TY - JOUR A1 - Klinger, Christian A1 - Bohraus, Stefan T1 - 1992 Northeim train crash - A root cause analysis T2 - Engineering failure analysis N2 - Shortly after midnight on 15th November 1992, a severe train crash was caused by the break off of a buffer from a tool and gear wagon of a freight train. The buffer fell between the rails, tumbled, and then lifted one axle of a following freight wagon off the rails. Several freight wagons derailed in the station of Northeim, Germany, blocking the adjacent track. A night train travelling on that blocked track was already too close (only 180 m) to stop, despite emergency braking initiated immediately and automatically by the track signalling system. When the night train crashed into the freight wagons, some of its coaches were heavily damaged. Eleven people were killed, and 51 injured, some of them seriously. The task for failure analysts was to find out why the buffer broke off from the front frame of the tool and gear wagon. Therefore, the material of the attachment, the front frame, and the welds were tested. Chemical composition, hardness, and microstructure were allowable. The welds showed imperfections which were determined not to be causal. The fracture surfaces had graded corrosion – which again was not causal – and beach marks that depicted fatigue cracks before final fracture. The cause for the break off was the fact that the front frame had been repaired at this same buffer attachment some years before and that the repair patch used was thinner than the original front frame profile. Additionally, the force characteristics of the buffer showed reduced stroke but increased forces which was due to several friction springs that had been broken for a long time. The buffer forces in service were assessed from standards, literature, and the deformations of the attachment. The in-service stresses at the welds were estimated using FEM analysis. High cyclic stresses at the welds resulted in fatigue cracking and finally break off of the attachment with the buffer. PB - Elsevier Science Publ. CY - Oxford KW - Buffer break off KW - Northeim train crash (Germany) KW - Friction spring fatigue fractures KW - Lamellar tearing KW - Disastrous coaction of events PY - 2014 UR - https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/frontdoor/index/index/docId/31594 AN - OPUS4-31594 SN - 1350-6307 SN - 1873-1961 VL - 43 IS - Special Issue 'A Tribute to Prof. A. Martens' SP - 171 EP - 185 AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany