FG Bautechnikgeschichte
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Documentation and analysis of the free-handed vaulting technique at the Toor Caravanserai, Iran
(2022)
This paper discusses the development of shell structures in the context of the application of early reinforced concrete in the Russian Empire. Following a short discussion of the context and general conditions, the main construction methods are addressed. Different types of buildings are analysed in the paper, covering the period from the first structures in 1888 until the revolution of 1917. Special attention is given to shell constructions and their supporting structures. As they are intricate and technically advanced, these structures arguably represent the highest point in the development of early reinforced concrete.
The research was based on Soviet era and later construction history publications, archival documents, and drawings as well as historical technical literature on the topic in Russian, French, German, and English. Such a broad overview has allowed the history of the development of early reinforced concrete constructions to be seen from different perspectives.
The Introduction of the Hennebique Reinforced Concrete System in the Russian Empire, 1898-1907
(2021)
As a part of the research field concerning the transfer of European knowledge to the Russian Empire, this paper concentrates on the transfer of technical knowledge. It describes the introduction and application of a reinforced concrete construction method developed around I886 by the French bricklayer and construction site supervisor François Hennebique. The Hennebique system was promoted by his worldwide professional network, including in the Russian Empire. Paul de Monicourt, a French engineer, was the main figure associated with the promotion of this method throughout the Russian Empire. He established his first office in southwestern Ekaterinoslav specialized in industrial buildings and bridges. After sharing his construction and calculation methods with the engineers of Russian Railways, he lost his monopoly hold on bridge construction in the Russian Empire. Moving his focus to the north, he established an additional office in Saint Petersburg, where he began to work in dome construction. In I905, de Monicourt began a partnership with a local construction company. His involvement in this partnership makes it difficult to trace his later activity and individual achievements since this company took over the spread of Hennebique system in the Russian Empire.
Johann Dientzenhofer’s Banz Abbey Church (1710-1718) and Balthasar Neumann’s church of Vierzehnheiligen (1743-1772), both located in Upper Franconia (Germany), are characterised by their masonry vaults, sequences of oval domes separated by double-curved arches. This Late Baroque architecture has been called “Guarinesque”; however, the conceptual connection between the vaults and Guarino Guarini’s architecture remains to be thoroughly investigated. This paper resumes the discussion about the geometric definitions of these vaults using the modern methods of geometric analysis and reverse geometrical engineering, based on 3D laser scanning. The analysis of these scans reveals a design process based on plane circle segments and ovals, while more complex geometric procedures are not necessary to describe the vaults. Further, the relationship between these designs and the procedures of geometric design described in the treatises of stereotomy since the 16th century can be shown. On this background, the relation to Guarini’s Architettura Civile (1737) is discussed.
Simply complex: Case studies on complex stone constructions of High Medieval courtly chimneys
(2021)
As a part of the wide research field regarding the introduction of European knowledge to the Russian Empire and its adoption and implementation, this paper shines a light on aspects of early reinforced concrete knowledge transfer. The development of reinforced concrete in Russia has been studied and described in Russian publications of the Soviet and later periods to a limited extent. However, the evident and substantial influence of European knowledge and the contributions of European specialists from France, Germany, Swit-zerland, and Austria has remained unexamined. Drawing on historical, technical, and periodical literature as well as on archival documents, this paper describes three different examples of knowledge transfer and their influence on the local development of reinforced concrete.
The omission of the contribution of European specialists to the development of early reinforced concrete in the publications of the Soviet and later periods led to this research. An investigation of the technical literature and archival documents brought about new discoveries. European engineers and representatives of well-known European construction companies played an important role in the early development of reinforced concrete in the Russian Empire. This paper describes the introduction and the development of this construction technology in Saint Petersburg and is an extract from the author’s doctoral thesis on the development of rein-forced concrete in the Russian Empire from its inception to the outbreak of the October Revolution.
Vault
(2020)
Mit der Einführung des Eisens als Konstruktionswerkstoff im Zuge der Industriellen Revolution hatten sich dem Brücken- und Hochbau unge-ahnte Dimensionen in Entwurf, Berechnung, Konstruktion, Montage und Nutzung eröffnet, die ein neues Denken der Ingenieure erforderten. So wurden Bewegungen eiserner Überbauten, insbesondere durch Temperaturveränderungen, nicht mehr als unerwünschte und zu unterdrückende Begleiterscheinung verstanden, sondern als integraler Bestandteil des Konstruierens mit Eisen zugelassen. Damit avancierte auch die Lagertechnik zum Spiegel eines neuen Denkens, wie es Werner Lorenz bereits 1990 am Beispiel der Entwicklung des Dreigelenksystems aufzeigte: Sicherheit durch Beweglichkeit. Die Generation der eisernen – später stählernen – Lager sollte bis nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg ein technisches Stamm-Inventar des Konstruktiven Ingenieurbaus bilden. Aufbauend auf einer Darlegung des technik-geschichtlichen Kontextes sowie der Einführung von Lagern in den Brückenbau thematisiert nachfolgender Beitrag die Ausprägung einer Konstruk-tionssprache für eiserne bzw. stählerne Lager. Den methodischen Leitfaden bilden die schematischen Handlungsebenen Industrie, Verwaltung und Wissenschaft mit ihrem triadischen Zusammenspiel und ihren unterschiedlich motivierten Impulsen auf die Sprachentwicklung. Letztere ist nicht linear, sie folgt aber im entwicklungsgeschichtlichen Sinne einer Reifung bzw. Optimierung, um nach einem Stillstand schließlich durch die spezifische Konstruktionssprache einer neuen Lagergeneration abgelöst zu werden. Am hier aufgezeigten Beispiel wird im Nachgang die Gültigkeit eines von Lorenz vorgeschlagenen allgemeinen Entwicklungsmodells für Konstruktionssprachen untersucht.
Angesichts der zunehmenden Sanierungs- und Ertüchtigungsmaßnahmen an bestehenden Brückenbauwerken muss auch der Zustand der vorhandenen historischen Brückenlager beurteilt werden. Mangels verlässlicher Grundlagen bleiben hierbei Fragen offen, zum Beispiel zu den Möglichkeiten einer minimalinvasiven Untersuchung des Lagerwerkstoffs. Gerade hier setzen die Einbaugegebenheiten werkstofflich und statisch-konstruktiv bedingte Grenzen für eine Probenentnahme.
Am Beispiel des ab ca. 1880 üblicherweise für Brückenlager verwendeten Werkstoffs Stahlguss zeigt der Beitrag die Möglichkeit auf, mittels Kleinstdruckproben Aussagen zum Werkstoffverhalten zu erhalten. Der Artikel erläutert Methodik und diskutiert Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen zur verlässlichen Bestimmung der Streckgrenze des Werkstoffs. Damit zeigt der Beitrag eine interessante und vielversprechende Option für eine minimalinvasive Bauteiluntersuchung auf – auch über den Werkstoff Stahlguss hinaus.
Für die Versuche stand eine Vielzahl historischer Brückenlager zur Verfügung, als Referenzwerte dienten Ergebnisse aus standardisierten Zugversuchen mit normgerechten Flachproben.
Grundlage für den Beitrag bilden Untersuchungen im Rahmen einer Bachelorarbeit der Co-Autorin, die in Verbindung mit dem DFG-Forschungsprojekt Realitätsnahe statisch-konstruktive Bewertung historischer Brückenlager an der BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg entstand.
Die Untersuchungen an Miniatur-Druckproben fanden bereits 2013 statt, konnten bisher aber noch nicht veröffentlicht werden. Sie ergänzen methodisch die Untersuchungen an Miniatur-Zugproben, deren Ergebnisse auf dem 9. Symposium Experimentelle Untersuchungen von Baukonstruktionen in Dresden vorgestellt werden konnten.
T.J. Gueritte und Karl W. Mautner, oder: Wie Emigranten den Spannbeton nach Großbritannien brachten
(2019)
Werner Lorenz 65 Jahre
(2018)
Cable-stayed bridges are among the most fascinating endeavours in the history of bridge design. An important part in their historiography is played by the eminent German civil engineer Franz Dischinger (1887-1953) who is usually credited with having been the key initiator of the modern cable-stayed bridge. Based on current research by the author, this paper focuses on the different steps followed by Dischinger during his involvement with the topic of stay cables in bridge design. In addition, direct and indirect influences of his efforts in this field are discussed. By critically analysing this captivating story of 20th-century engineering history, some deep-rooted errors are corrected and important new insights added.
(Re)constructing history – how building archaeology can profit from the knowledge of engineering
(2017)
Vibration-based Model Updating and Identification of Multiple Axial Forces in Truss Structures
(2017)
Safety assessment of existing iron and steel truss structures requires the determination of the axial forces and corresponding stresses in truss structural members. The results of the axial force determination can be integrated as part of a structural health monitoring scheme for existing trusses. In this work, a methodology is proposed to identify multiple axial forces in members of a truss structure based on the modal parameters. Vibration test allows the identification of the natural frequencies and mode shapes, globally of the truss structure as well as locally of the individual bars. The method calibrates the numerical model of the truss structure using a genetic algorithm and strategic validation criteria. The validation criteria are based on the identified natural frequencies and global mode shapes of the truss structure as well as information of the axial forces in the individual bars of the truss, which are estimated from the natural frequencies and five amplitudes of the corresponding local mode shapes of the single bars based on an analytical-based algorithm. The calibration allows the identification of the axial forces in all bars of the truss structure. For mode pairing strategy, a technique makes use of the enhanced modal assurance criteria with the calculation of the modal strain energies. Moreover, the modal strain energies are also used to select the relevant local mode shape of the individual bars. The feasibility and accuracy of the proposed methodology is verified by laboratory experiments on several truss structures. In situ tests on existing trusses are intended. The results from one of the laboratory tested structures, i.e. a two-bar system, are included in this paper.
This paper is concerned with the inverse identification of the stress state in axially loaded slender members of iron and steel truss structures using measured dynamic data. A methodology is proposed based on the finite element model updating coupled with nature-inspired optimization techniques, in particular the particle swarm optimization. The numerical model of truss structures is calibrated using natural frequencies and mode shapes from vibration tests, as well as additional information of the axial forces in selected truss members based on the experimentally identified modal parameters. The results of the identification are the axial forces or corresponding stresses in truss structures and the joint rigidity in relation to pinned and rigid conditions. Attention is given to several examined aspects, including the effects of the axial tensile and compressive forces on the dynamic responses of trusses, mode pairing criteria, as well as modeling assumptions of joints and the use of a joint rigidity parameter. Considering the pairing of modes, it is performed by adapting an enhanced modal assurance criterion that allows the selection of desired clusters of degrees-of-freedom. Thus, information extracted from the measurements related to specific modes is utilized in a more beneficial way. For modeling of joints, the numerical model of a truss structure includes rotational springs of variable stiffness to represent semi-rigid connections. Moreover, a fixity factor is introduced for practical estimation of the joint flexibility. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is demonstrated by case studies involving simulated and laboratory experimental data.
This paper describes the experimental calibration of an existing Wiegmann–Polonceau roof truss based on modal parameters. Dynamic tests allowed the determination of the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the global truss and of individual truss members. The global and local modal configurations as well as coupled vibration of truss members are discussed. In addition, as truss members are axially loaded, the effect of stress stiffening on the modal parameters is considered. Moreover, several finite element models with different modelling assumptions for the details of the connections and member geometrical characteristics such as gusset plates and turnbuckles were developed. A suitable numerical model was chosen to represent the truss structural behavior. This paper focuses on the local measurement and analysis strategies applied to single truss members. The possibility of using a local analysis method, namely methods that consider individual members as part of a structure, is demonstrated to assess the behavior of the global truss structure. The comparison of the results after calibration reveals a very good correlation between the experimentally identified and numerically estimated modal parameters of the historic truss.
Weitreichende Wirtschafts- und Bildungsreformen schufen im 19. Jahrhundert die Grundlagen für die rasche Entwicklung Deutschlands von einem rückständigen Agrarland zu einer führenden Industrienation. Die deutsche Brückenbaukunst erhob sich über ihr vormals unbedeutendes Niveau und setzte insbesondere hinsichtlich statisch-konstruktiver Kriterien neue Maßstäbe. Baustatische Methoden begannen, die bis dahin weitgehend empirischen Entwurfsansätze abzulösen. Der Beitrag thematisiert den zunehmenden Einfluss mathematisch geschulter Ingenieure bei der wissenschaftlichen Durchdringung eines wichtigen konstruktiven Brückendetails – der Bemessung beweglicher Brückenlager aus Eisen und Stahl. Dabei steht die Dimensionierung der sensiblen Kontaktbereiche zwischen den Lagerwalzen und -platten im Mittelpunkt der Auseinandersetzung. Hierfür vertrauten die Brückenbauer lange Zeit einfachen, empirisch begründeten Formeln. Doch seit den 1860er Jahren erschienen unterschiedliche mathematisch-mechanisch hergeleitete Ansätze, um auch bei der Bemessung der Kontaktbereiche dem inzwischen gestiegenen Anspruch von Wissenschaftlichkeit gerecht zu werden. Kern der Auseinandersetzung im Beitrag bildet die noch im 19. Jahrhundert zur mathematisch exakten Beschreibung von Kontaktvorgängen entwickelte Theorie des Physikers Heinrich Hertz. Der Beitrag zeichnet nach, wie sich seine Theorie für die Bemessung von Brückenlagern im 20. Jahrhundert durchsetzen konnte. Das Ergebnis war eine bemerkenswerte Verflechtung von Theorie und Empirie, die bis heute die Lagerbemessung prägt.
The introduction of Reinforced Concrete in Berlin - A Close Reading of Historic Statistical Data
(2017)
Angesichts der zunehmenden Sanierungs- und Ertüchtigungs-maßnahmen an bestehenden Brückenbauwerken muss auch der Zustand der vorhandenen historischen Brückenlager beurteilt werden. Mangels verlässlicher Grund¬lagen bleiben hierbei oft Fragen unbeantwortet, zum Beispiel zu den Möglichkeiten einer minimal-invasiven Untersuchung des Lager¬werkstoffs. Gerade hier setzen die Einbaugegebenheiten werk¬stoff-lich und statisch-konstruktiv bedingte Grenzen für eine Probenentnahme.
Am Beispiel des ab ca. 1880 üblicherweise für Lager verwendeten Werkstoffs Stahlguss zeigt der Beitrag die Möglich¬keit auf, mittels Kleinstzugproben und durch Rückgriff auf den thermo-elastischen Effekt wichtige Aus¬sagen zum Werkstoffverhalten zu erhalten. Der Artikel erläutert Methodik und diskutiert Ergebnisse thermomechanischer Messungen zur verlässlichen Bestimmung der Streckgrenze des Werkstoffs, die wiederum präzise Aussagen zu dessen Tragfähigkeit ermöglicht. Damit zeigt der Beitrag eine interessante und viel-versprechende Option für eine minimal-invasive Bauteiluntersuchung auf – auch über den Werkstoff Stahlguss hinaus.
Für die Versuche stand eine Vielzahl historischer Brücken¬lager zur Verfügung; als Referenzwerte dienten Ergebnisse aus standardisierten Zugversuchen mit normgerechten Flachproben.
Grundlage für den Beitrag bilden Untersuchungen im Rahmen einer Masterarbeit, die 2014 aufbauend auf Erkenntnissen eines zuvor ab¬ge-schlos¬senen DFG-Forschungsprojekts „Realitätsnahe statisch-konstruk-tive Bewertung histo¬rischer Brückenlager“ an der BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg entstand.
„Ruhelos und unsteten Sinnes“ – Zur Bedeutung des Stahlbetonpioniers Gustav Adolf Wayss (1851–1917)
(2017)
Gustav Adolf Wayss, Herausgeber der bekannten „Monierbroschüre“ von 1887 und Mitbegründer einiger der bedeutendsten Stahlbetonfirmen, gehört zu den umstrittensten Protagonisten des frühen Stahlbetonbaus in Deutschland. Teile der Literatur feiern ihn als erfolgreichen Ingenieur, der zentrale Grundlagen für die Einführung des Stahlbetonbaus gelegt hat. Andere Texte charakterisieren ihn als schlecht ausgebildeten Ingenieur, der wegen seines unsteten Charakters geschäftlich nicht langfristig erfolgreich war. Im Blick war bisher vor allem der Zeitraum um das Erscheinen der Monierbroschüre. Anlässlich des hundertsten Todestags beschäftigt sich der vorliegende Artikel mit Wayss’ gesamtem Leben und Wirken, um einen neuen Blick auf
diesen Ingenieur zu ermöglichen. Weiterhin zeigt die Auseinandersetzung mit Wayss auch, wie Bautechnikgeschichte
geschrieben wird.
Safety evaluation of truss structures depends upon the determination of the axial forces and corresponding stresses in axially loaded members. Due to presence of damages, change in intended use, increase in service loads or accidental actions, structural assessment of existing truss structures is necessary. Precise identification of the stresses plays a crucial role for the preservation of historic truss structures. The assessment measures require non-destructiveness, minimum intervention and practical applicability.
Motivated by the preservation of existing truss−type constructions composed of axially loaded slender members, the present work aims to develop a non-destructive methodology to identify the axial forces or corresponding stress states in iron and steel truss structures. The approach is based on vibration measurements and the finite element method combined with optimization techniques.
After a state of the art review, numerical and experimental studies were carried out on different partial systems of truss-type structures. The examined aspects included the effects of structural loading on the dynamic performance of truss structures, modelling of joint connections, mode pairing criteria, selection of updating parameters and definition of an objective function, as well as the use of different optimization techniques.
A methodology consisted of a two-stage model updating procedure using optimization techniques was proposed for the determination of multiple member axial forces and estimation of the joint flexibility of truss-type constructions. In the first stage optimization, the validation criterion is based on the experimentally identified global natural frequencies and mode shapes of the truss. Additionally, the axial forces in selected individual members of the truss are used. They are estimated from the natural frequencies and five amplitudes of the corresponding local mode shapes of the members using an analytically−based algorithm. Based on the results of the identified axial forces in the first stage, a second optimization procedure for the joint stiffness is performed. In this stage, the modal parameters of the global natural frequencies and mode shapes are used as validation criterion.
From the results of the investigated systems, the identified axial forces by the proposed methodology agree well with the experimentally measured axial forces. Furthermore, recommendations are given in the work for a guideline of measuring concepts and assessment strategies applied to existing iron and steel truss-type structures.
www.hivobau.de - Ein Online-Archiv für historische Vorschriften im Bauwesen – Aufruf zur Mitarbeit!
(2016)
Bridge bearings made of iron or steel, first used in early railroad bridges about 150 years ago, are relatively small
structural components that support the loads of bridge superstructures. Fixed bearings directly transfer forces from a bridges superstructure to its substructure. Movable bearings, such as sliding bearing plates, rollers and rockers, accommodate the thermal expansion of the superstructure without transferring it to the substructure. Rocker bearings tilt to accommodate thermal movement, theoretically without imposing stresses on the substructure. This paper concerns rocker bearings which are non-redundant components and have two states: stable and toppled over. When these bearings topple over, no alternate load paths exist, which results in a failed superstructure. As such, rocker bearings are critical bridge components. An overview is given of the history of use and failures of rocker bearings from nineteenth-century railroad bridges to US highway bridges with tall and slender rocker bearings that date from the late 1950s.
During the Late Period in Egypt (664–332 BC), a new type of temple enclosure wall occurs throughout the country that is unprecedented in size and form. In past research, the form of these wave-shaped walls has been interpreted both technically and symbolically. However, a homogeneous concept in the evaluation of this novel construction technique is still absent.
In the context of the ongoing efforts to maintain historic bridges still in use the corresponding bearings made from historic iron or steel have re-entered the perception of engineers. For the structural assessment of the bearings it is essential to find a procedure that allows for identifiying the material properties, while being minimally invasive at the same time. However, in particular the investigation of cast steel, which had become the material most widely employed for bearings by the end of the 19th century, has been largely neglected in technical literature until now. The paper presents results of hardness measurements to determine the tensile strength of bridge bearings made from cast steel. The emphasis was on finding the appropriate measurement method and to define requirements with regard to an adequate surface preparation. The tests showed that hardness measurements with the Leeb-method yield very good results for assessing the tensile strength of historic bearings material. The investigations were part of a research project performed at BTU Brandenburgische Technische Universität in co-operation with BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing in Berlin and were funded by the DFG German Research Foundation. The tests to evaluate the potential of hardness measurements were carried out at and supported by the BLOCK Materialprüfungsgesellschaft mbH Berlin.
Franz Dischinger
(2016)
Islamic crossed-arch vaults in Gothic and Renaissance: a problem in building technology transfer
(2015)
Early Prefabricated Iron-Ribbed Domes: St. Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg, Russia, 1838 - 1841
(2015)
Innovation And Standstill - Early application And Development Of The "MONIER System" In Berlin
(2015)
Editorial
(2015)