FG Rohstoff- und Ressourcenwirtschaft
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Within the frame of the 'German-Mongolian Raw Material Partnership', the multi-sensor airborne investigation system D-MTUC was transported 2018 to Mongolia for raw material exploration in cooperation with the German-Mongolian insititute for Resources and Technology (GMIT) and the Mineral Resource and Petroleum Authority for Mongolia. The geoscientific instrumentation of the system comprehends a Csl-y-spectrometer of MEDUSA, Netherlands, 2 K-magnetometer of GEM, Canada, a VLF-EM-receiver of RMS, Canada and a data acquisitation and control system of GeoDuster, RSA with the opinion of further sensor installations, for details see Herd and Holst (2015). The sensor configuration enables the system to operate at low speed and low altitude for mineral exploration, geological mapping, detection of freshwater resources and brine and different enviromental monitoring missions.
Aus verschiedenen Gründen entwickelte der Lehrstuhl Rohstoff und Ressourcenmanagement der Brandenburgischen Technischen Universität Cottbus mit internationalen Partnern ein „low noise“ MultiSensor-Erkundungssystem auf Basis eines Ultraleichtflugzeugs. Die geowissenschaftliche Instrumentierung des Systems umfasst ein CsIySpektrometer, 2 KMagnetometer, einen VLFEMEmpfänger und die Möglichkeit zur Installation weiterer Sensoren, Details siehe bei Herd und Holst (2015).
Im Rahmen der „DeutschMongolischen Rohstoffpartnerschaft“ wurde das System 2018 für Rohstofferkundungen per LKW in die Mongolei verschickt. Partner vor Ort sind die DeutschMongolische Hochschule für Rohstoffe und Technologie und die Mineral Resource and Petroleum Authority of Mongolia.
Bevor die wissenschaftliche Mission starten konnte, mussten in intensiven Gesprächen mit der mongolischen Zivilluftfahrtbehörde (MCAA) administrative Schwierigkeiten ausgeräumt werden. Anschließend musste das Forscherteam diverse Herausforderungen bewältigen: raue Wind und Wetterbedingungen, starke Thermik, begrenzte Verfügbarkeit von 98OktanKraftstoff, verunreinigter Kraftstoff, der zu vorübergehenden Motorausfällen führte, Schotterpisten, die die Propellerblätter beeinträchtigten, usw. Dennoch konnten verschiedene Gebiete in der zentralen Wüste Gobi, im HangaiGebirge und im Großraum Ulan Bator untersucht und akzeptable Ergebnisse erzielt werden. Insgesamt wurden 4600 Linienkilometer bzw. 750 km² beflogen. Die Linienabstände betrugen 100 m und 250 m, die Flughöhe betrug 100 m, trotz teilweise intensiver Topographie. Die durchschnittliche
Fluggeschwindigkeit während der Vermessung betrug 120 km/h mit einer Abtastrate von 10 Hz für die Magnetometer und 1 Hz für das Spektrometer.
Da die Mongolei in Bezug auf zivile Luftfahrt noch recht jungfräulich ist, wurde hier Pionierarbeit geleistet. Für weitere ähnliche Missionen ist das Eis gebrochen. Das VerbundwerkstoffFlugzeug sowie die Sensoren erwiesen sich als sehr robust und zuverlässig. Der Treibstoffverbrauch lag bei 1015 l/h MOGAS 98, was zu niedrigen Kosten führte. Es zeigte sich, dass Vermessungsflüge mit ultraleichten Systemen in der Mongolei möglich sind, aber aufgrund der erwähnten Bedingungen sorgfältig geplant werden müssen. Die Erfahrungen und Eindrücke dieser ungewöhnlichen wissenschaftlichen Mission werden vorgestellt
Urban planning implementation is a crucial process of urban planning to improve, attain, and maintain urban sustainability globally. However, the implementation process for land use demarcated for various urban functions is being confronted by various challenges in the Global South. This study aims to integrate questionnaire surveys of urban and regional planning experts and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), in order to investigate the level of urban planning implementation of land use demarcated for various urban functions to support strategic actions for urban sustainability. Using Abuja, Nigeria, as a case study, an urban plan, urban impervious surface map, and questionnaire data were collected, and an integrated method analysis, including qualitative and quantitative (descriptive, Euclidean Distance Modelling, and Linear Regression Modelling) was deployed. Key findings show that the vast majority of experts in urban and regional planning perceive the implementation of all land use for various urban functions to be between moderate and very high levels, except that of industrial land use perceived to be between moderate and low levels. GIS findings show that, while land uses demarcated for transportation, commercial, educational, and institutional functions are positively and significantly associated with the urban impervious surface, industrial land use and urban green spaces are negatively associated. Findings show that abuse of official privileges by distorting master plans, political interference, compromise by public servants, and inadequate funding are key challenges for urban planning implementation on land use demarcated for various urban functions. The findings in this study are crucial for strategic decision makers in urban planning to improve the implementation process for various urban land-use functions and urban sustainability in the Global South, in general, and in sub-Saharan Africa, in particular.
The poor implementation of urban practices and weak policy enforcement are factors worsening the quality of natural drinking water sources in most urban areas of developing countries. A mixed approach guided by the water safety plan framework was employed. This involved an empirical study carried out among residents to identify the origin of drinking water sources and associated hazards linked to poor environmental practices. Laboratory investigations (physicochemical and chemical– 14 indicators, as well as biological – 2 bacteriological indicator organisms) were used to assess the health risks in selected samples of natural (groundwater, Aba River water, rainwater) and secondary (beverages, packaged water, and piped water) drinking sources in Aba, southeast Nigeria. A concise review of relevant environmental policies and laws was conducted to determine the control measures in place to protect the drinking water sources The results of the study revealed that groundwater is the origin of drinking water sources, the prevailing drinking water facility types are improved sources (i.e., 50 % tube-wells, 48 % secondary drinking sources, and 2 % treated piped water), 76 % of respondents do not pretreat before drinking and some urban practices that harm the quality of water were identified in the area. The chemical risk assessment showed that the mean values of the major and trace substances in the drinking water sources were within the standard limits recommended by the WHO. However, the bacteriological results revealed health risks in samples of natural (17 %) and secondary (14 %) drinking sources, which tested positive for either E. Coli or/and Total Coliform bacteria. It was found that existing control environmental instruments were inefficient due to overlapping duties of implementing government agencies, corruption, and lack of political will to do the things that protect the drinking water sources. The research concludes that deteriorating spatial chemical changes and bacteriological contaminations found in the area were caused by poor environmental practices. To prevent this degree of health risks in drinking water sources, relevant authorities should develop a safe drinking water abstraction plan that protects the groundwater, and more power devolved to local governments to enforce environmental instruments that protect the water sources in the area. Again, the regulatory agencies should ensure that only safe secondary drinking products are sold to consumers.
Aus verschiedenen Gründen entwickelte der Lehrstuhl Rohstoff- und Ressourcenwirtschaft der Brandenburgischen Technischen Universität Cottbus-Senftenberg mit internationalen Partnern ein Multisensor-Airborne-Erkundungssystem auf der Basis eines Ultraleichtflugzeugs. Im Rahmen der Deutsch-Mongolischen Rohstoffpartnerschaft wurde dieses System für aerogeophysikalische Rohstofferkundungen in die Mongolei transportiert. Im Verlauf des Projekts hatte das dreiköpfige Team mit unterschiedlichen technischen, administrativen und klimatischen Bedingungen zu kämpfen. Während einer vierwöchigen Messkampagne wurden zwei Gebiete, ein Gebiet im Bereich Zentralgobi und ein zweites im Hangai-Gebirge beflogen. Die Mongolei, ein Flächenland mit nur gering entwickelter Infrastruktur, ist einerseits prädestiniert für den Einsatz von aerogeophysikalischen Erkundungen, andererseits stellen die klimatischen Bedingungen, starke und früh einsetzende Winde sowie starke vertikale Luftbewegungen (Thermik) aufgrund intensiver Sonneneinstrahlung und geringer Vegetation eine besondere Herausforderung für exakte Messflüge dar. Erschwerend kommt eine gering ausgebildete fliegerische Infrastruktur (häufig unzureichende Qualität von Landepisten, geringe Verfügbarkeit von Flugzeugtreibstoff außerhalb der Hauptstadt, fehlende Hangariermöglichkeit) hinzu sowie eine stark ausgeprägte Topographie mit Gipfelhöhen von 4000 m in den westlichen Landesteilen. Die erfolgreiche Durchführung von aerogeophysikalischen Erkundungen ist, wie der vorliegende Beitrag belegt, dennoch möglich und sinnvoll, sollte aber aufgrund der
besonderen Bedingungen sorgfältig vorbereitet und detailliert geplant werden.
Groundwater samples from 61 randomly selected tube-wells in densely residential (DR) and sparse residential (SR) parts of Aba, Nigeria were analysed to elucidate the influence of urban land-use on the quality and characterize the hydrochemistry of the groundwater. Twelve water quality indicators: temperature, pH, EC, and TDS (physicochemical), as well as HCO3, Cl, SO4, NO3, Na, K, Ca, and Mg (major ions) were analysed for each well. The results of the analyses were grouped based on the influence of land-use on the wells. The descriptive statistics, Piper, Chadha's, and bivariate scattered plots, as well as index of base ion-exchange, and Friedman nonparametric statistical test were used to delineate and ascertain the significance of the urban impact on the quality of the groundwater wells. The results showed that the groundwater pH is acidic (3.7–5.6), and the mineralization low, with TDS ranging between 6.5 mg/l – 365 mg/l. The statistical mean and standard deviation (±S.D) of the remaining quality indicators were found within the limits set by WHO in all the wells. The Piper and Chadha's plots revealed four dominant water-types with spatial differentiation in the area. Though there are several mixed water-types in the SR area, the Na-HCO3 water-type is dominant and represents the background hydrochemistry of the groundwater in the area. Whereas, Mg, Ca-Cl, water-types predominates in the DR wells. Other dominant water-types found between the SR and DR areas are Na-Cl and Ca-HCO3 types. The rapid compositional change and local alteration in the hydrochemistry of the groundwater were impacted by some identified urban land-use practices, which introduce additional major ions in the groundwater solution. The mixed water-types found in the SR wells were influenced by factors such as the direction of flow and mixing of the groundwater reservoirs impacted by the hydrochemistry of the DR groundwater, which were upstream to the SR wells. The results of indicators such as EC, TDS, Cl, and NO3, when compared showed observable local deterioration moving from wells in the SR to wells in the DR area. This was supported by the Friedman statistical test which revealed statistical significance of some urban practices on the quality of the groundwater. These results highlight the current quality status and harmonize the reports of previous studies which have characterized the hydrochemistry of the groundwater in the study area.
The impact of certain unregulated land-use activities harms the quality of water resources and reduces the sufficiency of drinking water in many developing countries. This study aimed to capture the impact of such activities and evaluate the specific groundwater vulnerability using a modified DRASTIC approach. The DRASTIC-LuPa was proposed and implemented for Aba City, Nigeria by incorporating land-use and the impact of pumping layers to the “intrinsic” DRASTIC parameters. The results of the analysis revealed that the area classified as “low” was 15 and 79.1% as “medium” and 5.9% as “high” vulnerability classes for the DRASTIC. Whereas for the DRASTIC-LuPa model 3.2% for “low”, 54.3% for “medium”, 41.8% for “high” and 0.7% for “very high” were found. The transitions in the vulnerability classes of areas displaying “high” and “very high” found in the DRASTIC-LuPa model represent the impact of urban hotspots observed in the area. This result implies that groundwater protection measures should be implemented in the area designated with “low” and “medium” vulnerability classes and used for abstracting clean water for drinking purposes. The proposed model enhances the predictability and guarantees better transferability of the approach in urban settings with similar urban trends.
