TY - CHAP A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Meggyes, Tamás A2 - Birke, V. A2 - Naidu, R. T1 - Effective cleanup of groundwater contaminated with radionuclides using permeable reactive barriers T2 - Permeable reactive barrier - sustainable groundwater remediation N2 - The mining of natural resources always causes environmental impacts such as land use, large quantities of waste, destruction of habitat, impairment of groundwater regime, and quite possibly contamination of soil, water, or air (Dudka and Adriano 1997). The environmental impact of mining cannot be estimated easily. The concept of total material requirement (TMR) is an attempt to quantify the environmental impact of materials. TMR is the sum of domestic and imported primary natural resources and their hidden flows (Adriaanse et al. 1997). Hidden flows are often not considered in environmental analyses because they are attributed with no cost. However, overburden from mining, earth moving for construction, and soil erosion are major sources of ecological damage. From the mining of minerals to the final products, a number of process steps take place (exploration, mine site development, extraction, milling, washing, concentration, smelting, refining, fabrication), each step being connected to other input flows such as energy or other resources. The hidden flows for metals related to metal ore mining have been investigated by Halada et al. (2001). Table 9.1 lists the data for some metals, together with the data for some other minerals and fuels. The TMR in the United States in the 1990s was between 80 and 100 tonnes per capita; in the European Union (EU-15) approximately 50 tonnes per capita (Bringezu 2002). PB - CRC Press KW - Grundwasser KW - Uran KW - Reaktive Wände KW - Radionuklide KW - Biomineralisierung PY - 2015 UR - https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/frontdoor/index/index/docId/32525 AN - OPUS4-32525 SN - 978-1-4822-2447-4 SN - 978-1-4822-2448-1 SP - Chapter 9, 151 EP - 176 AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany