FG Biotechnologie der Wasseraufbereitung
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- Phosphonates (6)
- LC/MS (3)
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- moving bed biofilm membrane reactor (MBBMR) (1)
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Institute
- FG Biotechnologie der Wasseraufbereitung (149)
- FG Gewässerökologie (5)
- FG Bodenschutz und Rekultivierung (4)
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- Forschungszentrum Landschaftsentwicklung und Bergbaulandschaften (FZLB) (2)
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Durch anthropogene Aktivität hat sich der Nährstoffeintrag in die Umwelt stark erhöht. Die Hauptquellen sind die Landwirtschaft, kommunales und industrielles Abwasser. Erhöhte Stickstofffrachten haben einen starken Einfluss auf den Stickstoffkreislauf. Das Überangebot an Stickstoff führt zu Eutrophierung in Gewässern und somit zu einem weniger diversen, instabileren Ökosystem. Die Stickstoffeliminierung aus Abwässern ist essentiell für den Schutz der Ökosysteme. Das etablierte System der Nitrifikation/Denitrifikation ist aufgrund des hohen Sauerstoffbedarfs sehr energie- und somit auch kostenintensiv. Der Anammox-Prozess (anaerobe Ammonium Oxidation) ist eine potentielle Alternative zur konventionellen Stickstoffelimination. Anammox-Bakterien nutzen Ammonium und Nitrit als Elektronenakzeptor. Durch Nutzung der partiellen Nitrifikation in Kombination mit Anammox (PN/A) kann bis zu 60 % der Belüftungsenergie eingespart werden. Trotz Erfolgen in der Teilstrombehandlung ist der Prozess noch nicht erfolgreich in der Hauptstrombehandlung eingesetzt worden. Die größten Herausforderungen sind die niedrigen Temperaturen, geringe Zulaufkonzentrationen und hohe Konzentrationen organischen Kohlenstoffs. Die vorliegende Arbeit konnte die Wirksamkeit von membranbelüfteten Biofilm Reaktoren unter Verwendung von synthetischem Abwasser bei niedrigen Temperaturen (18 - 8 °C) belegen. Die Innovation in diesem System ist die räumliche Trennung von nitrifizierenden Bakterien und Anammox Bakterien. Die regelmäßige mechanische Entfernung des Nitrifikanten-Biofilms ermöglichte einen langzeitstabilen Reaktorbetrieb. Diese Reaktorkonfiguration konnte auch erfolgreich für hochsaline Abwässer (5 -30 g NaCl*L-1) bei einer Reaktortemperatur von 30 °C und auch unter Zugabe von TOC (40-100 mg TOC*L-1) genutzt werden. Weiterhin wurden Untersuchungen zur Aktivität von salzadaptierter Anammox-Biomasse und nicht adaptierter Biomasse in einem Bereich von 0 bis 50 g NaCl*L-1 durchgeführt. Bei Konzentrationen unter 30 g NaCl*L-1 konnten keine signifikanten Unterschiede im Abbauverhalten festgestellt werden. Allerdings war adaptierte Biomasse bei höheren Salzkonzentrationen konkurrenzstärker. Außerdem wurden Langzeitlagerungsversuche durchgeführt. Die Lagerungsbedingungen variierten in der Lagerungstemperatur, im Redoxpuffer und der Nährstoffversorgung. Nach 106 Tagen bei 4 °C konnte die Anammox-Biomasse noch 91 % ihrer ursprünglichen Aktivität erhalten. Somit konnte eine einfache und kostengünstige Lagerungsmethode für Anammo-Bakterien entwickelt werden.
Calculation of hypolimnic denitrification in a dimictic freshwater lake during summer stratification
(2019)
Phosphonates comprise a very large group of organophosphonates including aminophosphonates. Their main chemical feature leads to complexation of earth alkaline metals and transition metals (under stoichiometric). Therefore they are very often applied as complexing agents of detergents, as compounds of industrial cleaning products, or as antiscalants in cooling water systems and desalination processes. The high consumption of phosphonates within the past two decades leads to an increased discharge into the aquatic environment, of which the environmental risk is still uncertain. To date, there are several analytical methods published to determine phosphonates from environmental samples. However, no standard method has been defined until now. Different treatment technologies to break down phosphonates have been studied extensively such as photochemical degradation, chemical degradation and other advanced oxidation processes. The results obtained from those studies gained our chemical understanding with respect to possible implementation of such pre-treatment approaches in wastewater treatment, cooling water treatment and desalination process. The biological degradation of phosphonates has been studied for more than forty years. It was demonstrated that microorganisms are capable to breakdown the C-P bond with at least three different degradation pathways.
Rapid urbanisation in Ghana has resulted in individuals expanding the cities for abodes without considerations of the negative externalities these may have on the environment. One of the major challenges with rapid urbanisation is the formation of urban slums associated with lack of basic sanitation facilities. This has led to recurrent outbreak of cholera and typhoid fever. The use of a single-stage solar-supported hyper-thermophilic anaerobic biogas digester for the treatment of black water has not been investigated, hence this study. The performance of three seeding sludge under three different hyper-thermophilic temperatures (60°C, 65°C and 70°C) were tested in batch tests. The three seeding sludge were sewage sludge, sludge from maize silage and cow manure. The results from the batch tests showed cow manure at 65°C as the preferred seeding sludge and optimal hyper-thermophilic temperature.
A 50 L single-stage laboratory-scale hyper-thermophilic continuous stirred tank reactor (HT-CSTR) was operated to treat only black water for 10 weeks using cow manure at 65°C as the seeding sludge and optimal hyper-thermophilic temperature. Afterwards, co-digestion of blended kitchen food waste and black water was also practised for 12 weeks. With a mean hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 23.3 days, a mean total COD removal of 86.3 % was achieved. The reactor had an average COD volumetric loading rate of 6.22 kgCOD/(m3.d) and remained uninhibited. It also had organic loading rate of 0.3 kgVS/(m3.d) and a degradation performance (R) of 5.43 kgCOD/(m3.d). Treatment of only black water produced biogas with less methane content of 34.9 % even though a stable pH of 6.9 was recorded both in the reactor and in the effluent. Co-digestion with kitchen food waste increased the percentage content of methane in the biogas by 77 % from 34.9 % to 61.8 %.
The effectiveness of the HT-CSTR to hygienise the effluent for agricultural purpose was assessed by spiking the reactor with 200 ml each of 2 x 109 CFU/ml Salmonella senftenbergensis and 8 x 108 CFU/ml Escherichia coli. The HT-CSTR was able to hygienise all bacteria of Salmonella senftenbergensis and E. coli. A simulation test confirmed that between 30 minutes and 1 hour, all the cells of Salmonella senftenbergensis and E. coli in the treatment system were killed at 65 °C. Eubacteria, Methanosarcina spp., Methanomicrobium spp. and Methanococcus spp. were identified in the seeding sludge at the hyper-thermophilic temperature of 65°C. The design, construction and performance of a pilot-scale reactor in Terterkessim slum in Elmina, Ghana was based on results from the laboratory-scale HT-CSTR. It achieved 97 % removal of influent total COD and could produce about 2.52 Nm³CH₄/(kgCOD.d) which could be burned for at least 8 hours. The effluent cannot be used for cultivation of leafy vegetables such as cabbage since it had some concentrations of pathogens like Salmonella spp. and E. coli but can be used for cotton crop.
An enrichment culture of Candidatus Brocadia fulgida was identified by three independent methods: analysis of autofluorescence using different microscope filter blocks and a fluorescence spectrometer, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with anammox-specific probes and partial sequencing of the 16S rDNA, hydrazine synthase hzsA and hydrazine oxidoreductase hzo. The filter block BV-2A (400–440, 470 LP, Nikon) was suitable for preliminary detection of Ca. B. fulgida. An excitation-emission matrix revealed three pairs of excitation-emission maxima: 288–330 nm, 288–478 nm and 417–478 nm. Several autofluorescent cell clusters could not be stained with DAPI or by FISH, suggesting empty but intact cells (ghost cells) or inhibited permeability. Successful staining of autofluorescent cells with the FISH probes Ban162 and Bfu613, even at higher formamide concentrations, suggested insufficient specificity of Ban162. Under certain conditions, Ca. B. fulgida lost its autofluorescence, which reduced the reliability of autofluorescence for identification and detection. Non-fluorescent Ca. Brocadia cells could not be stained with Ban162, but with Bfu613 at higher formamide concentrations, suggesting a dependency between both parameters. The phylogenetic analysis showed only good taxonomical clustering of the 16S rDNA and hzsA. In conclusion, careful consideration of autofluorescent characteristics is recommended when analysing and presenting FISH observations of Ca. B. fulgida to avoid misinterpretations and misidentifications.