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This volume is the result of two conferences that have been organised by two departments of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg (BTU), Cottbus, Germany – Department of Public Law, with Focus on Environmental and Planning Law at the Faculty of Business, Law and Social Sciences, and the Department of Environmental Planning at the Faculty of Environment and Natural Sciences. The conferences were carried out in 2019 in the framework of two cooperation projects financed by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) with the Ss. Cyril and Methodius University Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia (project “Transposition of the acquis communautaire in Macedonia”) and the National Technical University “Dnipro Polytechnic”, Dnipro, Ukraine (project “Challenges of Sustainability in the Industrial Sector in Countries with Economies in Transition”). BTU itself, situated in the city of Cottbus, closely to the German-Polish border, has a long history of cooperation with Eastern European universities. The overall terms of the projects were related to the transposition of the acquis communautaire in the European Union accession process of North Macedonia as well as under the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement. Thus, the compliance with EU regulations is an urgent and also partially challenging issue in the accession process and subject to discussion in policy, society and science. The accession process refers to all kinds of sectors, but the environmental sector is one of the sectors that require substantial efforts from the candidate countries. Another, politically important issue was in recent years – and it will regain high relevance in the future – the question of migration and the treatment of refugee issues. Here, North Macedonia is one of the countries on the “Balkan route”, stuck with the difficulties of organising, food, accommodation, transport and generally security for those refugees migrating from Greece via North Macedonia and Serbia to the EU mainland. It is worth mentioning that the cooperation with the Dnipro Polytechnic (former National Mining University) in Dnipro goes back to 1998. And also the cooperation with the Ss. Cyril and Methodius University Skopje – even though compared to the BTU-NMU-cooperation it seems to be rather young – has been developing for the last three years including various activities, such as joint publications, project applications as well as student and academic staff exchange. In the course of the joint project with North Macedonia, several activities of exchange were organised, including the involvement of neighbouring countries, e.g. Albania and Kosovo. Beside the aforementioned conferences, several joint study projects, summer schools and seminars have been carried out. These conference proceedings give an insight to the perspectives of various researchers from candidate countries in the EU accession as well as association process whose voices are sometimes overseen. But such perspectives are of undoubted importance for understanding objections, delays, shortcomings and points of discussion in the accession and association process which should, finally, create a win-win-situation for the candidate countries as well as for the EU. All contributions in this volume represent the personal opinions of their authors. Despite all reasonable efforts, the editors cannot guarantee the accuracy of all information and data provided in this publication.
Five decades of oil exploration have made Nigeria the holder of the largest natural gas reserve and a major oil producer in Africa. The country earns a huge amount of money from oil sales from where she derives approximately 98% of her export earnings, making her a monoeconomy. Unfortunately, oil exploration over this period has left the environment of the region greatly degraded. This has negatively affected the economic, social, and cultural lives of the people. This chapter highlights the sociocultural implications of crude oil exploration on the people of the Niger Delta, from where the vast majority of crude oil is explored. Oil exploration has resulted in huge land take, oil spills, and gas flaring. The result is that the agricultural land and rivers for fishing have been polluted, thereby destroying the economic and social lives of the people. Food production is very low and poverty is widespread. Agitation for the restoration of the polluted environment by the youths has grown into deadly militancy. The cherished cultural values have eroded away and there are intra- and intercommunal clashes leading to huge casualties. To ameliorate the environmental degradation, the government should implement all the recommendations of the investigative reports on the Niger Delta environmental degradation according to international standards.
The mangrove ecosystems in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria play a very important ecological role while providing a variety of services for human well-being. The benefits obtained from these mangrove ecosystems include a variety of economic, environmental, and social aspects. However, mangroves in this region have been impacted in recent times due to various anthropogenic activities, including oil pollution. In achieving the goal of a well-managed mangrove ecosystem services trade-off, we have come up with the analysis of the cost of the value of mangrove ecosystem services in the Niger Delta. The results from the valuation of mangroves in the Niger Delta are comparable with other estimates obtained elsewhere in the world. Since many stakeholders derive their livelihood from these mangrove ecosystem services, the threats to the mangroves demand immediate and urgent attention through development of conservation policy options with the involvement of community members for mangrove conservation.
The understanding of the political economy of a nation is fundamental in order to effectively handle the political and economic situations of the environment in which the nation operates. Nigeria, the twelfth largest producer of oil and gas in the world currently had its political economy around the oil, after her complete deviation from an agro-dependent economy in the early 1970s. The switch from agribusiness to oil seems to be a better channel of augmenting Nigeria’s income, but the joy of this new innovation was shortened due to various community crises and environment issues. This chapter seeks to access the harm of over dependency on oil in Nigeria, the social-political and economic consequences of the oil boom in Nigeria since its discovery. The study showed that the political fighters continue to control the people and the political procedures to achieve their selfish plan. On the other hand, the public remained helpless and wallow in abject poverty. The Nigerian state that could have intervened to provide remedy for the oil-related problem is culpable of high-level corruption, awful administration, and political instability.
The Niger delta region of Nigeria is one of the most diverse ecosystems in the world, supporting a wide array of unique and important plants and animals. The ecosystem is important for the different services it provides, such as agriculture, industry, fishing, food, drinking water, wood, shelter, medicine, employment, and esthetics. Petroleum production in the region is a major environmental issue, which impacts on the sustainable provision of these ecosystem services (ES), particularly among the resource-dependent poor communities. There is a paucity of information on the key drivers, including soil and coastal erosion, flooding, air and water pollution, gas flaring, and climate change. These problems occur at different gradients and variations in space and time that is not well understood. Mapping and modeling are important for the understanding of these drivers, including risks and trends over time. There are now different tools and methods for assessing ecosystem health across diverse landscapes, which include the use of remote sensing and geographical information systems, ecological models, participatory approaches, and expert opinion. Ecological models such as Ecosim with Ecopath, IMPACT, PODIUM, WaterGAP, and EcoServ-GIS are simplified mathematical expression of the complex interactions between the physical, biological, and socioeconomic elements of the ecosystems. Mapping and modeling of ES would enable evaluation of costs and benefits of various ES and provide useful information for decision makers for proper planning.
Despite cultural heritage has being affected by construction and infrastructure projects associated with urban development in historic cities worldwide, protection of such irreplaceable assets and their associated values has not been adequately addressed through a comprehensive methodology of impact assessment. This paper aims to review the existing methodologies, approaches, and tools regarding Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) methodology, and to develop an impact assessment procedure in the context of new urban development. The methodology is applied to the case of Masjed-e Jame of Isfahan. The required data is collected through a fieldwork for identification and classification of impacts of Atiq project on the property. Subsequently, the collected data is analysed through impact assessment matrix, and eventually, appropriated mitigation strategies to reduce negative impacts on the property are determined. The proposed impact assessment methodology in the HIA procedure provides a systematic framework for identifying, assessing and mitigating potential impacts of new urban development on cultural heritage properties, which is supportive for urban planners, cultural decision makers, heritage conservators and experts toward developing more integrated approach to heritage protection in context of sustainable development.
In the second edition of the monograph its authors took into consideration new trends in
understanding the aims and mechanisms of management for sustainable development. Its
chapters analyse the potential of international voluntary sustainability standards under
conditions of transitional economy, study the main directions in the state and legal regulation,
provide an overview of instruments of spatial planning and investigate special aspects of
marketing in the context of sustainable development. A special attention in the monograph is
given to the problem of transforming the traditional system of higher education to aid in the
implementation of sustainable development goals.
The main objective of this chapter was to study theoretical and practical aspectsof implementing sustainable development goals into global value chains, to determine the main areas of application of voluntary sustainability standards that are relevant for countries with economies in transition, to analyse functions of voluntary sustainability standards and their systems’ elements essential for companies to accelerate their adaptation to new market conditions of globalised value and supply chains.
The limits of digital teaching in the academic education and training are today in times of MOOCs, not only set to the own university. At the BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg in the project “ECO-Campus” different digitization concepts were
developed. The Project is supported by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). The
goal of the project is to share university content on sustainability with international partner universities and to establish the subject especially in the curricula of courses which traditionally pay little attention to sustainability concepts. The Eco Campus platform forms the link between the students and these materials. Due to the high number of international students, who use the newly created and customized Moodle instance, there is a high degree of heterogeneity. At the same time at each partner university lecturers from different disciplines and cultural backgrounds are teaching, so that the materials for the envisaged Flipped Classroom concept must be provided flexibly. The portfolio of digital tools
within the learning platform is diverse. The instance includes different scenarios for synchronous and asynchronous communication and collaboration. In addition, various formative and video-based assessments, gamification approaches and various Video formats are used. The methods follow at the macro level (total of all courses) Bruner's approach of the spiral curriculum and in the micro-level (a course) Kolb's experiential learning cycle.