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Ecosystems in transition: interactions and feedbacks with an amphasis on the initial development
(2014)
In this Special Issue of Biogeosciences on “Ecosystems in transition: Interactions and feedbacks with an emphasis on the initial development”, we bring together research on ecosystems undergoing state transitions, including artificially created and naturally formed sites, most of them in an initial
stage of development. State transitions of an ecosystem may occur either when a formerly stable system state is disturbed or when a developing system gradually achieves new functions during succession. This special issue presents a collection of observational and experimental studies that focus on processes occurring during state transitions in the development of ecosystems and provide insights into the feedback mechanisms controlling
them. These state transitions are studied at multiple scales, ranging from the pore scale to the catchment scale. The contributions
collected in this issue can be divided into two main groups: (i) studies dealing with state transition occurring in initial ecosystems without active human interference, and (ii) studies dealing with active restoration of ecosystems after severe disturbances.
Introduction
(2006)
Relationships between substrate, surface characteristics, and vegetation in an initial ecosystem
(2013)
We investigated surface and vegetation dynamics in the artificial initial ecosystem “Chicken Creek” (Lusatia, Germany) in the years 2006–2011 across a wide spectrum of empirical data. We scrutinized three overarching hypotheses concerning (1) the relations between initial geomorphological and substrate characteristics with surface structure and terrain properties, (2) the effects of the latter on the occurrence of grouped plant species, and (3) vegetation density effects on terrain surface change. Our data comprise and conflate annual vegetation monitoring results, biennial terrestrial laser scans (starting in 2008), annual groundwater levels, and initially measured soil characteristics. The empirical evidence mostly confirms the hypotheses,
revealing statistically significant relations for several goal variables: (1) the surface structure properties, local rill density, local relief energy and terrain surface height change; (2) the cover of different plant groups (annual, herbaceous, grass-like, woody, Fabaceae), and local vegetation
height; and (3) terrain surface height change showed significant time-dependent relations with a variable that proxies local plant biomass. Additionally, period specific effects (like a calendar-year optimum effect for the occurrence of Fabaceae) were proven. Further and beyond the hypotheses, our findings on the spatiotemporal dynamics during the system’s early development grasp processes which generally mark the transition from a geo-hydro-system towards a bio-geo-hydro system (weakening geomorphology effects on substrate surface dynamics, while vegetation effects intensify with time), where pure geomorphology or substrate feedbacks are changing into vegetation–substrate feedback processes.
Water infiltration and hydrophobicity in forest soils of a pine–beech transformation chronosequence
(2006)
Bodenfauna: Entwicklung der Biodiversität in jungen Böden der Niederlausitzer Bergbaufolgelandschaft
(2007)
Beschalte Amöben - Charakterisierung der frühesten Phase des "Community Assembly" in jungen Böden
(2007)
Innovations in land-use as response to rural change - a case report from Brandenburg, Germany
(2007)
Ostbayerische Mittelgebirge
(2007)
Watersheds are often insufficiently known and have to be explored indirectly e.g. by means of geophysical methods. Therefore, important parts of the system often remain 'black boxes'. In addition, natural systems are characterized by huge complexity and heterogeneity. To overcome these disadvantages artificially created watersheds may play an important role in ecosystem research. They offer the chance to investigate systems with well defined boundary conditions and inner structures. Furthermore, artificial watersheds might be an important link between lysimeter research and investigations at the landscape scale. The artificial catchment "Chicken Creek" ('Huehnerwasser') is one of the world's largest man-made catchments for scientific purposes. It was established in 2005 with an area of 6 ha (450 m x 150 m) including a small lake. The site is located in the Eastern German lignite mining district near Cottbus, about 150 km southeast of Berlin. The watershed was constructed by Vattenfall Europe Mining AG as the operator of the still active lignite open-cast mine Welzow-South. Construction work was done by means of large mining machines in co-operation with the Brandenburg University of Technology at Cottbus. The inner structure of this new landscape element is relatively simple: A clay layer was dumped as a barrier for seepage water overlaid by a 3 m sandy layer consisting of Quaternary substrate from Pleistocene sediments. The surface of the site has been flattened and the area was fenced to prevent disturbances. Neither amelioration nor any reclamation measures were carried out afterwards. The site has been left for an unrestricted natural succession. In 2007 the Transregional Collaborative Research Centre (SFB/TRR 38) as a joint project between 3 Universities (BTU Cottbus, TU Munich and ETH Zurich) was launched and is funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). The project group investigates the initial genesis of ecosystems with the Chicken Creek catchment as its main research site. A comprehensive monitoring programme is investigating the development of hydrological, pedological, geomorphologic and biological patterns and processes. It is planned to establish a structure and process model for this catchment to describe the initial development phase of an ecosystem in detail. Furthermore, the site will be the basis for (hydrological) model validation
Holocene Dune Formation and Human-Induced Aeolian Remobilisation in South Brandenburg, Germany
(2008)
In the Mid Latitudes form and function of the earth surface are mainly affected by Pleistocene periglacial processes such as solifluction, cryoturbation and aeolian deposition. On the other hand, human impact on landscapes in Central Europe may date back to the earliest farmers from the Neolithic Period (c. 5500 a cal BC). At least since the Middle Ages intense land-use produced wide deforested areas. In the sand-rich North German Lowland these human-induced deforestation often resulted in the remobilisation of Late Pleistocene to Early Holocene sand dunes. Especially in the vicinity of former mining sites or glassworks the dune landscapes possess quite young stratigraphic disturbances (fossilized horizons, weak developed top soils). Within the scope of the Transregional Collaborative Research Centre (SFB/TRR) 38, funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), inland dunes in South Brandenburg were used as comparison sites to study structures and processes of the initial ecosystem development phase in an artificial water catchment. Here, we present first results of the pedostratigraphy and the age of two dune systems near Glashuette which is about 50 km south of Berlin. Based on twelve Optical Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) and six radiocarbon (14C) datings a chronology of the landscape development for the last c. 10000 years is derived. Data prove that both dune systems - even though they are just c. 1 km apart and have similar morphological features such as height, width, and orientation - have a completely different history in aeolian sand deposition and pedogenesis. At dune 'Glashuette 1' a well established podsol forms the topsoil. At dune 'Glashuette 2' soil development is clearly in a more initial state showing only some humus accumulation and weaker podsolization processes. OSL and 14C ages of sand from 'Glashuette 1' range between about 11.4 ka cal. BC (3.9 m below surface) and 9.4 ka cal. BC (0.7 m below surface). Against that, the sands in 'Glashuette 2' are mainly dated to about 0.8 ka cal BC (3.4 to 0.7 m below surface). On the basis of our findings further analyses can be planned more accurately to study the impact of initial processes on the later state of ecosystems characteristics.