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This volume is the result of two conferences that have been organised by two departments of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg (BTU), Cottbus, Germany – Department of Public Law, with Focus on Environmental and Planning Law at the Faculty of Business, Law and Social Sciences, and the Department of Environmental Planning at the Faculty of Environment and Natural Sciences. The conferences were carried out in 2019 in the framework of two cooperation projects financed by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) with the Ss. Cyril and Methodius University Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia (project “Transposition of the acquis communautaire in Macedonia”) and the National Technical University “Dnipro Polytechnic”, Dnipro, Ukraine (project “Challenges of Sustainability in the Industrial Sector in Countries with Economies in Transition”). BTU itself, situated in the city of Cottbus, closely to the German-Polish border, has a long history of cooperation with Eastern European universities. The overall terms of the projects were related to the transposition of the acquis communautaire in the European Union accession process of North Macedonia as well as under the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement. Thus, the compliance with EU regulations is an urgent and also partially challenging issue in the accession process and subject to discussion in policy, society and science. The accession process refers to all kinds of sectors, but the environmental sector is one of the sectors that require substantial efforts from the candidate countries. Another, politically important issue was in recent years – and it will regain high relevance in the future – the question of migration and the treatment of refugee issues. Here, North Macedonia is one of the countries on the “Balkan route”, stuck with the difficulties of organising, food, accommodation, transport and generally security for those refugees migrating from Greece via North Macedonia and Serbia to the EU mainland. It is worth mentioning that the cooperation with the Dnipro Polytechnic (former National Mining University) in Dnipro goes back to 1998. And also the cooperation with the Ss. Cyril and Methodius University Skopje – even though compared to the BTU-NMU-cooperation it seems to be rather young – has been developing for the last three years including various activities, such as joint publications, project applications as well as student and academic staff exchange. In the course of the joint project with North Macedonia, several activities of exchange were organised, including the involvement of neighbouring countries, e.g. Albania and Kosovo. Beside the aforementioned conferences, several joint study projects, summer schools and seminars have been carried out. These conference proceedings give an insight to the perspectives of various researchers from candidate countries in the EU accession as well as association process whose voices are sometimes overseen. But such perspectives are of undoubted importance for understanding objections, delays, shortcomings and points of discussion in the accession and association process which should, finally, create a win-win-situation for the candidate countries as well as for the EU. All contributions in this volume represent the personal opinions of their authors. Despite all reasonable efforts, the editors cannot guarantee the accuracy of all information and data provided in this publication.
Five decades of oil exploration have made Nigeria the holder of the largest natural gas reserve and a major oil producer in Africa. The country earns a huge amount of money from oil sales from where she derives approximately 98% of her export earnings, making her a monoeconomy. Unfortunately, oil exploration over this period has left the environment of the region greatly degraded. This has negatively affected the economic, social, and cultural lives of the people. This chapter highlights the sociocultural implications of crude oil exploration on the people of the Niger Delta, from where the vast majority of crude oil is explored. Oil exploration has resulted in huge land take, oil spills, and gas flaring. The result is that the agricultural land and rivers for fishing have been polluted, thereby destroying the economic and social lives of the people. Food production is very low and poverty is widespread. Agitation for the restoration of the polluted environment by the youths has grown into deadly militancy. The cherished cultural values have eroded away and there are intra- and intercommunal clashes leading to huge casualties. To ameliorate the environmental degradation, the government should implement all the recommendations of the investigative reports on the Niger Delta environmental degradation according to international standards.