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    <title language="eng">Component test for the assessment of in-service welding on/onto pressurized hydrogen pipelines</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Hydrogen is seen as the energy carrier of the future. Therefore a reliable infrastructure to transport hydrogen in a large scale is needed. A so called European hydrogen backbone out of long distance transmission pipelines is planned by European countries to create a hydrogen transport infrastructure. Due to economic reasons this will be achieved by new build pipelines such as repurposed natural Gas (NG) pipelines, converted to hydrogen useage. A general suitability for hydrogen service of low alloyed pipeline steel, as it is used for NG service today, is given. But in case of necessary in-service welding procedures  in terms of e.g. hot-tapping and stoppling, the risk of a critical hydrogen uptake into the pipe materials due to much higher temeperatures while welding and the possibility of hydrogen embrittlement (HE) needs to be closely investigated. The presentation gives an overview of the current H2-SuD project, investigating the feasability of in-service welding on future hydrogen pipelines. Therefore, component-like demonstrators were developed to test (I) the additional hydrogen uptake due to in-service welding under hydrogen pressure and (II) to measure the temperature field due to different welding parameters and demonstrator geometries, especially on the inner pipe wall surface. Collected data will be used to validate a numerical simulation of the thermal field and additionally the hydrogen diffusion in the pipeline material.</abstract>
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    <author>Kjell Erxleben</author>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>In-service</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Hydrogen</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Pipeline</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Welding</value>
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  <doc>
    <id>63894</id>
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    <title language="eng">In-service and repair welding of pressurized hydrogen pipelines–a review on current challenges and strategies</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Hydrogen is the energy carrier for a sustainable future without fossil fuels. As this requires a reliable transportation infrastructure, the conversion of existing natural gas (NG) grids is an essential part of the worldwide individual national hydrogen strategies, in addition to newly erected pipelines. In view of the known effect of hydrogen embrittlement, the compatibility of the materials already in use (typically low-alloy steels in a wide range of strengths and thicknesses) must be investigated. Initial comprehensive studies on the hydrogen compatibility of pipeline materials indicate that these materials can be used to a certain extent. Nevertheless, the material compatibility for hydrogen service is currently of great importance. However, pipelines require frequent maintenance and repair work. In some cases, it is necessary to carry out welding work on pipelines while they are under pressure, e.g., the well-known tapping of NG grids. This in-service welding brings additional challenges for hydrogen operations in terms of additional hydrogen absorption during welding and material compatibility. The challenge can be roughly divided into two parts: (1) the possible austenitization of the inner piping material exposed to hydrogen, which can lead to additional hydrogen absorption, and (2) the welding itself causes an increased temperature range. Both lead to a significantly increased hydrogen solubility in the respective materials compared to room temperature. In that connection, the knowledge on hot tapping on hydrogen pipelines is rare so far due to the missing service experiences. Fundamental experimental investigations are required to investigate the possible transferability of the state-of-the-art concepts from NG to hydrogen pipeline grids. This is necessary to ensure that no critical material degradation occurs due to the potentially increased hydrogen uptake. For this reason, the paper introduces the state of the art in pipeline hot tapping, encompassing current research projects and their individual solution strategies for the problems that may arise for future hydrogen service. Methods of material testing, their limitations, and possible solutions will be presented and discussed.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the World</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0043-2288</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40194-025-02127-x</identifier>
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    <author>Kjell Erxleben</author>
    <author>Sebastian Kaiser</author>
    <author>Michael Rhode</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengiesser</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>In-service</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Hydrogen</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Repair welding</value>
    </subject>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pipeline</value>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
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    <id>63884</id>
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    <title language="eng">In-service and repair welding of pressurized hydrogen pipelines–a review on current challenges and strategies</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Hydrogen is the energy carrier for a sustainable future without fossil fuels. As this requires a reliable transportation infrastructure, the conversion of existing natural gas (NG) grids is an essential part of the worldwide individual national hydrogen strategies, in addition to newly erected pipelines. In view of the known effect of hydrogen embrittlement, the compatibility of the materials already in use (typically low-alloy steels in a wide range of strengths and thicknesses) must be investigated. Initial comprehensive studies on the hydrogen compatibility of pipeline materials indicate that these materials can be used to a certain extent. Nevertheless, the material compatibility for hydrogen service is currently of great importance. However, pipelines require frequent maintenance and repair work. In some cases, it is necessary to carry out welding work on pipelines while they are under pressure, e.g., the well-known tapping of NG grids. This in-service welding brings additional challenges for hydrogen operations in terms of additional hydrogen absorption during welding and material compatibility. The challenge can be roughly divided into two parts: (1) the possible austenitization of the inner piping material exposed to hydrogen, which can lead to additional hydrogen absorption, and (2) the welding itself causes an increased temperature range. Both lead to a significantly increased hydrogen solubility in the respective materials compared to room temperature. In that connection, the knowledge on hot tapping on hydrogen pipelines is rare so far due to the missing service experiences. Fundamental experimental investigations are required to investigate the possible transferability of the state-of-the-art concepts from NG to hydrogen pipeline grids. This is necessary to ensure that no critical material degradation occurs due to the potentially increased hydrogen uptake. For this reason, the paper introduces the state of the art in pipeline hot tapping, encompassing current research projects and their individual solution strategies for the problems that may arise for future hydrogen service. Methods of material testing, their limitations, and possible solutions will be presented and discussed.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the World</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0043-2288</identifier>
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    <author>Kjell Erxleben</author>
    <author>Sebastian Kaiser</author>
    <author>Michael Rhode</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengiesser</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>In-service</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen pipeline</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Review</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>63273</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>381</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>390</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>15</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>Shaker Verlag</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Düren</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Clausthaler Zentrum für Materialtechnik</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
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    <title language="deu">Schweißen im Betrieb an Wasserstoff-Ferngasleitungen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Wasserstoff gilt als Energieträger für die Erreichung der Klimaziele und einer nachhaltigen zukünftigen Energieversorgung. Für den notwendigen Transport des Wasserstoffs in großem Maßstab und über weite Entfernungen ist eine zuverlässige Pipeline-Infrastruktur erforderlich. Umfassende weltweite Forschungsprojekte deuten auf die allgemeine Kompatibilität der verwendeten überwiegend ferritischen Stähle für die vorgesehenen Betriebsbedingungen von bis zu 60 °C bei 100 bar Wasserstoff hin. Dies ist jedoch nicht direkt übertragbar auf schweißtechnische Reparatur- und Wartungsarbeiten an im Betrieb befindlichen Pipelines. Ein im Erdgasnetz etabliertes Verfahren stellt das „Hot-Tapping“ dar, bei dem eine unter Druck stehende Pipeline im Betrieb angebohrt wird. Hierfür kommt ein an die Rohrleitung geschweißtes Formstück zum Einsatz, das die Montage der Bohr-/Lochschneidemaschine ermöglicht. In den Richtlinien EIGA 121/14 bzw. AIGA 033/14 wird darauf hingewiesen, dass das Anbohren von Wasserstoffleitungen kein Routineverfahren darstellt: “[…] a hydrogen hot-tap shall not be considered a routine procedure […]“. Dieser Aussage liegt unter anderem zugrunde, dass das Anschweißen des Formstücks an das Rohr und alle zu erwartenden Wärmebehandlungen vor und nach dem Schweißen eine lokale Temperaturerhöhung verursachen. Insbesondere auch an der Rohrinnenfläche, die dem Wasserstoff ausgesetzt ist. Diese erhöhten Temperaturen begünstigen die Absorption und Diffusion von Wasserstoff in das Material. Besonders zu beachten ist außerdem die lokal auftretende kurzzeitige Austenitisierung des Materials, die eine lokal stark erhöhte Wasserstoffkonzentration verursachen kann. Aus den genannten Gründen gibt diese Studie einen kurzen Überblick über die derzeit weltweit verfügbaren Forschungsprojekte zum Schweißen von Wasserstoff-Pipelines im Betrieb. Vorgestellt werden unter anderem erste Ergebnisse des Kooperationsforschungsprojektes H2SuD, das derzeit an der BAM bearbeitet wird.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Tagungsband 6. Symposium Materialtechnik</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2364-0804</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-8440-9961-4</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-8191-0041-3</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.21268/20250506-12</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-632731</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">3052-3524</identifier>
    <note>Serientitel: Fortschrittsberichte der Materialforschung und Werkstofftechnik – Series title: Bulletin of Materials Research and Engineering</note>
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    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">20.02.2025</enrichment>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY-SA - Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Sebastian Kaiser</author>
    <author>Kjell Erxleben</author>
    <author>Michael Rhode</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Materialdegradation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pipeline</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schweißen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstoff</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63170</id>
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    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
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    <pageLast/>
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    <title language="eng">Component test concept for evaluation of in-service welding on pressurized hydrogen pipelines</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Hydrogen is set as the energy carrier of tomorrow and most countries will achieve large-scale hydrogen transport through the conversion of the natural gas (NG) grid and the construction of new pipelines. The interaction between hydrogen and the pipeline materials differs fundamentally from that of NG, as hydrogen is readily absorbed into the material. Considering the possible hydrogen embrittlement (HE), the compatibility of the pipeline materials (low-alloyed steels with a wide strength/thickness range) must be investigated. However, pipelines require intervention for maintenance, repair, or grid expansion with welding on/onto the pipelines while in service, i.e. the well-known "hot tapping" and "plugging" or “stoppling”. The challenges compared to NG can be broadly divided into the possible austenitization of the inner pipe material exposed to hydrogen and the welding itself. Both result in a significant increase in hydrogen solubility and could potentially pose challenges in terms of HE. Emphasis is placed on the word "could" because knowledge of "hot tapping" on hydrogen pipelines is scarce due a lack of service experience. To this end, this study proposes a concept for a component-like demonstrator with the objectives: (1) safe feasibility of "hot tapping" on pressurized model hydrogen pipeline sections, (2) facilitate ex-post sample extraction for the purpose of quantifying the absorbed hydrogen concentrations, and (3) ensure in-situ temperature measurement during welding to monitor the pipeline surface temperature. For safety reasons in the event of an unintentional "burn-through", a solid cylinder was inserted in the demonstrator to restrict the hydrogen gas volume to a small, pressurized layer. Reference pipeline surface temperature measurements were ensured on comparable, unpressurized geometries. The investigated range of welding conditions was investigated for representative material/thickness combinations (DN50 to DN200), suggesting the feasibility of the demonstrator for the determination of reliable in-service welding conditions for both installed and new pipelines for hydrogen service.</abstract>
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    <author>Kjell Erxleben</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>In-service</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pipeline</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Repair welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Component test</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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    <id>63165</id>
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    <title language="eng">Quantification of hydrogen uptake during in-service hydrogen pipeline welding</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Hydrogen must be transported on a large scale from producers to consumers to ensure the energy transition. The necessary pipeline grid is achieved by conversion of the natural gas (NG) grid and building new pipelines. Welding during service as part e.g. of “hot-tapping” is unavoidable for maintenance/repair/expansion. Based on existing studies, the basic material compatibility of (low-alloyed) pipeline steels with hydrogen is postulated. However, this cannot be assumed for the case of in-service welding on pipelines in pressurized condition. The reason is the increased temperature e.g. by preheating and (in particular) during welding of the single passes. As a result, the inner pipeline surface undergoes multiple short-term heating but to high temperatures. In particular, the first passes can result in a temperature close to the austenitic transformation of the material for small wall thicknesses. Both increase the hydrogen uptake into the welded joint. If hydrogen embrittlement is likely to occur, depends on the hydrogen uptake, which must be quantified. For this purpose, welding experiments on pressurized demonstrators were conducted. The hydrogen uptake at 100 bar was compared to reference experiments with nitrogen. A new sample extraction routine for the quantification of the weld-zone specific hydrogen uptake was established. Comprehensive experiments with different steels (P235, L360, L485), wall thicknesses (4.1 mm to 7.8 mm) and diameters (DN50 and DN200) were conducted. In addition, the influence of the welding layer sequence on the hydrogen uptake between single- and multi-layer welds was investigated. Analytical approaches were used to approximate the hydrogen uptake in the respective weld zones. The main findings were that the layer sequence and especially the wall thickness have a large influence on the hydrogen uptake.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">20th Pipeline Technology Conference ptc2025</enrichment>
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    <author>Kjell Erxleben</author>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>In-service</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pipeline</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Repair welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Component test</value>
    </subject>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
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    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
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    <title language="eng">Component test concept for evaluation of in-service welding on pressurized hydrogen pipelines</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Hydrogen is set as the energy carrier of tomorrow and most countries will achieve large-scale hydrogen transport through the conversion of the natural gas (NG) grid and the construction of new pipelines. The interaction between hydrogen and the pipeline materials differs fundamentally from that of NG, as hydrogen is readily absorbed into the material. Considering the possible hydrogen embrittlement (HE), the compatibility of the pipeline materials (low-alloyed steels with a wide strength/thickness range) must be investigated. However, pipelines require intervention for maintenance, repair, or grid expansion with welding on/onto the pipelines while in service, i.e. the well-known "hot tapping" and "plugging" or “stoppling”. The challenges compared to NG can be broadly divided into the possible austenitization of the inner pipe material exposed to hydrogen and the welding itself. Both result in a significant increase in hydrogen solubility and could potentially pose challenges in terms of HE. Emphasis is placed on the word "could" because knowledge of "hot tapping" on hydrogen pipelines is scarce due a lack of service experience. To this end, this study proposes a concept for a component-like demonstrator with the objectives: (1) safe feasibility of "hot tapping" on pressurized model hydrogen pipeline sections, (2) facilitate ex-post sample extraction for the purpose of quantifying the absorbed hydrogen concentrations, and (3) ensure in-situ temperature measurement during welding to monitor the pipeline surface temperature. For safety reasons in the event of an unintentional "burn-through", a solid cylinder was inserted in the demonstrator to restrict the hydrogen gas volume to a small, pressurized layer. Reference pipeline surface temperature measurements were ensured on comparable, unpressurized geometries. The investigated range of welding conditions was investigated for representative material/thickness combinations (DN50 to DN200), suggesting the feasibility of the demonstrator for the determination of reliable in-service welding conditions for both installed and new pipelines for hydrogen service.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">ptc "Pipeline Open Knowledge Base"</parentTitle>
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    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>C. Hadick</author>
    <author>K. Schu</author>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>In-service</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pipeline</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Repair welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>component test</value>
    </subject>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
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    <title language="eng">Quantification of hydrogen uptake  during in-service hydrogen pipeline welding</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Hydrogen must be transported on a large scale from producers to consumers to ensure the energy transition. The necessary pipeline grid is achieved by conversion of the natural gas (NG) grid and building new pipelines. Welding during service as part e.g. of “hot-tapping” is unavoidable for maintenance/repair/expansion. Based on existing studies, the basic material compatibility of (low-alloyed) pipeline steels with hydrogen is postulated. However, this cannot be assumed for the case of in-service welding on pipelines in pressurized condition. The reason is the increased temperature e.g. by preheating and (in particular) during welding of the single passes. As a result, the inner pipeline surface undergoes multiple short-term heating but to high temperatures. In particular, the first passes can result in a temperature close to the austenitic transformation of the material for small wall thicknesses. Both increase the hydrogen uptake into the welded joint. If hydrogen embrittlement is likely to occur, depends on the hydrogen uptake, which must be quantified. For this purpose, welding experiments on pressurized demonstrators were conducted. The hydrogen uptake at 100 bar was compared to reference experiments with nitrogen. A new sample extraction routine for the quantification of the weld-zone specific hydrogen uptake was established. Comprehensive experiments with different steels (P235, L360, L485), wall thicknesses (4.1 mm to 7.8 mm) and diameters (DN50 and DN200) were conducted. In addition, the influence of the welding layer sequence on the hydrogen uptake between single- and multi-layer welds was investigated. Analytical approaches were used to approximate the hydrogen uptake in the respective weld zones. The main findings were that the layer sequence and especially the wall thickness have a large influence on the hydrogen uptake.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">ptc "Pipeline Open Knowledge Base"</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="eventName">20th Pipeline Technology Conference ptc2025</enrichment>
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    <author>K. Schu</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>In-service</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pipeline</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Repair welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>component test</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
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    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62941</id>
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    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
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    <title language="eng">Assessment of in-service welding conditions for pressurized hydrogen pipelines via component test</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Hydrogen is the energy carrier of tomorrow for a fossil-free future. This requires a reliable transport infrastructure capable of transporting large quantities of hydrogen. In addition to the construction of new pipelines, the conversion of existing natural gas (NG) networks is an essential part of global hydrogen strategies. The transport of hydrogen is fundamentally different from that of NG, as hydrogen can be absorbed into the pipeline material. Given the known effects of hydrogen embrittlement, the compatibility of the materials for the proposed pipelines (typically low alloy steels in a wide range of strengths and thicknesses) must be investigated. However, pipelines require frequent maintenance, repair, or the need to install additional outlets. In some cases, it is necessary to perform welding on or to the pipelines while they are in-service, i.e. with active gas flow under high pressure. This in-service welding poses challenges for hydrogen operations in terms of additional hydrogen absorption during welding and material compatibility. The challenge can be roughly divided into the possible austenitization of the inner pipe material exposed to hydrogen, which can lead to sufficient hydrogen absorption, and the welding itself, which causes an increased temperature range. Both lead to a significant increase in hydrogen solubility of the respective materials compared to room temperature. In this context, knowledge about welding on hydrogen pipelines is scarce due to the lack of operational experience. Fundamental experimental investigations are required to investigate the transferability from natural gas to hydrogen pipeline networks. For this reason, the present study presents a specially designed demonstrator concept for the realistic assessment of the welding process conditions. The demonstrator was designed ex-post sample extraction for quantification of the absorbed hydrogen concentration. For safety reasons, the required volume of pressurized hydrogen was limited by inserting a solid cylinder. Welding experiments on the DN50 and DN200 pressurized demonstrators showed  an increased hydrogen uptake in the welded area of several ppm.</abstract>
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    <author>Kjell Erxleben</author>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>In-service</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pipeline</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Repair welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Component test</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62911</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>106</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>115</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>2025</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>DVS Media GmbH</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Düsseldorf</publisherPlace>
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    <title language="deu">Herausforderungen beim Schweißen im Betrieb an Wasserstoff-Ferngasleitungen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Als Energieträger der Zukunft kommt grünem Wasserstoff große Bedeutung bei der Energiewende und der zukünftigen, nachhaltigen Energieversorgung zu Teil. Zum effizienten und sicheren Transport des Wasserstoffs ist die Bereitstellung einer Pipeline-Infrastruktur geplant. Die meisten Länder verfolgen hierbei die Strategie der Umwidmung bestehender Erdgastransportleitungen, ergänzt durch Errichtung neuer Pipelines. Die bestehenden Erdgasnetze sind dabei aus unterschiedlichsten Rohrgeometrien und Materialien zusammengesetzt. Bei der Umwidmung von Erdgaspipelines zum Transport von Wasserstoff müssen daher Fragen der Materialverträglichkeit hinsichtlich des als Wasserstoffversprödung bekannten Phänomens der Beeinträchtigung der mechanischen Eigenschaften metallischer Werkstoffe durch Wasserstoff betrachtet werden. Bisherige Forschungsergebnisse und Feldversuche deuten darauf hin, dass die niedriglegierten, ferritischen Stähle, aus denen die Ferngasleitungen des Erdgasnetzes überwiegend bestehen, für den Transport von Wasserstoff unter normalen Betriebsbedingungen geeignet sind. Eine Frage, die bislang weniger Aufmerksamkeit erhielt, ist die, wie sich das Schweißen im Betrieb an Wasserstoffpipelines auf die Materialkompatibilität auswirkt. Im Erdgasnetz sind etablierte Verfahren wie beispielsweise das „Hot-Tapping“ unumgänglich für die Instandhaltung und Erweiterung des Netzes. Hierbei werden an eine im Betrieb befindliche Pipeline geteilte T-Stücke aufgeschweißt, über die die Pipeline dann mit geeigneten Bohrvorrichtungen während eines ununterbrochenen Betriebs angebohrt werden kann. Um zu beurteilen, ob diese Verfahren gefahrlos auf Wasserstoffpipelines übertragen werden können, müssen Problemstellungen betrachtet werden, die sich durch den Wärmeeintrag ins Material beim Schweißen ergeben. Wasserstofflöslichkeit und Diffusionsgeschwindigkeit sind temperaturabhängig. Erhöhte Temperaturen könnten eine Wasserstoffaufnahme ins Material bewirken, die zu einer kritischen Degradation der mechanischen Eigenschaften des Materials führen könnte. Die Temperaturen, die beim Schweißen erreicht werden, führen lokal zur Überschreitung der Austenitisierungstemperatur. Austenit weist eine deutlich höhere Löslichkeit von Wasserstoff auf, während die Diffusionsgeschwindigkeit des Wasserstoffs in dieser Phase deutlich herabgesetzt ist. Es wird vermutet, dass dies zu einer lokal erhöhten Wasserstoffkonzentration führt. Damit geht ein erhöhtes Risiko einer kritischen Materialdegradation einher. Durch die lange Zeitdauer beim Schweißen von mehrlagigen Rundkehlnähten an großen Pipelines, einschließlich einer möglichen Vorwärmprozedur, ist weiterhin zu klären, ob der aus Anwendungsfällen in der Petrochemie bekannte Hochtemperaturwasserstoffangriff auftritt. Der vorliegende Beitrag liefert einen Überblick über das Schweißen im Betrieb an Gaspipelines, hierbei auftretenden Herausforderungen bei der möglichen Anwendung auf Wasserstoffleitungen. Dabei werden auch aktuelle Forschungsprojekte zum Thema Schweißen an Wasserstoffpipelines im Betrieb eingehend diskutiert. In diesem Zusammenhang werden erste Ergebnisse des gemeinschaftlichen Forschungsprojektes „H2-SuD: Einfluss des Schweißens auf die Wasserstoffaufnahme und Degradation im Betrieb befindlicher H2-Ferngasleitungen“ des Deutschen Vereins des Gas- und Wasserfaches (DVGW), der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) und deutscher Gasnetzbetreiber (Open Grid Europe, ONTRAS Gastransport, u.v.m.) präsentiert.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">DVS-Berichte Band 397: Schweißen im Anlagen- und Behälterbau</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-96144-290-4 (Print)</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-96144-291-1 (E-Book)</identifier>
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    <author>Sebastian Kaiser</author>
    <author>Kjell Erxleben</author>
    <author>Michael Rhode</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Materialdegradation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Pipeline</value>
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      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Wasserstoff</value>
    </subject>
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  </doc>
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    <title language="eng">Component test for safety assessment of in-service  welding on / onto pressurized hydrogen pipelines</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Hydrogen is the energy carrier of tomorrow for a fossil-free future. This requires a reliable transport infrastructure capable of transporting large quantities of hydrogen, e.g. for the steel and chemical industries. In addition to the construction of new pipelines, the conversion of existing natural gas (NG) networks is an essential part of global hydrogen strategies. The transport of hydrogen is fundamentally different from that of NG, as hydrogen can be absorbed into the pipeline material. Given the known effects of hydrogen embrittlement, the compatibility of the materials for the proposed pipelines (typically low alloy steels in a wide range of strengths and thicknesses) must be investigated. However, pipelines require frequent maintenance, repair, or the need to install additional outlets. In some cases, it is necessary to perform welding on or to the pipelines while they are still in service, i.e. with active gas flow under high pressure, such as the well-known "hot tapping". This in-service welding poses challenges for hydrogen operations in terms of additional hydrogen absorption during welding and material compatibility. The challenge can be roughly divided into the possible austenitization of the inner pipe material exposed to hydrogen, which can lead to sufficient hydrogen absorption, and the welding itself, which causes an increased temperature range. Both lead to a significant increase in hydrogen solubility and diffusivity of the respective materials compared to room temperature. In this context, knowledge about hot tapping on hydrogen pipelines is scarce due to the lack of operational experience. Fundamental experimental investigations are required to investigate the transferability from natural gas to hydrogen pipeline networks. For this reason, the present study presents a specially designed mock-up / demonstrator concept for the realistic assessment of the welding process conditions.</abstract>
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    <author>Kjell Erxleben</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>In-service</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Pipeline</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Repair welding</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62873</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Component test to simulate critical conditions of  hydrogen assisted cracking in submerged arc welded  offshore steel</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Offshore Wind Turbines (OWT) are a key factor in tomorrow's sustainable energy generation. The ever� increasing installation depth and weight of OWTs require suitable foundation concepts such as monopiles or tripods. Typically, mild steels such as S420ML are used with plate thicknesses of up to several hundred mm, resulting in high restraints in the welded joints. The large plate thickness requires high-efficiency welding processes such as submerged arc welding (SAW) with multiple wires. Due to the very high stiffness and plate thickness of the large-scale offshore structure, a susceptibility to time� delayed hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC) may occur. For this reason, a minimum waiting time (MWT) of up to 48 h must be considered before NDT is conducted. The evaluation of the crack susceptibility is complex due to the component size and stiffness of real offshore structures. For this purpose, a near-component test geometry has been developed to transfer the real stiffness conditions to laboratory (i.e. workshop) scale. The 350 kg mock-up consisted of heavy plates (thickness 50 mm, seam length 1,000 m) joined by a 22-pass submerged-arc weld. Additional stiffeners simulated the effect of high restraint or shrinkage restraint of the weld. Extreme scenarios of hydrogen absorption during welding were simulated by using flux in dry (HD &lt; 5 ml/100g Fe) and wet (HD &gt; 15 ml/100g Fe) conditions. Weld residual stresses were determined using a robotic X-ray diffractometer. Areas of critical tensile residual stress (at the yield strength level) were found in the weld metal and in the heat affected zone, suggesting that these weld subzones are the most critical in the case of hydrogen ingress. To identify possible delayed cracking, the welds were inspected by phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT) after welding, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and a maximum of 48 h. Summarized, no significant occurrence of HAC was detected, indicating the high crack resistance of the welded joint, i.e., a suitable combination of base material, welding consumable and parameters.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Materials Week/Steel Innovation</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Frankfurt am Main, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">02.04.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">04.04.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Kjell Erxleben</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cold cracking</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Component test</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Minimum waiting time</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Offshore steel grade</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.4 Akustische und elektromagnetische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Windenergie</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62606</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Reparaturschweißen zukünftiger, in Betrieb befindlicher Wasserstoffpipelines</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Es existieren konkrete nationale und europäische Pläne für eine Wasserstoffpipeline Netz. Dieses soll in Zukunft eine Nachhaltige Energieversorgung von Industrie mit hohem energiebedarf  sicherstellen. Dabei müssen zukünftige Wasserstoffpipelines aus wirtschaftlich und technischen Gründen im Betrieb gewartet, repariert oder erweitert werden. Die Übertragbarkeit von etablierten Reparaturkonzepten von Ergaspipelines, wie das "Hot-tapping", muss für Wasserstoffpipelines hinlänglich untersucht werden. Das Schweißen im Betrieb ist dabei unumgänglich. Durch eine erhöhte thermische Belastungen bei der Schweißprozedur muss die Wassestoffaufnahme in den Pipelinestahl ausgehend von der Innenwand der Pipeline und eine mögliche Materialdegradation (hydrogen embrittlement, HE) eingehend untersucht werden. Dazu wurden im Rahmen des Projekts "H2-SuD" zwei Prüfkonzepte entiwckelt. Ein Demonstrator Konzept (1) zur Bestimmung der Wasserstoffaufnahme durch realistische Reparaturschweißversuche an druckbeaufschlagten Demonstratoren und ein Prüfkonzept (2) mit vereinfachter Geometrie zur Messung von Wärmefeldern, die beim Reparaturschweißen entstehen. Erste Ergebnisse zur Wasserstoffaufnahme (1) und Temperaturmessungen (2) werden präsentiert und bewertet. Beide Prüfkonzepte bieten die experimentelle Grundlage zur Validierung von geplanten Temperatur- und Diffusionssimulationen von Reparaturschweißungen an Wasserstoffpipelines.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">1. Weiterbildungsveranstaltung 2025 des DVS BV Potsdam</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Götz, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">19.02.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Kjell Erxleben</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reparaturschweißen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pipeline</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62502</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Prüfkonzept für die Wasserstoffaufnahme beim  Schweißen im Betrieb an Wasserstoffpipelines</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Für eine effektive Nutzung von Wasserstoff ist zukünftig ein nationales, sowie europäisches Wasserstoffnetz aus Pipelines geplant. Schweißen an zukünftigen Wasserstoffpipelines im Betrieb (unter Gasfluss und Druck) ist dabei unumgänglich. Für Erdgaspipelines bestehen etablierte Reparaturkonzepte, wie z.B. das "Hot-tapping". Beim Schweißen an Wasserstoffpipelines muss jedoch eine erhöhte Wasserstoffaufnahme in das Pipelinematerial hinlänglich untersucht werden, um mögliche wasserstoffinduzierte Schädigungen auszuschließen. Im Rahmen des Projekts H2-SuD "Schweißen an in Betrieb befindlichen Wasserstoffpipelines" wurde ein Prüfkonzept für die Wasserstoffaufnahme beim Schweißen im Betrieb entwickelt, getestet und angewandt. Dabei wurden realitätsnahe Schweißexperimente an unter Druck stehenden Demonstratoren durchgeführt. Anschließend wurde eine kryogene Probenentnahmeprozedur etabliert und der diffusible Wasserstoffgehalt in den Proben via Trägergasheißextraktion (TGHE) ermittelt. Vielfältige Schweißexperimente an unter 50 bar bis 100 bar Druckwasserstoff stehenden Demonstratoren verschiedener Durchmesser (DN50, DN200) und Wandstärken (4,1 mm bis 7,8 mm) wurden mit unterschiedlichen Schweißparametern durchgeführt. Dabei wurde ein signifikanter Einfluss von Wandstärke, Streckenenergie, Schweißnahtgeometrie und Abkühlbedingung auf die Wasserstoffaufnahme nachgewiesen. Die Durchführbarkeit und Eignung des Prüfkonzepts wurde aufgezeigt.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Bacheloranden-, Masteranden-, Doktoranden Kolloquium (BMDK) OvGU Magdeburg</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Magdeburg, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">22.01.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Kjell Erxleben</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reparaturschweißen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pipeline</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ferngasleitung</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62262</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>6</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>New York</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Repair Welding of In-Service Hydrogen Pipelines - Concepts and Challenges</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Hydrogen is set as the energy carrier of tomorrow for a more sustainable fossil fuel free future. As this necessitates a reliable transport infrastructure, repurposing of the existing natural gas grid is planned. With regards to the well-known effect of hydrogen embrittlement, the compatibility of utilized materials must be investigated. First comprehensive studies on pipeline material hydrogen compatibility indicate that these materials can be applied to a certain extent. Nonetheless, the material compatibility is currently of high interest and focus of numerous research projects worldwide. However, pipelines require frequent maintenance and repair work. As part of these, in some cases it is necessary to do weldments onto pipelines while they are pressurized. This in-service welding introduces additional challenges for the material compatibility. Due to the resulting high temperatures, the metallurgical changes in the material and of course the presence of high-pressure hydrogen in the pipeline, additional investigations need to be conducted to ensure that no critical material degradation because of increased hydrogen absorption occurs and an overall material compatibility is given. For this reason, the present paper introduces in-service welding on pipelines. An overview of current research projects that deal with the application of in-service welding specifically on hydrogen pipelines and the emerging problems when applying these techniques on hydrogen pipelines is given. Methods of material testing, their limits and possible solutions are presented and discussed.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of 2024 15th International Pipeline Conference (IPC2024) Volume 3</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-0-7918-8856-8</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1115/IPC2024-133052</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">2024 15th International Pipeline Conference</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Calgary, Alberta, Canada</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">23.09.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">27.09.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">30.06.2025</enrichment>
    <author>Sebastian Kaiser</author>
    <author>Kjell Erxleben</author>
    <author>Michael Rhode</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pipeline</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>In-Service</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61468</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Challenges and difficulties in repair welding procedures on in-service hydrogen pipelines</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Hydrogen as an energy carrier plays a key role in tomorrow's energy transition. For effective use of hydro-gen as energy carrier the construction of the corresponding infrastructure is of utmost importance. In that context, large diameter long-distance transmission pipelines will form the so-called hydrogen backbone in the European Union with service pressures up to 100 bar (e.g., depending on national regulations). From an economically and ecologically point of view, a major goal is to repurpose the existing natural gas (NG) infra-structure to minimize the need to install new pipelines. To ensure the safety, reliability and integrity of this future hydrogen infrastructure repair welding or further welding of branch pipes etc. can be necessary at in-service conditions, meaning a permanent flow of pressurized hydrogen while executing the repair procedure. The reason is that a shut-down of large diameter pipelines is not easy or sometimes merely impossible. In fact, as long, as no oxygen enters the pipeline, there will neither be any combustion nor (in the worst-case scenario) explosion. The special techniques like hot tapping or stoppling are state-of-the-art for NG and oil pipeline grids. Currently, it is not finally clarified if repair welding procedures for NG pipelines can be trans-ferred to pure hydrogen pipelines. In opposite to NG, hydrogen can be way easier absorbed to the pipeline steels and diffuses through the material. If it accumulates in susceptible regions, i.e., in the welded joint or heat affected zone, hydrogen assisted embrittlement could occur and lead to loss of integrity or even cata-strophic failure of the pipeline. For example, requires the planned welding procedure a preheating and maintenance of the weld joint of up to 300°C for up to several hours at the outer. This temperature is way higher compared to the typical service temperature of max. 60°C at operational pressures of up to 100 bar. In accordance to API 941, these low-alloyed pipeline steels are subjected to short-term service loads, which they are not designed for. Another considerable fact is that if the weld seam is attached to the pipeline, the temperature especially for small wall thickness can be easily above the austenitization temperature. It is well known that austenite has a way higher hydrogen solubility compared e.g. to ferrite/bainite microstructure of the low-alloyed steel. Current studies indicate a remarkable increase of the hydrogen ingress dur-ing the austenitization from the inner pipe wall. It must be answered if a critical material degradation because of increased hydrogen uptake due to in-service welding procedures is likely to occur.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">MPA Seminar 2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Stuttgart, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">08.10.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">10.10.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Kjell Erxleben</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>In-service</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pipeline</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Repair</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61478</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>341</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>349</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>395</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Reparaturschweißen zukünftiger, in Betrieb befindlicher Wasserstoffpipelines</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Wasserstoff leistet als Energieträger der Zukunft einen entscheidenden Beitrag zur nachhaltigen Energieversorgung, wobei der Transport auf Basis des europäischen Ferngasleitungsnetzes erfolgen wird. Bisherige Untersuchungen zur Werkstoffkompatibilität zeigen, dass die hier verwendeten, niedriglegierten Rohrstähle für Wasserstofftransport unter normalen Betriebsbedingungen (≤ 60 °C, max. 100 bar) grundsätzlich geeignet sind. Die Eignung kann nicht ohne Weiteres übertragen werden, sobald Reparaturschweißungen beispielsweise aufgrund von Wartungsarbeiten an druckführenden, in Betrieb befindlichen, Hochdruckgasleitungen erfolgen. Aus technisch-ökonomischen Gründen werden Schweißarbeiten dabei im Betrieb unter fortwährendem Druck und Gasfluss durchgeführt. Dies soll auch bei Wasserstoffpipelines erfolgen. Dazu im Erdgasnetz angewandte und etablierte Konzepte sind beispielsweise das „Hot-Tapping“ und „Stoppling“. Beim „Hot-Tapping“ wird eine druckführende Pipeline durch Anflanschen eines abgeschlossenen, druckdichten Systems aus Absperrventil und Bohrvorrichtung angebohrt. Dazu müssen sogenannte Überschieber (aus vorgeformten Zylinderhalbschalen) durch Längsnaht verbunden und dann mit Rohrrundnähten am Produktrohr verbunden werden. Für das zum überwiegenden Teil durchgeführte E-Hand-Schweißen sind dabei Vorwärmtemperaturen von ca. 100 °C bzw. 250 °C für die maximale Zwischenlagentemperatur einzuhalten. Besonderer Fokus liegt auf der Betrachtung dünnwandiger Leitungen, da hier beim Schweißen der Rundnähte die Austenitisierungstemperatur an der Innenseite der Pipeline überschritten wird. Dadurch wird eine signifikant höhere Wasserstoffaufnahme in den Leitungsstahl vermutet, mit einer möglichen Degradation der mechanischen Kennwerte bzw. Rissbildung. Durch die langen Schweiß- und Abkühlzeiten wird der Rohrleitungsstahl zudem teilweise stundenlang Temperaturen von bis zu 250 °C ausgesetzt. Neben der klassischen „Versprödung“ muss daher eventuell auch ein sogenannter Hochtemperatur-Wasserstoffangriff betrachtet werden. Diese vorliegende Studie gibt Einblick zur Übertragbarkeit der bekannten Konzepte aus der Erdgastechnik zum Reparaturschweißen. Dazu werden Möglichkeiten und Grenzen momentaner Prüfkonzepte sowie deren Weiterentwicklungen aufgezeigt. Dies umfasst bspw. geeignete Methodiken zur Werkstoffprüfung als auch skalierte Bauteilversuche unter realistischen Druckgas-Betriebsbedingungen einer Pipeline. In diesem Rahmen erfolgt auch die Kurzvorstellung des Kooperationsprojektes von BAM, DVGW und Ferngasnetzbetreibern „H2-SuD“ zum Einfluss der Temperaturführung und Rohrgeometrie auf die Wasserstoffaufnahme.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">DVS CONGRESS 2024 Große Schweißtechnische Tagung</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-96144-269-0</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">DVS CONGRESS 2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Erfurt, Germany</enrichment>
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    <author>Kjell Erxleben</author>
    <author>Sebastian Kaiser</author>
    <author>Michael Rhode</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reparaturschweißen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pipeline</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Im Betrieb</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
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    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
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    <title language="deu">Reparaturschweißen zukünftiger, in Betrieb befindlicher Wasserstoffpipelines</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Wasserstoff leistet als Energieträger der Zukunft einen entscheidenden Beitrag zur nachhaltigen Energieversorgung. Der Transport wird vorwiegend durch das europäische Ferngasleitungsnetz erfolgen. Bisherige Untersuchungen zeigen, dass bisher verwendete Rohrstähle grundsätzlich für den Wasserstofftransport geeignet sind. Diese Eignung ist nicht direkt auf Reparaturfragestellungen im Betrieb übertragbar, da Schweißungen aus technisch-ökonomischen Gründen oft unter fortwährendem Gasfluss durchgeführt werden.&#13;
Ein im Erdgasnetz angewandtes Konzept ist das Anbohren druckführender Pipelines („Hot Tapping“). Dazu werden Zylinderhalbschalen zuerst durch Längs- und dann per Rohrrundnähten an die Pipeline geschweißt. Essenziell ist dabei die maßgeschneiderte Wärmeeinbringung, um das „Durchbrennen“ in die Pipeline zu vermeiden. Für zukünftige Wasserstoffpipelines liegt der Fokus u.a. auf dünnwandigen Leitungen. Im Gegensatz zu Erdgas, führen die beim Schweißen erreichten hohen Temperaturen an der Innenseite der Pipeline zu einer zusätzlichen Wasserstoffaufnahme in den Rohrstahl mit möglicher Materialdegradation.&#13;
Zur praktischen Lösung der Fragestellung, sind internationale Aktivitäten im Gang. Diese umfassen bspw. die Möglichkeiten und Weiterentwicklung von realistischen Prüfkonzepten (u.a. durch maßstäbliche Bauteilversuche). Dazu untersucht die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) in einem DVGW-geförderten Kooperationsprojekt mit Gasnetzbetreibern, die Frage der Übertragbarkeit der Schweißkonzepte der Erdgastechnik auf zukünftiger Wasserstoffpipelines.</abstract>
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    <author>Kjell Erxleben</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schweißen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reparatur</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pipeline</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
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  </doc>
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    <title language="eng">Challenges in repair welding of in-service h2-pipelines</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Hydrogen will be one of the most important energy carriers of tomorrow. For the necessary large-scale and long-distance transportation, a reliable pipeline infrastructure is required. It is meanwhile in the most countries accepted to follow a two-way strategy by (I) repurposing the existing natural gas (NG) grid combined with (II) the installation of new pipelines. For example, in Europe a so-called European Hydrogen Backbone (EHB) is planned for 2040. Currently, 28 countries work together to establish a hydrogen pipeline grid of several thousands of kilometers. In that connection, a wide number of materials are used with different thicknesses, strength levels, chemical composition, surface conditions and so on. Worldwide research projects suggest the general compatibility of the currently applied pipeline steels e.g., in Germany the “SysWestH2” project. Nonetheless, the hydrogen gas grid will require regular inspections, repair, and maintenance. In addition, sometimes pipeline tees are required to connect new grids or pipelines the existing infrastructure. From that point of view, existing concepts from NG-grids must be investigated in terms of the transferability to hydrogen service. An overview on occurring challenges for this hydrogen transition, especially for in-service weld repair procedures is given in this presentation.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">AMPP 2024 - The Association for Materials Protection and Performance</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="eventStart">09.06.2024</enrichment>
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    <author>Kjell Erxleben</author>
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      <value>In-service</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pipeline</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Repair welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-pressure</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
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    <title language="eng">Local mechanical properties of dissimilar metal TIG welded joints of CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy and AISI 304 austenitic steel</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Multiple principal element alloys encompass the well-known high entropy alloys (HEA). The alloy system represents a new class of materials consisting of at least three alloying elements, each containing 5 to 35 at.%. Thus, this alloying concept differs fundamentally from conventional materials such as steel or nickel alloys. For this purpose, the alloying elements are specifically selected, the microstructures are adjusted in a single-phase and, in some cases, multi-phase manner. In particular, conflicting goals, such as the trade-off between strength and ductility in conventional steels, are overcome. However, in the last 20 years, the focus has been on material synthesis. With the increase in available material quantities, the focus is now on processing issues such as joining and welding processes. The weldability of HEAs has received very little attention so far. The experience with dissimilar metal welds is completely lacking but is essential for the application of these materials in combination with conventional materials. The present study presents comprehensive experimental results on the weldability of an equimolar CoCrFeMnNi-HEA in cold-rolled and heat-treated condition, which was joined by tungsten inert gas welding to an austenitic steel AISI 304. The mechanical properties of the dissimilar metal welds were characterized by cross-weld tensile samples, whereas the local deformation in the weld of the different welding zones was measured by digital image correlation. In accordance with the respective initial HEA condition (cold-rolled vs. heat-treated), the local strain behavior was divergent and influenced the global mechanical properties of both DMW types. Nonetheless, the experiments provided proof in principle of the weldability for dissimilar joints of the CoCrFeMnNi-HEA welded to conventional materials like austenitic stainless steels ensuring a corresponding capability for mechanical loading. This allows further considerations on the application of these innovative materials.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the World</parentTitle>
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    <author>Michael Rhode</author>
    <author>Kjell Erxleben</author>
    <author>Tim Richter</author>
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    <title language="eng">Microstructure characterization of dissimilar metal welds of innovative high- and medium-entropy alloys to austenitic stainless steels joint by tungsten inert gas and friction stir welding</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The new multi-element alloying concept of systems with defined entropy (HEA — high-entropy alloy or MEA — medium-entropy alloy) is increasing in material research interest. Improved properties or combinations of properties are shown by several systems. Thus, the resulting microstructures and production of HEA/MEA as well as properties have been primarily investigated so far. Furthermore, processing is a key issue to transfer HEA/MEA systems to real components. Since welding is the most important joining process for metals, it is crucial to investigate the influence of welding to guarantee component integrity. Since most HEA are made of expensive alloying elements such as Co or Ni, they will not be used entirely as structural materials. Thus, it can be advantageous to weld conventional alloys such as austenitic stainless steels with the HEA and MEA to produce components that are both application-oriented and economically viable. Therefore, in this paper, first results of dissimilar metal welding, by tungsten inert gas (TIG) and friction stir welding (FSW), of a CoCrFeMnNi HEA as well as a CoCrNi MEA with a conventional AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel are presented. The focus is on the microstructure formation due to the two welding processes. The results of TIG welding show a dendritic microstructure, whereas in FSW both materials are stirred but still coexist.</abstract>
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    <author>Tim Richter</author>
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    <author>Thomas Michael</author>
    <author>Andreas Börner</author>
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      <value>Metals and Alloys</value>
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    <subject>
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    <publisherPlace>Düsseldorf</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>DVS Deutscher Verband für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren e.V.</creatingCorporation>
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    <title language="deu">Charakterisierung der WIG und FSW-Mischverbindungen neuartiger Multielement-Legierungen mit einem austenitischen Stahl</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Multielement-Legierungen (MPEA - Multiple Principal Element Alloys), gemeinhin und partiell fälschlicherweise auch als Hochentropielegierungen bezeichnet) stellen eine neue Klasse von Werkstoffen dar, die aus mindestens drei Legierungselementen mit jeweils 5 bis 35 Atom-% bestehen. Somit unterscheidet sich dieses Legierungskonzept fundamental von konventionellen Werkstoffen wie Stahl oder Nickellegierungen. Hierzu werden die Legierungselemente gezielt ausgewählt und die Mikrostrukturen ein- und zum Teil auch mehrphasig eingestellt. Das Ziel ist dabei, hochinnovative MPEA mit individuell einstellbaren Eigenschaften für die industrielle Anwendung zu identifizieren. Dabei werden insbesondere Zielkonflikte, wie bspw. der Trade-off zwischen Festigkeit und Duktilität bei konventionellen Stählen, überwunden. Insbesondere die hohe mechanische Festigkeit bei höchster Korrosionsbeständigkeit sind bei bestimmten Legierungssystemen von hohem Interesse. Hier kann u.a. die Substitution klassischer hochlegierter Stähle oder Ni-Basislegierungen perspektivisch erfolgen. In den letzten 20 Jahren lag der Fokus jedoch auf der reinen Materialsynthese. Mit der Zunahme verfügbarer Werkstoffquantitäten, stehen Verarbeitungsfragen, wie werkstoff- und beanspruchungsgerechte Füge- bzw. Schweißverfahren jetzt im Mittelpunkt. Der Schweißeignung von MPEA wurde bisher nur äußert wenig Aufmerksamkeit zuteil. Erfahrungen zu Mischverbindungen&#13;
(DMWs - Dissimilar Metal Welds) fehlen dabei vollständig, sind jedoch essenziell für die Anwendung dieser Werkstoffe in Verbindung mit konventionellen Werkstoffen. Die vorliegende Studie präsentiert erstmals im deutschen Sprachraum, die umfassenden experimentellen Ergebnisse zur Schweißeignung von MPEA-Mischverbindungen und der resultierenden Mikrostruktur. Dazu wurden zwei äquiatomare MPEAs in Form einer Co20Cr20Fe20Mn20Ni20 (Hochentropie-) und Co33.3Cr33.3Ni33.3 (Mediumentropielegierung) mittels WIG und Rührreibschweißen mit einem konventionellen, korrosionsbeständigem Cr-Ni-Stahl AISI 304 (1.4301 bzw. X5CrNi18-10) gefügt. Die erstmals untersuchten DMWs resultierten dabei in sehr interessanten Mikrostrukturen, mechanisch-technologische Eigenschaften wurden durch instrumentierte Zugversuche gewonnen, die gleichzeitig der Ermittlung der lokalen Verformung im Schweißnahtbereich dienten (durch Verwendung der berührungslosen DIC-Digital Image Correlation-Technik). Dabei zeigt sich für beide Schweißverfahren eine Erweichung in der Wärmeeinflusszone (WEZ) der MPEAs sowie eine geringfügig verminderte Zugfestigkeit, bei einer deutlichen Abnahme der Bruchdehnung. Durch die Experimente konnte der prinzipielle Nachweis der Schweißeignung der MPEAs für DMWs mit konventionellen Werkstoffen erbracht werden, die auch eine dementsprechende mechanische Beanspruchbarkeit ermöglichen. Dies ermöglicht weitere Betrachtungen zur Anwendung dieser innovativen Werkstoffe.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">DVS Berichte 389: DVS CONGRESS 2023 Große Schweißtechnische Tagung DVS CAMPUS</parentTitle>
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    <author>Michael Rhode</author>
    <author>Kjell Erxleben</author>
    <author>Tim Richter</author>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schweißeignung</value>
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      <value>Mischverbindung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hochentropielegierung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Multielement-Legierung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>FSW</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>WIG</value>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
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    <title language="eng">Repair welding of in service hydrogen pipelines</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In the course of tomorrow's hydrogen-based energy transition, the construction of the corresponding infrastructure will play a central role. In that context, large diameter long-distance transmission pipelines for hydrogen will be the backbone in the European Union with service pressures from 70 to 90 bar (e.g., depending on national regulations). It is a major goal to rededicate the existing LNG infrastructure despite the necessity of new pipelines. From that point of view repairing of such transmissions pipelines via welding can be necessary. For the LNG infrastructure, it is state of the art that repair welding is conducted at pipelines under service, i.e., the LNG is still flowing as pressurized gas in the steel pipes. The reason is that a shut-down of large diameter pipelines is not so easy or sometimes impossible. In fact, as long no oxygen enters the pipeline, there would be any combustion or (in the worst case) explosion. At the moment, it is entirely open if current repair welding procedures for LNG pipelines can be transferred to pure hydrogen pipelines. In opposite to LNG, hydrogen can be way easier absorbed to the pipeline steels and diffuses through the material. If it accumulates in susceptible regions, i.e., in the welded joint, hydrogen assisted embrittlement could occur. The planned welding procedure requires a so-called preheating and maintenance of the weld joint of up to 300°C for several hours. This temperature is way higher compared to the typical service temperature of max. 40 to 50°C at operational pressures of 100 bar. In accordance to API 941, these low-alloyed pipeline steels are subjected to short-term service loads, which they are not designed for. For that reason, a collaborative project between BAM and DVGW (German Association for Gas and Water professions) was initiated in 2022 to answer the following questions by experiments and numerical simulation of: (1) How many hydrogen is additionally absorbed during the heating of the material to max. 300°C under remaining operational pressures? (2) Is the hydrogen concentration sufficient to reach a critical condition? (3) Which material and weld microstructure is the most susceptible? (4) Is there a significant difference in the repair welding behavior of LNG pipelines that had been already in use for long-term? (5) Which welding parameters and joint dimensions must be ensured for safe repair welding repair of typical pipelines? For that reason, the present study gives an overview on the current practice in repair welding of in-service pipelines, the industrial importance of this topic for the hydrogen-based energy transition and summarizes first results.</abstract>
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    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Brussels, Belgium</enrichment>
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    <author>Kjell Erxleben</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Hydrogen</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Repair Welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pipeline</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>In-service</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-pressure</value>
    </subject>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
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    <title language="eng">Hydrogen determination in welded metallic materials: Necessity and challenges</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In the course of tomorrow's hydrogen-based energy transition, the construction of the corresponding infrastructure will play a central role. The majority of materials used to date are typically welded for component fabrication. In that context, steels are widely applied and can be prone to hydrogen embrittlement. For the evaluation of any hydrogen effect on, for example, the mechanical properties of a welded metallic material, the hydrogen content must be precisely determined. According to ISO 3690, carrier gas hot extraction (CGHE) can be used. In addition to the pure quantification of hydrogen, thermal desorption analysis (TDA) with varied heating rates can be used to determine and evaluate the bonding state at microstructural defects in the material. For both techniques, experimental and measurement influences have to be considered, which have a great effect on the result. For CGHE, for example, ISO 3690 suggests different sample geometries as well as minimum extraction times. The present study summarizes results and experiences of numerous investigations with different sample temperatures and geometries (ISO 3690 type B and cylindrical TDA samples) regarding: the influence of the sample surface (polished/welded), measurement accuracies depending on the sample volume. In particular, a deviating extraction temperature to the set temperature, can significantly falsify the measurement results. Based on the results, methods are shown to quickly reach the desired extraction temperature without having to physically interfere with the measurement equipment. This serves to substantially improve the reliability of hydrogen measurement through increased signal stability and accelerated hydrogen desorption. In general, an independent temperature measurement with dummy samples for the selected heating procedure is advisable to exclude possible unwanted temperature influences already before the measurement. In addition (and way more important), the methods described can be transferred directly to industrial applications.</abstract>
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    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Brussels, Belgium</enrichment>
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    <author>Kjell Erxleben</author>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Carrier gas hot extraction</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>ISO 3690</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Measurement</value>
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