-sensory monitoring and ultrasound for quality assurance at underground sealing structures</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Within the safety concepts of underground disposal sites of nuclear waste, engineered barriers play an important role. As these sealing structures have high demands concerning integrity, we aim at advancing the available construction materials, monitoring, and inspection techniques within the project SealWasteSafe. A specifically developed alkali-activated material is compared to classical salt concrete. A comprehensive multi-sensory monitoring scheme is used at 150-340 l specimens to monitor setting and hardening of both materials. All sensors are demonstrated to resist the highly alkaline environments. Besides cabled and wireless temperature and humidity of the materials, strain variations using fibre optic sensors and acoustic emissions are recorded over periods of at least 28 days, partly for more than eight months. After hardening of the specimens, further nondestructive evaluations using ultrasonic echo and thermographic measurements are conducted.&#13;
Preliminary results proof the suitability of the tested sensors and clearly highlight differences between the tested materials. Particularly, the newly developed alkali-activated material shows lower acoustic emission activity indicating less cracking activity. Additionally, unique ultrasonic methods will enable better images of potential internal objects and cracks at in-situ sealing structures. A largescale ultrasonic system is optimised to reliably detect objects at a depth exceeding 9 m while still obtaining a good resolution. Modelling studies show the potential of further increasing the distance between individual transducer arrays. Additionally, a new ultrasonic borehole probe using phased arrays allowing for beam focussing is constructed and tested. Laboratory measurements at a halfcylindrical concrete specimen coincide well with the previous modelling. In total, the presented safe materials, detailed monitoring approaches and ultrasonic quality assurance methods will help to obtain safe sealing structures within salt as a host rock. The concepts can partly be transferred to sealing structures in alternative host rocks and will also be valuable for non-nuclear waste repositories.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of the International Conference on Non-destructive Evaluation of Concrete in Nuclear Applications</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="eventName">NDE NucCon</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Espoo, Finland</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">25.01.2023</enrichment>
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    <author>Vera Lay</author>
    <author>Frank Mielentz</author>
    <author>Prathik Prabhakara</author>
    <author>Franziska Baensch</author>
    <author>Sergej Johann</author>
    <author>Detlef Hofmann</author>
    <author>Patrick Sturm</author>
    <author>Michael Stamm</author>
    <author>Ernst Niederleithinger</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SealWasteSafe</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Engineered barriers</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Embedded sensors</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ultrasonic imaging</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.6 Faseroptische Sensorik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Kerntechnische Entsorgung</collection>
  </doc>
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    <title language="eng">Multi-sensory monitoring and ultrasound for quality assurance at underground sealing structures</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Within the safety concepts of underground disposal sites of nuclear waste, engineered barriers play an important role. As these sealing structures have high demands concerning integrity, we aim at advancing the available construction materials, monitoring and inspection techniques within the project SealWasteSafe. &#13;
After successful laboratory analysis on the cm-scale, cylindrical and cuboid specimens on the m-scale are produced from classical salt concrete and a specifically developed alkali-activated material. A comprehensive multi-sensory monitoring scheme is applied to compare the setting process of both materials and to demonstrate the sensors’ resistance to highly alkaline environments. Besides temperature and humidity of the materials, strain variations using fibre optic sensors and acoustic emissions are recorded over periods of at least 28 days, partly for more than 8 months. Passive sensor systems based on radiofrequency identification technology (RFID) embedded in the concrete allow for wireless access to temperature and humidity measurements and are compared to conventional cabled systems. After hardening and removal of the outer casings of the specimens, further non-destructive evaluations using ultrasonic echo and thermographic measurements are conducted. Preliminary results clearly highlight differences between the tested materials, particularly showing lower acoustic emission activity for the newly developed alkali-activated material potentially indicating less phase changes or cracks. &#13;
Complementary, ultrasonic methods are improved to be used for quality assurance to detect obstacles, potential cracks and delamination at in-situ sealing structure scale. A unique large aperture ultrasonic system (LAUS) with depth penetration as large as 9 m has already successfully been applied at the test site in Morsleben, Germany, of the federal company for radioactive waste disposal (BGE). Modelling studies help to further optimize the measurement layout. Advanced imaging techniques applied to the modelled and measured data will further improve the obtained images of internal structures. Additionally, an ultrasonic borehole probe is developed and constructed using phased arrays to further enhance the detection of potential cracks. Modelling and preliminary results from laboratory specimens prove the feasibility and potential of the directional response even in heterogeneous material such as concrete. Final investigations under in-situ conditions at the test site of the sealing structure are planned.  &#13;
Overall, the project SealWasteSafe improves the construction material, multi-sensory monitoring, and ultrasound for quality assurance to allow for the development of safe nuclear sealing structures. Although the techniques are tailored for sealing structures within salt as a host rock, they are transferrable to a wider field of applications and alternative disposal conditions.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">NDE NucCon</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Espoo, Finland</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">25.01.2023</enrichment>
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    <author>Vera Lay</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SealWasteSafe</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Engineered barriers</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Embedded sensors</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ultrasonic imaging</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Kerntechnische Entsorgung</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56453</id>
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    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
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    <title language="eng">Coda Wave Interferometry for Monitoring Bridges with Embedded Ultrasonic Transducers – Lessons Learned at the Gänstorbrücke Bridge Ulm, Germany</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Ultrasonic Coda Wave interferometry has the potential to detect minute changes in scattering materials like concrete. By permanently installing ultrasonic transducers in concrete, DFG Research unit CoDA aims to develop methods for concrete damage assessment in Germany's aging infrastructure. To test the methods developed in simulations and laboratory experiments on a large scale, we have implemented several ultrasonic transducers at the Gänstorbrücke Ulm, one of Germany's most monitored road bridges. Since fall 2020 we are monitoring parts of the center of the Bridge, as well as an abutment, and compare the results to the commercial monitoring system. All data is recorded with a self-made data collection device, the so-called W-Box, and analyzed with different coda wave-based algorithms to detect signal and volumetric velocity changes. The long-term measurements show that the influence of temperature changes on strains and therefore ultrasound velocity changes calculated with coda waves can be monitored. The capabilities and limitations of the coda wave-based monitoring system are tested in a controlled experiment. Static loading using a truck with varying loads at several positions allows the calibration of the system to improve the detectability of possibly damaging loads and changes induced by this loading. A map of velocity change analyzing data from this load experiment shows that the influence of load on the material and strain distribution can be detected with array measurements.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">NDT.net Issue - 2022-09 -</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-564531</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">NDT-CE 2022 - The International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing in Civil Engineering</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Zurich, Switzerland</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">16.08.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">18.08.2022</enrichment>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Niklas Epple</author>
    <author>Ernst Niederleithinger</author>
    <author>Daniel Fontoura Barroso</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Coda Wave Interferometry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ultrasound</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Embedded sensors</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bridge Monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Load Experiment</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/56453/NDTCE_Epple_manuscript.pdf</file>
  </doc>
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    <id>56454</id>
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    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
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    <pageLast/>
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    <type>lecture</type>
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    <title language="eng">Coda Wave Interferometry for Monitoring Bridges with Embedded Ultrasonic Transducers – Lessons Learned at the Gänstorbrücke Bridge Ulm, Germany</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Ultrasonic Coda Wave interferometry has the potential to detect minute changes in scattering materials like concrete. By permanently installing ultrasonic transducers in concrete, DFG Research unit CoDA aims to develop methods for concrete damage assessment in Germany's aging infrastructure. To test the methods developed in simulations and laboratory experiments on a large scale, we have implemented several ultrasonic transducers at the Gänstorbrücke Ulm, one of Germany's most monitored road bridges. Since fall 2020 we are monitoring parts of the center of the Bridge, as well as an abutment, and compare the results to the commercial monitoring system. All data is recorded with a self-made data collection device, the so-called W-Box, and analyzed with different coda wave-based algorithms to detect signal and volumetric velocity changes. The long-term measurements show that the influence of temperature changes on strains and therefore ultrasound velocity changes calculated with coda waves can be monitored. The capabilities and limitations of the coda wave-based monitoring system are tested in a controlled experiment. Static loading using a truck with varying loads at several positions allows the calibration of the system to improve the detectability of possibly damaging loads and changes induced by this loading. A map of velocity change analyzing data from this load experiment shows that the influence of load on the material and strain distribution can be detected with array measurements.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">NDT-CE 2022 - The International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing in Civil Engineering</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Zurich, Switzerland</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">16.08.2022</enrichment>
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    <author>Niklas Epple</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Coda Wave Interferometry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ultrasound</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Embedded sensors</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bridge Monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Load Experiment</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55385</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>824</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>832</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>254</volume>
    <type>bookpart</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Cham</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Cham</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
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    <title language="eng">From the Lab to the Structure: Monitoring of a German Road Bridge Using Embedded Ultrasonic Transducers and Coda Waves</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The ‘Gänstorbrücke’ bridge between the cities of Ulm and Neu-Ulm is one of the best-monitored bridges all over Germany. In addition to an already active bride monitoring system, we have equipped the bridge with 30 ultrasonic transducers to explore the monitoring possibilities at an in-service large-scale reinforced concrete structure with continuous active ultrasonic measurements. The monitoring system is based on the detection of small changes in the entire signal, especially the multiply scattered parts of the recording, the so-called coda. Applying Coda Wave Interferometry (CWI), subtle changes in the signal can be detected and related to changing velocities in the area between source and receiver. A comparison of the results from coda wave interferometry with the strain measurements of the permanent monitoring system shows a correlation between strain measurements and CWI results. We discuss the challenges of changing environmental conditions, pose for interpretation of the results, and highlight the advantages of embedded versus externally attached ultrasonic transducers in permanent bridge monitoring, especially when coda wave interferometry is applied.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-031-07258-1</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/978-3-031-07258-1_83</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">14.11.2022</enrichment>
    <author>Niklas Epple</author>
    <author>Daniel Fontoura Barroso</author>
    <author>Ernst Niederleithinger</author>
    <author>I. Hindersmann</author>
    <author>C. Sodeikat</author>
    <author>R. Groschup</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bridge monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ultrasound</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Embedded sensors</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Coda wave interferometry</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>55383</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
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    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Monitoring of a German Road Bridge Using Embedded Ultrasonic Transducers and Coda Waves</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The ‘G¨anstorbr¨ucke’ bridge between the cities of Ulm and Neu-Ulm is one of the best-monitored bridges all over Germany. In addition to an already active bride monitoring system, we have equipped the bridge with 30 ultrasonic transducers to explore the monitoring possibilities at an in-service large-scale reinforced concrete structure with continuous active ultrasonic measurements. The monitoring system is based on the detection of small changes in the entire signal, especially the multiply scattered parts of the recording, the so-called coda. Applying Coda Wave Interferometry (CWI), subtle changes in the signal can be detected and related to changing velocities in the area between source and receiver. A comparison of the results from coda wave interferometry with the strain measurements of the permanent monitoring system shows a correlation between strain measurements and CWI results. We discuss the challenges of changing environmental conditions, pose for interpretation of the results, and highlight the advantages of embedded versus externally attached ultrasonic transducers in permanent bridge monitoring, especially when coda wave interferometry is applied.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">EWSHM 2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Palermo, Italy</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">04.07.2022</enrichment>
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    <author>Niklas Epple</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bridge monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ultrasound</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Embedded sensors</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Coda wave interferometry</value>
    </subject>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
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    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55382</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Bridge Monitoring with Coda Waves - Embedding Ultrasonic Transducers in a Reinforced Concrete Bridge to Monitor Small Changes in Multiply Scattered Waves</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Within a DFG-funded research group, we investigate the possibility of concrete damage assessment with coda waves. Coda wave interferometry (CWI) can be a valuable asset to structural health monitoring (SHM) as we can detect small signal changes and quantify them with the calculation of relative velocity changes. By equipping an in-service road bridge with more than 24 embedded ultrasonic transducers, we want to analyze how methods developed within the research group perform in an uncontrollable environment. We evaluate individual source-receiver combinations for detection of temporal changes as well as the entire installed sensor array to create maps of material change comparing two distinct states of the bridge.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Research Unit CoDA Summer School 2</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">19.07.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">22.07.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Niklas Epple</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Coda Wave Interferometry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Embedded sensors</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Structural Health Monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ultrasound</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reinforced Concrete Structures</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>53816</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>2353</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>2358</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>2021</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>Taylor &amp; Francis Group</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>London</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Smart Bridge The duraBASt test bridge equipped with RFID-based sensors</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The duraBASt area at the highway intersection “Köln-Ost” is a large test field for road testing.&#13;
It includes the duraBASt test bridge which is approximately 66 m long and 14.25 m broad. This bridge is part of the “road in the 21st Century” project and is equipped with several sensors for structural health monitoring. This feasibility study is carried out to investigate the prerequisites necessary for the constraction of intelligent bridges in the foture. Embedded sensors are able to measure quantities such as temperature, strain, moisture, corrosion, etc. In the presented work, the focus is set on passive RFID-based sensors. The communication and energy supply are realised by a mobile transmitter through the concrete cover. Hence, no cables or batteries are required. The sensors are designed to withstand the alkaline environment in concrete. Thus, moisture and corrosion values are measurable for several decades.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Life-Cycle Sustainability and Innovation</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1201/9780429279119-321</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">10th International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">11.04.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">18.04.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">10.10.2022</enrichment>
    <author>Christoph Strangfeld</author>
    <author>I. Hindersmann</author>
    <author>Ernst Niederleithinger</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>RFID based sensors</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Embedded sensors</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bridge Monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>53404</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
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    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Accounting for Long Term Environmental Influences on Ultrasonic Monitoring Measurements of Reinforced Concrete Constructions with Embedded Transducers</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Ultrasound measurements in concrete are a well-known technique in civil engineering and non-destructive testing. For consistent monitoring of a concrete structure, the common techniques, using external sensors can often not provide the appropriate degree of repeatability, as the surface of structures changes, and comparable coupling conditions cannot be guaranteed when a measurement is repeated after some time. By embedding ultrasound transducers in concrete, we aim to develop a strategy for long-term monitoring of infrastructure, especially bridges, as a supplement and extension to other techniques. Applying the so-called coda wave interferometry to these measurements we can detect subtle changes in the medium far beyond the resolution limit of traditional time of flight methods. A smart sensor layout enables cost-efficient sensing of the entire area of interest. Embedding the transducers might remove uncertainties like coupling or positioning changes, while other challenges remain. Temperature and moisture content influence the structure and the transducers. These drifts need to be recorded and removed and good coupling must be ensured while not being able to visually inspect the sensor. In a multidisciplinary research group funded by the German Research Foundation, we aim to solve these problems on the way towards an ultrasound monitoring system for reinforced concrete structures. In various experiments in the lab and field, we determine the influence of temperature variations on the measurements and the equipment. As the monitoring task is the detection of irreversible damages - not reversible changes - a smart system requires a smart way of discrimination between permanent damages and reversible changes. With the data collected in these experiments, we present an approach to an environmental correction to ultrasound data to avoid a misinterpretation of these environmental changes as damage indicators.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">10th International Conference on Structural Health Monitoring of Intelligent Infrastructure</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Porto, Portugal</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">30.06.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">02.07.2021</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Niklas Epple</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Coda Wave Interferometry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Embedded sensors</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Long-term monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ultrasound</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Temperature Influence</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>52012</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>266</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>275</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>127</volume>
    <type>bookpart</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Nature</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Cham, Switzerland</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Towards Monitoring of Concrete Structures with Embedded Ultrasound Sensors and Coda Waves – First Results of DFG for CoDA</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Due to the importance of reinforced concrete structures for modern society, damage assessment during the entire life-cycle of such structures has become a special interest in non-destructive testing. Using embedded ultrasound sensors in combination with other measurement methods, numerical modeling and self-made data collectors, tailored specifically for monitoring tasks, the German research group DFG FOR CoDA aims to investigate and develop novel methods for damage detection and rapid model updating in reinforced concrete structures. In the first stage of the project, besides the development of custom-built, low-cost data collectors, ultrasonic transducers are embedded in a large, reinforced concrete specimen on a BAM test site near Berlin. In this experiment, the influence of changing environmental conditions (mainly temperature) on the ultrasound signal is investigated using coda-wave interferometry. The results show a correlation between changes in temperature and ultrasonic velocity. Such changes must be taken into consideration in a long-term monitoring setup to distinguish between reversible and permanent changes. By correcting the data using a linear relation between concrete temperature and velocity change to remove the seasonal trends and by low-pass filtering the data to remove daily variations can remove most of the temperature influence on the ultrasound measurements.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring. Special Collection of 2020 Papers - Volume 1</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-030-64593-9</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-030-64594-6</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/978-3-030-64594-6_27</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Niklas Epple</author>
    <author>Daniel Fontoura Barroso</author>
    <author>Ernst Niederleithinger</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ultrasound</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Coda Wave Interferometry (CWI)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Embedded sensors</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Structural health monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>51029</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>120092</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>263</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Determination of the diffusion coefficient and the hydraulic conductivity of porous media based on embedded humidity sensors</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Reinforced concrete and several other building materials deteriorate during their service life. Almost all deterioration processes are related to moisture. For understanding those processes, knowing the exact amount of the moisture content and the moisture transport characteristics is crucial. In fact, the moisture transport in porous materials is a two-phase flow; consisting of the vapour and the liquid phase. The two corresponding parameters are the diffusion coefficient and the hydraulic conductivity. By means of an inverse approach, these two coefficients are experimentally determined. The moisture transport of eight different screed types during hydration and evaporation is monitored based on embedded humidity sensors. The measured humidity profiles are converted into a pore saturation by adapting the approach of Hillerborg to the measured pore volume distribution. The summation of all pore saturations yields the total moisture content including the ink-bottle effect during desorption. The pore volume distribution was determined by mercury intrusion porosimetry as well as by gas adsorption. The measurement of the humidity and the pore saturation in the entire sample enables to invert the mass balance in order to extract the diffusion coefficient and the hydraulic conductivity. The determined diffusion coefficients of the eight investigated screeds are between m2s-1 and m2s-1.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Construction and Building Materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120092</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">03.12.2020</enrichment>
    <author>Christoph Strangfeld</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Material moisture</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Moisture transport</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Embedded sensors</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Diffusion coefficient</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Partially saturated pores</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>50381</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>2111</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>2117</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>6</issue>
    <volume>145</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Royal Society of Chemistry</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Fibre optic ratiometric fluorescence pH sensor for monitoring corrosion in concrete</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In this communication a novel concept for pH sensing is introduced which is specifically adapted to monitor carbonation induced corrosion in concrete structures. The method is based on a ratiometric measurement principle, exploiting the pH sensitive colour switching of thymol blue in the basic pH regime and the emissive properties of two different (Zn)CdSe/ZnS core shell quantum dots. The transition point of thymol blue in a Hydrogel D4 matrix was determined to be at around pH 11.6, which fits ideally to the intended application. Next to the fundamental spectroscopic characterization of the ratiometric response, a new design for a sensor head, suitable for the incorporation into concrete matrices is presented. Toward this, a manufacturing process was developed which includes the preparation of a double layer of polymers containing either thymol blue or a quantum dot mixture inside a porous ceramic tube. Results of a proof-of-priciple performance test of the sensor head in solutions of different pH and in cement specimens are presented, with encouraging results paving the way for future field tests in concrete.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Analyst</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1039/c9an02348h</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">12.02.2020</enrichment>
    <author>Jürgen Bartelmeß</author>
    <author>David Zimmek</author>
    <author>Matthias Bartholmai</author>
    <author>Christoph Strangfeld</author>
    <author>M. Schäferling</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fiber optic sensing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>PH monitoring in concrete</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Embedded sensors</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ratiometric fluorescence</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.2 Biophotonik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
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