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Staatsrecht : Lehrbuch
(2024)
Pursuing Societal Transformation in Coal Mining Regions through Education and Knowledge Transfer
(2024)
Paris Agreement
(2022)
Geothermal data collection is subject to fragmented reporting in global energy reviews. This problem arises from discussions about the future of the geothermal energy industry, its trends and how to represent it in the renewable energy transition. The aim of this study is to outline the process of global geothermal data collection and analyse the data reporting systems. A metamodel is proposed to run a comparative analysis between selected entities that report data both for geothermal power and geothermal heat. A complimentary statistical analysis is carried out on these entities. Our findings show considerable data inconsistency, a lack of standardized definitions and a misalignment of collection methodologies. This leads to incomplete geothermal data reporting. Specifically, the revision of geothermal heat data collection should be prioritized.
Der Gesetzgeber hat die Frage der bauplanungsrechtlichen Zulässigkeit von Windenergieanlagen im Außenbereich mit dem Wind-an-Land-Gesetz grundlegend reformiert. Die wesentlichen bauplanungsrechtlichen Neuregelungen wurden in Teil 1 des Beitrags in KlimaRZ 2023, S. 51 ff. dargestellt. Anknüpfend daran unternimmt der vorliegende Teil 2 des Beitrags nach einem kurzen Abriss über die Übergangsregelung des § 245e BauGB den Versuch einer kritischen Bewertung der Neuregelung.
Climate change will cause migration and will cause numerous cliamte refugees. At the moment, this term is widely used, but not defined at all. Second, it is so far unclear if there is a legal framework to rcognise those who have to leave their home because of climate change. This contribution analyses the current legal framework and suggest a separate regulation under the Framework Convention on Climate Change
Wetland is an essential ecosystem that provides numerous goods and services such as tourism and recreation, water purification, and groundwater recharge. It also acts as a carbon sink, which means that it is an essential asset in reducing the level of greenhouse gases in the environment. Despite the value, wetlands are disappearing at a fast rate, however, the need to ascertain the state of Upper Orsahi forest reserve wetland with respect to wetlands change. To ascertain the net and transition change detection in the wetland area of the Upper Orashi Forest Wetland, land cover classification change was performed using Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing methods, particularly the supervised classification of land cover data for 2002, 2013, and 2019. The land cover was classified into three classes: wetland, thick vegetation and light vegetation. The result shows a significant degradation of the Upper Orashi forest reserve wetlands within the study period. The data from the questionnaire is to know which sector and activities in the area result in wetland loss. The result shows that industrial sector is the major driver of wetland loss in the area, while the activities include; building of industries, installation of oil and gas facilities, and agriculture. This means that the available laws used to manage Nigeria's wetlands are ineffective. However, there is an urgent need to enact a new regulation for effective/sustainable management of wetlands in the country.
Der zügige Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien ist nicht nur als Antwort auf die energiewirtschaftlichen Folgen des Ukrainekriegs erforderlich, sondern auch, um die Entscheidung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts vom 24.03.2021 umzusetzen. Diese, in Bezug auf die Forderung nach deutlicher Verschärfung der Anstrengungen zum Klimaschutz, so nicht erwartete Entscheidung wurde mit allerlei Superlativen ausgezeichnet. Das im Beitrag besprochene sog. Wind-an-Land-Gesetz (WaLG) ist also auch eine Antwort auf diese Entscheidung. Neben Änderungen des Naturschutzrechts sowie einer Novellierung des EEG wurde hierfür insb. das (Bau-)Planungsrecht für Windenergieanlagen an Land grundlegend reformiert sowie das Windenergieflächenbedarfsgesetz (WindBG) eingeführt. Die Neuregelung trat am 01.02.2023 in Kraft.
Forest degradation occurs in natural World Heritage Sites (WHS) in the Global South despite the implementation of various strategic policies and the World Heritage Convention (WHC) on forest protections of the sites and this poses challenges to improve natural heritage sustainability. The current study aims to investigate spatial determinants of forest degradation in the Kilimanjaro WHS, Tanzania, to support strategic policies for forest landscape protection and natural heritage sustainability. Using remotely sensed, Digital Elevation Model, and tourism location data, we performed the supervised classification of satellite images, Digital Elevation, Euclidean distance, and linear regression modeling to identify spatial determinants of forest degradation. Our key findings indicated that while spatial determinants vary with different locations, human (tourism) activities e.g., developments of campsites, picnics, tourist routes, the historical site, and attraction areas are associated with forest degradation in the southern parts of the site. In addition to human activities, natural factors such as low levels of elevation and degrees of slope are associated with forest degradation at the site. However, in the northwest and southwest of the site, high degrees of slope are associated with the degradation. Our findings showed that while bare land surface encroached the primary forest with about 2.88%, moorland vegetation encroached the primary forest with about 16.95%, indicating a large degradation of the primary forest with about 19.83% for the past four decades. The information provided in this study is crucial to support site managers and decision-makers in strategic policies and WHC implementations on forest protection for natural heritage sustainability.
Waste production remains an inevitable part of human activity on earth. The history of waste reveals that high levels of urbanisation, sustained urban growth and increasing residential neighbourhoods remain commensurate to poor sanitation and quality of life if proper measures are not taken. This pa per therefore examines the legal practices involved in waste management and to understand the challenges faced as well as propose solutions towards an improved waste management system. The work constitutes mainly secondary source data that includes the existing laws on waste management in Came roon and other documents relating to waste from different ministries. The residents of Buea and workers of the waste management company were inter viewed to get their views on waste management in Buea. Also, field observa tions were made to compare results with field realities. The collected data was analysed using the content analysis and descriptive techniques. Results ob tained proved that there exist well stated laws for waste management in Ca meroon. However, there is poor implementation of the existing laws with evi dence of waste littering within neighbourhoods and along the streets. This study concludes that there should be proper sensitization of the public about existing laws and to strengthen the waste management process with use of the laws. An all-integrated approach with active community participation was rec ommended as a way out towards sustainable waste management in Buea
Das Projekt DiDaT hat sich zum Ziel gesetzt, die zentralen Auswirkungen und Nebenwirkungen ("Unseens" genannt), die sich aus den Wechselwirkungen des Besitzes/Eigentums, des ökonomischen Wertes, der Nutzung und dem Zugang zu digitalen Daten ergeben, zu erforschen, deren Wirkungen zu bewerten und Orientierungen zur Entwicklung von Strategien zu entwickeln.
This volume is the result of two conferences that have been organised by two departments of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg (BTU), Cottbus, Germany – Department of Public Law, with Focus on Environmental and Planning Law at the Faculty of Business, Law and Social Sciences, and the Department of Environmental Planning at the Faculty of Environment and Natural Sciences. The conferences were carried out in 2019 in the framework of two cooperation projects financed by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) with the Ss. Cyril and Methodius University Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia (project “Transposition of the acquis communautaire in Macedonia”) and the National Technical University “Dnipro Polytechnic”, Dnipro, Ukraine (project “Challenges of Sustainability in the Industrial Sector in Countries with Economies in Transition”). BTU itself, situated in the city of Cottbus, closely to the German-Polish border, has a long history of cooperation with Eastern European universities. The overall terms of the projects were related to the transposition of the acquis communautaire in the European Union accession process of North Macedonia as well as under the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement. Thus, the compliance with EU regulations is an urgent and also partially challenging issue in the accession process and subject to discussion in policy, society and science. The accession process refers to all kinds of sectors, but the environmental sector is one of the sectors that require substantial efforts from the candidate countries. Another, politically important issue was in recent years – and it will regain high relevance in the future – the question of migration and the treatment of refugee issues. Here, North Macedonia is one of the countries on the “Balkan route”, stuck with the difficulties of organising, food, accommodation, transport and generally security for those refugees migrating from Greece via North Macedonia and Serbia to the EU mainland. It is worth mentioning that the cooperation with the Dnipro Polytechnic (former National Mining University) in Dnipro goes back to 1998. And also the cooperation with the Ss. Cyril and Methodius University Skopje – even though compared to the BTU-NMU-cooperation it seems to be rather young – has been developing for the last three years including various activities, such as joint publications, project applications as well as student and academic staff exchange. In the course of the joint project with North Macedonia, several activities of exchange were organised, including the involvement of neighbouring countries, e.g. Albania and Kosovo. Beside the aforementioned conferences, several joint study projects, summer schools and seminars have been carried out. These conference proceedings give an insight to the perspectives of various researchers from candidate countries in the EU accession as well as association process whose voices are sometimes overseen. But such perspectives are of undoubted importance for understanding objections, delays, shortcomings and points of discussion in the accession and association process which should, finally, create a win-win-situation for the candidate countries as well as for the EU. All contributions in this volume represent the personal opinions of their authors. Despite all reasonable efforts, the editors cannot guarantee the accuracy of all information and data provided in this publication.
§ 72 Hochwasser
(2021)
Die im Abschnitt 6 des Wasserhaushaltsgesetz des Bundes geregelten Vorschriften zum Schutz vor Hochwasser regeln den Hochwasserschutz in Deutschland. Sie beruhen zum großen Teil auf europäischen Vorschriften, insbesondere dienen sie der Umsetzung der Hochwasserschutzrichtlinie 2007/60/EG, enthalten aber zusätzlich Schutzvorschriften ordnungs- und planungsrechtlicher Art. § 72 WHG definiert den Begriff des Hochwassers
Die im Abschnitt 6 des Wasserhaushaltsgesetzes des Bundes geregelten Vorschriften zum Schutz vor Hochwasser regeln den Hochwasserschutz in Deutschland. Sie beruhen zum großen Teil auf europäischen Vorschriften, insbesondere dienen sie der Umsetzung der Hochwasserschutzrichtlinie 2007/60/EG, enthalten aber zusätzlich Schutzvorschriften ordnungs- und planungsrechtlicher Art. § 73 ist die Grundvorschrift zur Bewertung von Hochwasserrisiken
Die im Abschnitt 6 des Wasserhaushaltsgesetzes des Bundes geregelten Vorschriften zum Schutz vor Hochwasser regeln den Hochwasserschutz in Deutschland. Sie beruhen zum großen Teil auf europäischen Vorschriften, insbesondere dienen sie der Umsetzung der Hochwasserschutzrichtlinie 2007/60/EG, enthalten aber zusätzlich Schutzvorschriften ordnungs- und planungsrechtlicher Art. § 74 WHG definiert Gefahrenkarten und Risikokarten und beschreibet deren Inhalte
§ 75 Risikomanagementpläne
(2021)
Die im Abschnitt 6 des Wasserhaushaltsgesetzes des Bundes geregelten Vorschriften zum Schutz vor Hochwasser regeln den Hochwasserschutz in Deutschland. Sie beruhen zum großen Teil auf europäischen Vorschriften, insbesondere dienen sie der Umsetzung der Hochwasserschutzrichtlinie 2007/60/EG, enthalten aber zusätzlich Schutzvorschriften ordnungs- und planungsrechtlicher Art. § 75 enthält die Regelungen zum (Hochwasser-)Risikomanagementplan, die im vorliegenden Beitrag kommentiert wird.
Die im Abschnitt 6 des Wasserhaushaltsgesetzes des Bundes geregelten Vorschriften zum Schutz vor Hochwasser regeln den Hochwasserschutz in Deutschland. Sie beruhen zum großen Teil auf europäischen Vorschriften, insbesondere dienen sie der Umsetzung der Hochwasserschutzrichtlinie 2007/60/EG, enthalten aber zusätzlich Schutzvorschriften ordnungs- und planungsrechtlicher Art. § 76 WHG behandelt die Kategorie der sog. Überschwemmungsgebiete, die vorliegend kommentiert werden.
Die im Abschnitt 6 des Wasserhaushaltsgesetzes des Bundes geregelten Vorschriften zum Schutz vor Hochwasser regeln den Hochwasserschutz in Deutschland. Sie beruhen zum großen Teil auf europäischen Vorschriften, insbesondere dienen sie der Umsetzung der Hochwasserschutzrichtlinie 2007/60/EG, enthalten aber zusätzlich Schutzvorschriften ordnungs- und planungsrechtlicher Art. § 78a WHG enthält sonstige Schutzvorschriften für festgesetzte Überschwemmungsgebiete, baut also auf § 76 WHG auf und ergänzt § 78 WHG, der Beschränkungen des kommunalen Bauplanungsrechts in Überschwemmungsgebieten regelt.
Die im Abschnitt 6 des Wasserhaushaltsgesetzes des Bundes geregelten Vorschriften zum Schutz vor Hochwasser regeln den Hochwasserschutz in Deutschland. Sie beruhen zum großen Teil auf europäischen Vorschriften, insbesondere dienen sie der Umsetzung der Hochwasserschutzrichtlinie 2007/60/EG, enthalten aber zusätzlich Schutzvorschriften ordnungs- und planungsrechtlicher Art. § 78b WHG enthält Regelungen zu sog. Risikogebieten außerhalb von Überschwemmungsgebieten, die hier kommentiert werden
Die im Abschnitt 6 des Wasserhaushaltsgesetzes des Bundes geregelten Vorschriften zum Schutz vor Hochwasser regeln den Hochwasserschutz in Deutschland. Sie beruhen zum großen Teil auf europäischen Vorschriften, insbesondere dienen sie der Umsetzung der Hochwasserschutzrichtlinie 2007/60/EG, enthalten aber zusätzlich Schutzvorschriften ordnungs- und planungsrechtlicher Art. § 78c WHG regelt die Zulässigkeit des Betriebs und des Einbaus von Heizölverbraucheranlagen, bzw. deren grundsätzliche Unzulässigkeit in Überschwemmungsgebieten und weiteren Risikogebieten.
Die im Abschnitt 6 des Wasserhaushaltsgesetzes des Bundes geregelten Vorschriften zum Schutz vor Hochwasser regeln den Hochwasserschutz in Deutschland. Sie beruhen zum großen Teil auf europäischen Vorschriften, insbesondere dienen sie der Umsetzung der Hochwasserschutzrichtlinie 2007/60/EG, enthalten aber zusätzlich Schutzvorschriften ordnungs- und planungsrechtlicher Art. § 79 WHG regelt die Information der Bewertung nach § 73 Abs. 1 WHG sowie der Gefahren- und Risikokarten nach § 74 WHG und die "aktive" Beteiligung.
§ 80 Koordinierung
(2021)
Die im Abschnitt 6 des Wasserhaushaltsgesetzes des Bundes geregelten Vorschriften zum Schutz vor Hochwasser regeln den Hochwasserschutz in Deutschland. Sie beruhen zum großen Teil auf europäischen Vorschriften, insbesondere dienen sie der Umsetzung der Hochwasserschutzrichtlinie 2007/60/EG, enthalten aber zusätzlich Schutzvorschriften ordnungs- und planungsrechtlicher Art. § 80 WHG regelt die Koordinierung zwischen Risikomanagementplänen nach § 74 WHG und Bewirtschaftungsplänen nach $§ 83 WHG sowie die Zuständigkeiten
Die im Abschnitt 6 des Wasserhaushaltsgesetzes des Bundes geregelten Vorschriften zum Schutz vor Hochwasser regeln den Hochwasserschutz in Deutschland. Sie beruhen zum großen Teil auf europäischen Vorschriften, insbesondere dienen sie der Umsetzung der Hochwasserschutzrichtlinie 2007/60/EG, enthalten aber zusätzlich Schutzvorschriften ordnungs- und planungsrechtlicher Art. § 81 WHG enthält eine Regelung für den Konfliktfall zwischen mehreren Bundesländern in Bezug auf den Hochwasserschutz, nämlich, dass die Bundesregierung hier vermitteln soll. Diese Vorschrift wurde vorliegend kommentiert.
The history of relations between the European Union and China represents an endless source of diverse analytic approaches and possibilities of creating appropriate evaluations and projections based on historical and actual happenings that concerns both analyzed subjects. Various literature depending on the sources and affiliation of the authors points out to the different approach in the analysis of the historical retrospective of the relations between the European Union and China which covers different scientific fields from politics, geopolitics, geostrategic to possibly the most important economic premises on their continuous process of cooperation. The main thesis in the whole research efforts divided in two papers is related with the question could EU and China be strategic partners and contribute in the creation of a constructive world order? The research in this paper is done based on the overall available literature which the authors could gather. Initially, accessing to the open Internet resources and as well as the official websites of the European Union and China. Consequently, sources of official media portals and analytical centers were used in the research. The entire material is analyzed with an appropriate methodological framework whereupon the obtained results represent an original scientific effort.
Wetlands are essential subsystem of the general ecosystem with so many
functions; like purification and sustenance of ground and surface water resources on earth, and its numerous services that it offers to animal, plant, human (local communities) and the nation’s economy at large. The issue of wetland degradation and wetland loss started when the world was seeing wetlands as unproductive, unhealthy land full of snakes and crocodiles. Niger Delta wetland ecosystem is a very rich and important ecosystem in Nigeria, it harbours some endemic spices both flora and fauna, a hotspot for biodiversity and it is of high economic value for the local communities. This paper reviews that changes have occurred in the study area and the Niger Delta wetlands. The changes were identified to be as a result of human activities (anthropogenic activities) and the ongoing environmental pressure resulting from the large scale oil exploration and exploitation, pipeline installation, urban expansion and agriculture. These were identified as some of the major threats to Apoi creek forest wetland. These findings were obtained after analysing the data obtained which helped to raise awareness that can assist to effectively monitor, protect and conserve the wetland ecosystem.
African coastal areas are increasingly prone to coastal challenges. The Niger Delta coastal areas are exposed to physical alterations due to natural and anthropogenic influences. In addition to current and projected extreme events such as flooding, erosion, sea-level rise, and heat waves, other conflicting factors increasing the vulnerability of the coastal Niger Delta range from the rapid shift in demography, urbanization, unsustainable land use, and inadequate implementation of relevant policies to oil spillage and gas flaring. All these issues, in addition to climate variability, increase the vulnerability and threaten the resilience of the human and natural environment. This chapter highlights the effects of climate- and weather-related extremes in the vulnerable riparian Niger Delta, based on existing facts and an empirical study, which gives insight on institutional challenges derived from the views of relevant technocrats, nongovernmental organizations, and stakeholders. Analysis of stakeholder views indicates some weaknesses and potential strengths of relevant institutions in addressing climate change issues through effective governance. Hence, scaling up institutional capabilities would enhance the resilience of communities and improve adaptive capacities. Key strengths involve employing existing institutional frameworks under relevant MDAs to climate-proof future coastal, riverbank, or lakeshores development.
Public Participation
(2021)
Net Zero Emission
(2020)
Bamako Convention
(2021)
Greenhouse Effect
(2021)
Paris Agreement
(2020)
Die Verfasser untersuchen, ob normenkontrollgerichtlich für unwirksam erklärte regionalplanerische Windkonzentrationsflächenausweisungen bis zur Rechtskraft der Entscheidung weiter verbindlich sind? Hintergrund ist, dass immer wieder Regionalpläne mit Festsetzungen zur Steuerung der Standorte von Windenergieanlagen i.S.v. § 35 Abs. 3 Satz 3 BauGB normenkontrollgerichtlich für unwirksam erklärt werden. Da gegen diese Entscheidung nach § 132 Abs. 1 VwGO jedoch das Rechtsmittel der Revision offenstehe, stelle sich in der Praxis die Frage, ob ein für unwirksam erklärter Regionalplan bis zum Eintritt der Rechtskraft der Normenkontrollentscheidung dennoch zunächst weiter anzuwenden sei.
In recent years, development has been witnessed in the market expansion of agricultural inputs and products including substances and materials that improve the functioning of the soil, plants, and the interactions between soil and plant. This is a very broad category of products and substances that often bring innovative solutions in the field of fertilization and crop protection. The objective of this study is to improve the production of the market garden where tomato plants in nurseries from powders of two green algae Ulva lactuca and Ulva intestinalis, harvested as biofertilizers in the west coast of Mostaganem province at North-Western Algeria. They have minimal effects on the environment, including soil, subterranean water, river, and estuary ecosystems such as the Cheliff river, biodiversity, and global warming. The experimental part was carried out following the method of extraction of algae and used as a biofertilizer on the tomato to its simplicity and accuracy, which is the subject of the study of the germination, growth, and the development of young plants. The results show that the powders obtained from the Ulva lactuca algae and used as biofertilizers are the most suitable to increase the growth of plants in the case of tomato in our study, which means a remarkable increase in stem length by compared to the other treatments with averages of 17.75 cm, 16 cm length of stem/plant, while the other treatments (Enteromorpha intestinalis, mixture, and reference) gave 14.75; 13.87; 13.65 cm length of stem/plant.
Fossil fuel such as coal, natural gas, oil and recently shale gas are perhaps the most economically viable means for energy generation but are laden with inexhaustible environmental consequences. Thus, biofuel development has received tremendous support from all quarters in response to quest for energy security and clean energy. However, the rapid rate of development of bioenergy has also raised concern chiefly for its nexus with food security with some scholar considering it a disaster especially for countries in the global south. Due to her prime location along the equator, and the generally favourable climatic conditions all through the year, Nigeria is considered to have enormous potential for bioenergy development. Unfortunately, Nigeria is also highly ranked in the 2018 Global Hunger Index (GHI) of International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Rested mainly on exploratory approach, this study analyses the bioenergy potential of Nigeria and the implications of the fast-rising market on food security in the Nigerian context. Critical investigation on the food crop-bioenergy trade-offs was conducted while bioenergy development implications were analysed in the context of the four dimensions of food security. Lastly, mitigative measures to bioenergy development impacts were discussed and one key proposition is need to strengthen the second and third generation technology for biofuel production in Nigeria.
Climate change incorporation in environmental assessment is a growing research area, particularly following the Paris agreement. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is considered in many quarters to be an important tool in factoring climate-related components in the planning and design of a project. However, many recent researches have shown that EIA has, so far, struggled in the attempt to incorporate climate change into its procedures. This study is an attempt to evaluate the level of consideration of climate change in the EIA process in Nigeria, with particular focus on the Niger Delta region. The result of this quantitative research shows that there is a poor political will to address climate change, as reflected in the absence of climate change requirements in the EIA guidelines of Nigeria. Although, there is a growing trend in the pattern of consideration of climate change in the EIA procedures, the overall level of consideration is still a far cry from the requirements if EIA is to be considered to be an important tool in addressing challenges of climate change in Nigeria.
This study was carried out in the Cheliff estuary and adjacent coastal areas to determine in particular the impact of environmental stress on the biodiversity of the Western-Algerian littoral Polychaeta, with the motive to analyze the health status of the marine ecosystem as bio-indicator species of pollution. Monitoring took place in five stations (Sokhra, Hadjaj, Salamandre, and Sonactere) during the wet and dry seasons in 2014 respectively, including Cheliff estuary as a reference site and the other four coastal sites. We detected in total, four taxa comprising 392 individuals. The taxa having the highest frequency rate were Nereis virens (62%), Nereis diversicolor (58%), Nereis falsa (43%), and Nereis pelagica (51%). We noted low Polychaeta abundances in Sokhra and Hadjaj stations, in the Eastern area of Cheliff Estuary with a high pH, OS, DO, and Chlorophyll “a”. Cheliff Estuary has high nutrients, N. diversicolor, and N. virens values. The sites Salamandre and Sonactere in the Western part of the Cheliff Estuary have high BOD, COD, PO4, suspended solids, turbidity, N. pelagica, and N. falsa. The data monitoring and analysis of the stations based on similarities of Annelida communities show the link between the components of the environment and the biodiversity abundance.
Eintritt der Bekanntgabefiktion des § 41 Abs. 4 BWVwVfG - Amtliche Veröffentlichungen im Internet.
(2020)
Beteiligung der Öffentlichkeit am immissionsschutzrechtlichen Genehmigungsverfahren im Pandemiefall
(2020)
The Human Right to a Healthy Environment in Cameroon: An Environmental Constitutionalism Perspective
(2019)
Windkraftanlagen werden zunehmend in geringerem Abstand voneinander errichtet. Wird nun eine neue Anlage so errichtet, dass es zu Turbulenzen kommen kann, die eine Gefahr für die Standsicherheit für andere Anlagen darstellt, ist, ist zu klären, welcher Anlagenbetreiber hier verantwortlich ist. Der Beitrag untersucht die rechtliche Beurteilung dieser sehr praxisrelevanten Frage
Die öffentliche Bekanntmachung von immissionsschutzrechtlichen Genehmigungen ist nicht nur im förmlichen Verfahren vorgeschrieben, sondern auch im vereinfachten Verfahren möglich, wenn der Betreiber der Anlage das beantragt. Die Frage ist, welche Rechtswirkungen dies nach sich zieht. Dieser Frage geht der Beitrag nach.
Die Unterscheidung harter und weicher Tabukriterien als Problem der Windkonzentrationsflächenplanung
(2019)
Die Planung von Konzentrationsflächen für die Windkraftnutzung ist eine wichtige Aufgabe der Regionalplanung. Dabei ist in Bezug auf verschiedene Ansprüche zwischen harten und weichen Tabukriterien zu unterscheiden. Erstere schließen eine Nutzung für Windkraft aus, zweitere setzen einen weiteren Abwägungsschritt voraus, bei dem im Einzelfall Flächen ausgeschieden werden oder der Windkraft zur Verfügung gestellt werden können. Fraglich ist, ob die fälschliche Einordung eines harten Tabus als weiches Tabu automatisch zu einem Planungsfehler führt, wie dies die Rechtsprechung z.T. annimmt. Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich kritisch mit dieser Einschätzung und weist alternative Lösungswege auf.
Contamination of surface and underground water by sea level rise, surface runoff, and land use activities such as industrial and agricultural activities can lead to water scarcity. Water could be available and accessible but not suitable for human use. In the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region countries, the agriculture sector depends massively on water for farming activities, which consumes about 80% of the available water resources. In this context, the issue of environmental water scarcity is under highlighted, though the use of this term itself is still lacking in an international context (FAO). Meanwhile, the international goal of universal access to clean freshwater is included in global development targets (SDGs). This study provides some insights and deepens our understanding on environmental water scarcity, particularly MEN-A region countries. This review paper begins with an introduction to water scarcity and continues with a discussion of environmental issues associated with water scarcity in MENA region countries. Finally, we suggest some adaptive measures in two distinct areas such as agriculture sectors and policy makers and conclude that the lack of implementation of this particular term is hindering sustainable development in MENA region countries.
Background: A major problem with farming systems is the deficiencies in phosphorus (P) due to fixation in soils, erosion and run-off, and exports of herbal and animal products. P resources for the compensation of these losses will sooner or later be depleted. For this reason, innovative ideas for phosphorus recycling are highly relevant. The P excess from farming systems mostly ends up in surface waters, leads to eutrophication, and promotes the growth of aquatic plants. Particularly invasive neophytes such as western waterweed (Elodea nuttallii) can rapidly generate high levels of biomass in waters with good nutrient supply and bind relevant amounts of phosphorus.
Methods: In the renatured open-pit mine Goitzsche (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany), biomass from E. nuttallii was harvested (2005–2008) and the biomass dry matter and the P concentration were determined. The phosphorus recovery potential from this plant biomass was calculated by extrapolation based on the phosphorus analyses and the area potentially populated by E. nuttallii. One analysis of E. nuttallii was conducted to evaluate the content of potentially toxic elements (PTEs).
Results: The results showed that with 0.5 to 6.3 kg P/Mg of total solid (dry matter), E. nuttallii could have a high potential to recycle phosphorus, e.g., by anaerobic digestion and digestate fertilization. Lake Goitzsche offered an annual recovery potential from 0.5 to 1.7 Mg phosphorus in the investigation period. This could meet the needs of 114-ha organic farming land based on a 7 kg/(ha*year) regional phosphorus deficit. The digestate of E. nuttallii is very well suited as a fertilizer due to its high phosphorus concentration. The concentrations of PTEs in the current digestate (related to an individual case) are sufficient for legal admission in Germany. In this study, nickel was above the threshold values for Germany. The elevated nickel levels in the Elodea biomass correspond to the geogenic high nickel concentrations in the sediment of this lake.
Conclusions: Aquatic macrophytes have a significant potential for recovering phosphorus from waters and sediments of relevant phosphorus concentrations. Further studies of surface water zones, particularly with regard to the aquatic plant biomass and phosphorus concentration of sediments, are needed to assess future exploration.
Irrigated agriculture management is still not effective in Ghana. The growing recognition of irrigation problems and its impact on the economy and environment have prompted the government of Ghana to implement plans and strategies to encourage new developments and technologies to promote sustainable irrigated agriculture. The study aims at identifying sustainable ways in promoting irrigated agriculture in Ghana. literature search and thematic analysis of the literature were used and the themes identified provide the basis for the study. The results were that sustainability can be achieved if there is effective WUA management, strong irrigation facility, effective farmers training, improving extension capacity to deliver, sustainable irrigation techniques and effective collaboration. In conclusion, irrigation sectors should take full advantage of abundant water resource in Ghana and ensure that irrigation is handled in a way that protects the environment for the present generation without compromising the benefits of the future generations.