Dokument-ID Dokumenttyp Autoren/innen Persönliche Herausgeber/innen Haupttitel Abstract Auflage Verlagsort Verlag Herausgeber (Institution) Erscheinungsjahr Titel des übergeordneten Werkes Jahrgang/Band ISBN Veranstaltung Veranstaltungsort Beginndatum der Veranstaltung Enddatum der Veranstaltung Ausgabe/Heft Erste Seite Letzte Seite URN DOI Lizenz Datum der Freischaltung OPUS4-28568 Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband Weltschev, Margit; Schwarzer, Stefanie; Otremba, Frank Pierucci, S.; Klemes, J.J.; De Rademaeker, E.; Fabiano, B.; Buratti, S.S. Comparison of the operating life of tank containers, tank vehicles and rail cars for the carriage of dangerous goods in practice, analysis of causes of damage More than 400 Mt of dangerous materials are transported in Germany every year, of which 150 Mt are by road. Tank containers, tank vehicles and rail tank cars are used for the carriage of dangerous goods in large quantities. Data on the operating life of tanks are only available, in practice, to a minor degree. They are only partly published, mainly after accidents. The BAM-List - Requirements for Tanks for the Carriage of Dangerous Goods, which has compatibility evaluations of metallic and polymeric materials, has been the basis for substance-related prototype approvals for tank containers and portable tanks designed for the carriage of dangerous goods by the BAM since publication of the first edition in 1989. These data are also used for the approval of rail tank cars and road tank cars and are used as a source of knowledge not only in Germany but also worldwide. Tank leakages caused by tanks or rail tank cars being made of tank and sealing materials which are not resistant to the fill goods are avoided by using the material resistance data of the BAM. Corrosion damage is among the main causes of damage. Uniform and non-uniform area corrosion without mechanical stress in aqueous substances is one of the most frequent types of corrosion during the transport of chemicals in tanks. Much damage by pitting corrosion occurs during the transport of substances containing chlorides or substances which separate chloride ions in the presence of moisture. Operational stresses are caused by the effects of both the road and the dangerous goods being transported. Mechanical damage often results from long-term overstressing and occurs after longer operating times. Operational failures cause damage which may appear during the service of tank containers, road tank cars or rail tank cars. The damage results from the inattention of employees when opening and closing the valves. Traffic accidents also cause damage to tanks and frames. Many cases of damage are due to weld area cracks resulting from four basic errors in construction, material, manufacturing and operation. Manufacturing errors can be undetected and the starting point of cracks which only grow under service conditions. Manufacturing errors result from variations in measurement and design, fittings, state of surface (hardness, abrasiveness) and mechanical surface damage (scratches, cracks). Incorrectly welded joints and errors during mechanical deformation are typical mistakes when installing the component parts. Variations in the wall thickness or combinations of different materials lead to manufacturing errors too. A lot of tanks are not used for the transport of dangerous goods before the end of their service life as they do not fulfil the revised technical safety requirements in the Dangerous Goods Regulations. Predictions in the BAM-List based on literature data and corrosion test results are reflected in the service (operating) life. Rail tank cars made of carbon steel, for example, which are mainly used for the transport of petroleum products, can achieve a service life of 40 - 50 y. Rail tank cars produced of austenitic CrNi- or CrNiMo-steel can reach an operating life of at least 30 y, whereby the corrosiveness of the transport substances plays an important role. Milano AIDIC, Associazione Italiana di Ingegneria Chimica 2013 Proceedings of the 14th EFCE symposium on loss prevention and safety promotion in the process industries 978-88-95608-22-8 14th International symposium on loss prevention and safety promotion in the process industries Florence, Italy 12.05.2013 15.05.2013 31 559 564 10.3303/CET1331094 2016-02-20 OPUS4-28720 Vortrag Otremba, Frank Alloy 800 steam generator tube stress corrosion cracks - detection and root causes 2013 Coteq 2013 Coteq 2013 Porto de Galinhas, Brazil 2013-06-18 2013-06-21 2016-02-20 OPUS4-26006 Zeitschriftenartikel Erhard, Anton; Otremba, Frank; Mohr, F.; Kilian, R. Alloy 800 steam generator tube stress corrosion cracks - detection and root cause Northampton British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing 2012 Insight 54 6 1 5 2016-02-19 OPUS4-26025 Zeitschriftenartikel Erhard, Anton; Schuler, X.; Otremba, Frank A new concept for steam generator tube integrity assessment Steam generator (SG) tubes are part of the primary circuit of pressurised water reactors and therefore also part of the pressure retaining boundary components. Furthermore, steam generator tubes are the components which guarantee the separation between the primary and secondary circuits. Therefore the knowledge of the loss of tube integrity as soon as possible is an essential. Optimised nondestructive testing methods based on the eddy current array technique are used to find material degradation, especially intergranular stress corrosion cracks during the periodical in-service inspection. These methods are supported by the measurement of the leakage rate during operation based on radioactivity and Tritium measurement regarding a high crack grows. Shutdown criteria depending on leakage rates which are described in the operation procedures but there are no specifications about the conditions for the measured leakage. Is the leakage coming from a single crack or are there multiple cracks or is this the leakage of a critical crack. With the help of FE calculations answer about the uncertainties of leakage rate versus critical crack grows were found. Shutdown criteria must guarantee to avoid critical crack sizes, i.e. between the measured tritium activity and the critical crack size must be a safety gap. Amsterdam North-Holland Publ. Co. 2012 Nuclear engineering and design 249 297 303 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2012.04.014 2016-02-19 OPUS4-27859 Vortrag Otremba, Frank Strukturoptimierung von Rahmenwerken von Druckgasbehältern in Containereinheiten 2013 BAM / IGV Jahresgespräch 2013 BAM / IGV Jahresgespräch 2013 Berlin, Germany 2013-02-19 2013-02-19 2016-02-20 OPUS4-27860 Vortrag Otremba, Frank Forschen für die Sicherheit 2013 Gefahrgut-Techniktage 2013 Gefahrgut-Techniktage 2013 Hamburg, Germany 2013-02-25 2013-02-26 2016-02-20 OPUS4-28654 Zeitschriftenartikel Konersmann, Rainer; Otremba, Frank Vergleich von Risiken Vielen Entscheidungsprozessen geht ein Vergleich voraus. Bei einem Produktvergleich werden dazu Kriterien festgelegt, etwa der Kaufpreis, die Güte, Haltbarkeit, Handhabung usw. Der Testsieger ist meist derjenige, der die am höchsten bewerteten Kriterien erfüllt. Voraussetzung für derartige Vergleiche ist also die Gleichartigkeit der Vergleichsobjekte. Risiken untereinander zu vergleichen ist komplizierter. Die Notwendigkeit von Risikovergleichen ergibt sich, wenn nur unklare Vorstellungen, z. B. über die Risiken einer neuen Transporttechnologie, existieren und keine Erfahrungswerte zur Verfügung stehen. Aus bekannten und akzeptierten Risiken soll mittels eines Vergleichs die Tolerierbarkeit eines (noch) unbekannten Risikos abgeleitet werden. Der Beitrag setzt sich mit der Problematik von Risikovergleichen auseinander. Düsseldorf Springer-VDI-Verl. 2013 techn 3 6 32 37 2016-02-20 OPUS4-24972 Zeitschriftenartikel Schwarzer, Stefanie; Weltschev, Margit; Otremba, Frank Lebensdauer und Schadensursachen von Tankcontainern, Tankfahrzeugen und Kesselwagen zur Beförderung von Gefahrgütern in der Praxis Daten über Schadensursachen und die tatsächliche Nutzungsdauer der Tanks zum Transport von Gefahrgütern liegen nur in begrenztem Maße vor. Auf der Basis der Daten von Tankbaufirmen, Speditionen und Eisenbahnkesselwagen-Vermietgesellschaften wurde die durchschnittliche Lebensdauer von Tankcontainern, Tankfahrzeugen und Kesselwagen zur Beförderung von Gefahrgütern in der Praxis ermittelt und die Hauptschadensursachen analysiert. Korrosion, Risse an Schweißnähten, Gestaltungs- und Dimensionierungsfehler sowie fertigungs- und betriebsbedingte Fehler zählen zu den Hauptschadensursachen. Viele Tanks werden vor Ablauf ihrer Nutzungsdauer nicht mehr für den Transport von Gefahrgütern eingesetzt, da sie nicht mehr den geänderten gesetzlichen Anforderungen in den Gefahrgutvorschriften entsprechen. Die Voraussagen durch Literaturangaben und Ergebnisse von Korrosionsversuchen in der BAM-Liste - Anforderungen an Tanks zur Beförderung gefährlicher Güter - spiegeln sich in der Nutzungsdauer/Lebensdauer der Tanks wider. Düsseldorf Springer-VDI-Verl. 2011 Technische Sicherheit 1 11/12 28 33 2016-02-19 OPUS4-24975 Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband Weltschev, Margit; Bäßler, Ralph; Otremba, Frank Use of higher-alloyed metallic materials and duplex steels for transport tanks of dangerous goods Compatibility evaluations of selected metallic materials under the influence of dangerous goods are published in the BAM-List - Requirements for Tanks for the Transport of Dangerous Goods" as basis for substance-related prototype approvals for tank Containers designed for the carriage of dangerous goods. There is a request of the tank manufacturing industry and transportation Companies to incorporate additional materials into the BAM-List, especially corrosion-resistant materials because of the large number of corrosive dangerous goods. One solution to solve corrosion Problems is to line the tank with a polymer, an alternative solution is the application of high-alloyed stainless steels and nickel-based alloys as there are 1.4529 (XINiCrMoCu 25-20-7, alloy 926), 1.4562 (X1NiCrMoCu32-28-7, alloy 31) and 2.4605 (NiCr23Mo16AI, alloy 59). There is an interest to use cost-efficient steels with high strength values and concomitant adequate corrosion resistance such as duplex steel 1.4362 (X2CrNiN23-4). This steel grade was originally developed as a substitute for the austenitic grades 1.4404 (X2CrNiMo17-12-2) and 1.4571 (X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2). Due to the lower content of the alloy elements nickel and molybdenum this duplex steel is a cost-efficient alternative to molybdenum containing austenite. Due to the limited number of corrosion test results with welded test samples of these high-alloyed materials and the duplex steel under the influence of corrosive dangerous goods a comprehensive test Programme was performed with these materials in Cooperation with ThyssenKrupp VDM and Deutsche Edelstahlwerke GmbH. It can be concluded from the test results that the superaustenitic steels 1.4529 and 1.4562 as well as the nickel-based alloy 2.4605 are a really good alternative as tank materials for the transport of dangerous goods in comparison to the lining of the tanks. The nickel-based alloy 2.4605 shows the best resistance and is suitable as material for tanks transporting all tested corrosive substances. One exception is the temperature limit during the transport of hydrochloric acid. The superaustenit 1.4562 is a resistant material with a wide ränge of application. Exceptions for use are: ammonium bifluoride, brine, 34 % calcium Chloride solution, hydrochloric acid, perchloric acid, 90 % 2-chloropropionic acid, nitrating acid with nitric acid content > 50 % and molten monochloroacetic acid. The alloy is limited suitable for allyl Chloride, aluminum Chloride, copper (II) -Chloride and ferric Chloride. The superaustenit 1.4529 showed the lowest resistance compared to the other two materials. This steel is not resistant in hydrochloric acid, perchloric acid, sodium Chlorite and sodium hypochlorite. The application is limited in the concentration ränge of aqueous Solutions of aluminum Chloride, copper (II) Chloride and ferric Chloride. Due to the reduced alloying content of the duplex steel 1.4362 (X2CrNiN23-4) compared to the austenitic CrNiMo-steels, a lower resistance especially in acidic media like formic, acetic or sulfuric acid was observed. Within the more than 7.000 substances contained in the BAM-List there is a large amount of dangerous goods such as hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, esters, and inorganic alkaline substances which have a large transport volume and do not corrode the duplex steel 1.4362 (X2CrNiN23-4). The test results are included in the actual 11th edition of the BAM-List and therefore available for the costumer. KCI Publ. 2011 Stainless steel world conference & exhibition 2011 (Proceedings) Stainless steel world conference & exhibition 2011 Maastricht, The Netherlands 29.11.2011 01.12.2011 1 12 2016-02-19 OPUS4-27745 Zeitschriftenartikel Otremba, Frank; Heming, Frank Rückendeckung Sicherheit - Trotz des Spotts anderer Europäer, 'Auffahrunfälle gebe es nur in Deutschland', wird das Ziel eines Anfahr- statt Unterfahrschutzes für das Tankfahrzeugheck hierzulande weiter verfolgt. Hamburg Storck 2013 Gefährliche Ladung 3 14 17 2016-02-20