FG Thermische Energietechnik
Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
Way of publication
- Open Access (2)
Keywords
- Elektrolyse (2)
- Kraftwerk (2)
- Simulation (2)
- Alkalische Reaktion (1)
- Braunkohle (1)
- Brennkammer (1)
- CCS Kraftwerk (1)
- CCS; Flexibility; Post combustion capture; Oxyfuel; Solvent storage; Pipeline (1)
- Coal Combustion (1)
- Cycling (1)
Institute
BTU
- an der BTU erstellt / created at BTU (102) (remove)
The German Energiewende is resulting in high grid load changes caused by renewable energies. Therefore flexibility of power plants is getting more and more important. Future CCS power plants are usually equipped with more components than conventional power plants, resulting in a more complex and inert reaction on changes in power output. Additionally, due to the change in price structures and higher fixed and operational costs for CCS power plants, it is harder for them to be economically efficient. This study will show different options to increase the flexibility of CCS power plants and evaluate their benefits.
The challenges in maintaining a stable oxy-coal flame have been reported in the open literature. In case of pulverized coal combustion, narrower flammable regimes arise not only of differences in the feed gas composition, but also due to changes in the flow dynamics because of reduced volume flow rate through the burners to match similar temperatures and radiative heat transfer within the furnace. The present work focuses on the study of flame structure and stability of pre-dried lignite fired by a staged feed-gas burner. Experimental runs were carried out in a 0.40 MWth laboratory facility, with the objective of investigating the effects of swirl strength and feed gas distribution in the burner registers. To assess the experimental data, a numerical study of the non-reacting flow in the near burner region is performed. Predicted flow pattern and flame images show that the primary fuel jet penetrates the internal recirculation zone, forming an annular doughnut reverse flow region for both firing conditions and resembling a type-1 flame pattern. Temperature measurements indicate that the feed gas distribution among the burner registers control the flame temperature in parallel with the swirl number in both air-fired and oxy-fired environments. The oxy-fuel cases exhibite markedly reduced temperatures on the flame axis. This difference in the core arises not just from the more pronounced penetration depth of the primary jet, but also due to reaction mechanisms including pyrolysis and gasification reactions at the higher concentrations of CO2 and water vapor. Flame stabilization is shown to be strongly dependent on an appropriate distribution of the feed gas and strength of swirling flow in the burner front. The results correlated in terms of swirl number, secondary/tertiary flow ratio and secondary/primary axial momentum point to similarities in the stability limits between air-firing and oxy-firing.
First modeling results of an advanced pressurized alkaline electrolyzer for hydrogen production
(2012)
The present study investigates the fireside corrosion behavior of selected superheater materials, namely: T24, P92,
VM12-SHC, A800HT, and 7RE10 under oxy-coal combustion atmospheres. Data on mass change, scale thickness,
metal loss, surface morphology and micro-structural characteristics of corrosion products were obtained. The alloy
specimens were analyzed by SEM-EDX, light microscopy and X-Ray diffraction techniques. The results after
2000 hours of exposure at a metal surface temperature of 600 °C indicate that metal wastage increased with
decreasing Cr-content under oxy-coal conditions.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein Berechnungsmodell zur thermisch-geometrischen Dimensionierung eines kontinuierlich arbeitenden Druck-Wirbelschicht-Verdampfungs-Trockners mit Tauchheizflächen für polydisperse Braunkohle erstellt. Zunächst wurde auf Basis experimenteller Ergebnisse eine strukturell optimierte Grundgleichung zur Beschreibung des zeitlichen Feuchteverlaufes entwickelt. Dabei wurden die Besonderheiten des Trocknungsgutes (z.B. die Polydispersität und die Ausbildung einer Gleichgewichtsfeuchte) berücksichtigt. Mit Hilfe der für den Trockner aufgestellten Energiebilanzen wurde ein Modell zur Beschreibung des zeitlichen Verdampfungstrocknungsverlaufes entwickelt. Dabei wurde auch der Einfluss des Druckes in den Subgleichungen und Stoffwertberechnungen berücksichtigt. (Der Überdruck ist einer der Hauptunterschiede der DDWT zu zahlreichen anderen Trocknungsverfahren). Weiterführend wurde unter Anwendung der Gleichungen zur Beschreibung der wirbelschicht-bedingten asymmetrischen Verweilzeitverteilung ein Gesamtmodell – das Trockner-Auslegungs-Modell (TRAM) – entwickelt und die Modellarchitektur detailliert beschrieben.
Electrochemical energy conversion technologies play a crucial role in space missions, for example, in the Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) on the International Space Station (ISS). They are also vitally important for future long-term space travel for oxygen, fuel and chemical production, where a re-supply of resources from Earth is not possible. Here, we provide an overview of currently existing electrolytic energy conversion technologies for space applications such as proton exchange membrane (PEM) and alkaline electrolyzer systems. We discuss the governing interfacial processes in these devices influenced by reduced gravitation and provide an outlook on future applications of electrolysis systems in, e.g., in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) technologies. A perspective of computational modelling to predict the impact of the reduced gravitational environment on governing electrochemical processes is also discussed and experimental suggestions to better understand efficiency-impacting processes such as gas bubble formation and detachment in reduced gravitational environments are outlined.
EBSILON®Professional ist ein leistungsfähiges Modellierungssystem, welches zur Simulation von thermodynamischen Kreisprozessen entwickelt wurde.
Es eignet sich als Hilfsmittel bei der Anlagenplanung, -auslegung und -optimierung von thermischen Kraftwerken mit einem Wasserdampf-Prozess oder einem Gasturbinen-Prozess sowie Anlagen mit erneuerbaren Energien (Biomasse, Windenergie, Solarenergie und Geothermie).
Die Einführung beschreibt die Grundprinzipien und die Arbeitsschritte zur Erstellung eines Modells der Anlage. Weiterhin wird die Arbeit mit der internen Programmierungsumgebung EbsScript und der Umgang mit der Berechnung von Zeitreihen vorgestellt.
Druckelektrolyse zur Wasserstoffherstellung- eine Kurzübersicht zu energetischen Vor- und Nachteilen
(2015)
At first I was wondering what the structure of an article about pressurized steam fluidized bed drying could look like. After some thought, I knew that it should be divided into two parts. In order to highlight the creative and inventive spirit of former engineers, as well as their struggle to increase the efficiency of drying machines, a historical outline of the drying technology in general and the concept of steam fluidized bed drying in particular will form the first part of the article. The second part will present the practical and research contribution of Prof. Krautz and his colleagues to the advancement of this field. The article as a whole will be able to provide an overview of the coal/lignite drying, with focus on the pressurized steam fluidized bed drying principle implemented in the Lusatian mining area.
Mit der steigenden Erzeugung volatilen Stroms aus erneuerbaren Energien werden die Anforderungen an die Flexibilität der konventionellen Kraftwerke erhöht. Der Einsatz von Stützfeuerungssystemen auf Basis von Trockenbraunkohle (TBK) ermöglicht die Erweiterung des Lastbereiches und der Lastgradienten am Dampferzeuger. Untersuchungen zum Teillastverhalten von TBK-Brennern wurden an der BTU Cottbus – Senftenberg an einem 400 kWth Verbrennungsversuchstand und an dem industriellen 30 MWth TBK-Staubbrenner der Firma BBS (Babcock Borsig Steinmüller GmbH) durchgeführt. Der verfügbare Einsatzbereich des Brenners ist maßgeblich von der Intensität den brennernahen Mischungsvorgang abhängig. Mit der Absenkung der Brennerleistung ist beispielsweise eine signifikante Steigerung der NOx-Emission verbunden. Dieser Effekt ist auf die Veränderung des brennernahen Strömungsprofiles zurückzuführen. Mit Maßnahmen wie der Erhöhung der Drallzahl, Verteilung der Luftimpulsströme und Veränderung des Primärimpulses konnte eine Stabilisierung und Intensivierung der Reaktionszone und somit eine Verbesserte des Teillastverhaltens nachgewiesen werden.
1.
To increase the efficiency of PEM electrolysis, simulation models are required that accurately describe the system's electrochemical and thermal behavior in a computationally efficient manner and are thus suitable for developing control strategies. Therefore, a pseudo-2D PEM electrolyzer model is presented in this paper, which is a compromise between the previously developed models regarding their model complexity. The electrochemical behavior is described with equations commonly used in the literature and the thermal behavior with correlations for gas-liquid heat transfer. Preliminary validation indicates that the model can describe the electrochemical behavior and thermal dynamics of a PEM electrolysis stack with good accuracy.
Renewable energy sources are becoming a greater component of the electrical mix, while being significantly more volatile than conventional energy sources. As a result, net stability and availability pose significant challenges. Energy-intensive processes, such as chlor-alkali electrolysis, can potentially adjust their consumption to the available power, which is known as demand side management or demand response. In this study, a dynamic model of a chlor-alkali membrane cell is developed to assess the flexible potential of the membrane cell. Several improvements to previously published models were made, making the model more representative of state-of-the-art CA plants. By coupling the model with a wind power profile, the current and potential level over the course of a day was simulated. The simulation results show that the required ramp rates are within the regular operating possibilities of the plant for most of the time and that the electrolyte concentrations in the cell can be kept at the right level by varying inlet flows and concentrations. This means that a CA plant can indeed be flexibly operated in the future energy system.
PEM water electrolysis is a clean and efficient conversion technology for hydrogen production and energy storage, especially when coupled with renewable energy sources. In spite of its many advantages, the high component and cell manufacturing costs of the conventional PEM electrolysis cell makes the PEM water electrolysis technology commercially less competitive vis-à-vis its peers. An alternative and cost effective cell design has been proposed which has up to a 25 % costs advantage over the conventional cell. In this alternative cell design, the flow channel plate which bears the most material costs in the conventional cell design has been replaced with a 3-D Porous Transport Layer (PTL) structure. While both designs perform comparably the same at low to mid current density (0 – 2 A/cm²), it has been observed that the conventional cell by far out performs the low cost cell at high current density operations, due to increased mass transport limitation in the cell without flow channels. Since industrial and commercial hydrogen production efforts are focused towards high current density operation (> 3 A/cm²), it thus becomes obvious that, in order for the cost effective alternative cell design to establish itself over the conventional cell design, the mass transport issues at high current densities have to be well understood and described.
This research work seeks to understand the source of, and to eliminate the mass transport losses in the cost effective alternative cell design in order to get it performing at least as good as the conventional cell design at current densities up to 5 A/cm². To meet this objective, 2-D non-isothermal semi-empirical fully-coupled models of both cell designs have been developed and experimentally validated. The developed validated models were then used as tools to simulate and predict the best operating conditions, design parameters and micro-structural properties of the PTL at which the mass transport issues in the design without flow channels will be at its minimum, so that both cells can exhibit comparable performance even at high current densities.
The models developed in this work are based on a multi-physics approach in which thermodynamic, electrochemical, thermal and mass transport sub-models are coupled and solved numerically, to predict the cell polarization and individual overpotentials, as well as address heat and water management issues. The most unique aspect of this work however, is the development of own semi-empirical equations for predicting the mass transport overpotential imposed by the gas phase (bubbles) at high current densities. Also, for the very first time, calculated PEM water electrolysis polarization curves up to 5 A/cm² have been validated by own experimental data.
The results show that, the operating temperature and pressure, inlet water flowrate and thickness of the PTL are the critical parameters for mitigating mass transport limitation at high current densities. In fact, it was found that, for the size of the cells studied (25 cm² active area each), when both cells are operating at the same temperature of 60 °C, the low cost cell design will have a comparable performance to the conventional designed cell even at 5 A/cm² current density when; the operating pressure is ≥ 5 bar, the feed water flowrate is ≥ 0.024l/min∙cm², PTL porosity is 50 %, PTL pore size is ≥ 11 µm and PTL thickness is 0.5 mm. At these operating, design and micro-structural conditions, the predicted difference between the polarizations of both cells will be only ~10 mV at 5 A/cm² operating current density.
From its foundation of the chair of power plant
technology at Brandenburg University of Technology
Cottbus – Senftenberg, the combustion
research has engaged with current issues of conventional
power plant technology. The focus of
his research activity was starting from development
of technology to maximize the efficiency,
switched to the new research field of oxyfuel
technologies and working currently on questions
about operational flexibility as reaction of
changes in the current energy sector. There are
many concepts for increasing plant flexibility,
but without optimization of flame monitoring
and re-evaluation of existing limits, this potential
for optimization can’t be sufficiently used.
The current research project to increasing thermal
plant flexibility of existing coal-fired power
plants is implementing the necessity for analysis
and optimization research. Therefore, one
goal is a significant progress in the evaluation
of cyclic operation with higher load transients
and load cycles of coal-fired power plants. Furthermore,
a research evaluation about the effects
on the components life of components of
the water-steam cycle is possible.