Phased microphone arrays have become a well-established tool for performing aeroacoustic measurements in wind tunnels (both open-jet and closed-section), flying aircraft, and engine test beds. This paper provides a review of the most well-known and state-of-the-art acoustic imaging methods and recommendations on when to use them. Several exemplary results showing the performance of most methods in aeroacoustic applications are included. This manuscript provides a general introduction to aeroacoustic measurements for non-experienced microphone-array users as well as a broad overview for general aeroacoustic experts.
Windgeräuschreduktion am Ohr
(2016)
Acoustic and aerodynamic design and characterization of a small-scale aeroacoustic wind tunnel
(2009)
Akustische Polaren
(2010)
Der leise Flug der Eulen
(2011)
Application of Beamforming and Deconvolution Techniques to Aeroacoustic Sources at Highspeed Trains
(2012)
The use of porous materials is one of several approaches to passively control or minimize the generation of flow noise. In order to investigate the possible reduction of noise from struts and other protruding parts (for example components of the landing gear or pantographs), acoustic measurements were taken in a small aeroacoustic wind tunnel on a set of circular cylinders with a soft porous cover. The aim of this study was to identify those materials that result in the best noise reduction, which refers to both tonal noise and broadband noise. The porous covers were characterized by their air flow resistivity, a parameter describing the permeability of an open-porous material. The results show that materials with low air flow resistivities lead to a noticeable flow noise reduction. Thereby, the main effect of the porous cylinder covers is that the spectral peak of the aeolian tone due to vortex shedding appears much narrower, but is not suppressed completely. Based on the measurement results, a basic model for the estimation of the total peak level of the aeolian tone was derived. In addition to the minimization of the vortex shedding noise, a reduction of broadband noise can be observed, especially at higher Reynolds numbers. The noise reduction increases with decreasing air flow resistivity of the porous covers, which means that materials that are highly permeable to air result in the best noise reduction.
This paper is concerned with the influence of camber on the noise of a wall-mounted finite airfoil with natural boundary layer transition. Tonal noise measurements taken in an aeroacoustic wind tunnel are presented for airfoils with aspect ratio of 2, NACAxx12 profile and camber between 0 and 6% at 40% chord. The results show camber is an important parameter that determines the operating conditions for which acoustic tone generation occurs and the number and intensity of the tones produced. Airfoils with 0%–2% camber have an acoustic signature that is dominated by a high amplitude primary tone, whereas the spectra of airfoils with higher camber of 4%–6% feature a more pronounced side tone structure. Tonal noise production does not collapse with lift coefficient, demonstrating that the local flow conditions influence the noise source. Tonal noise production is explained in terms of changes to mean flow topology, namely the location of flow separation, which is linked to tonal noise generation. Scaling of airfoil tonal noise is found to vary with angle of attack and pressure gradient. Empirical scaling laws for the primary tone frequency dependence on velocity are also derived for the cambered airfoils.
Die CAA Simulation stellt ein wertvolles Hilfsmittel zum Verständnis
aeroakustischer Phänomene in Ventilatoren dar. Im Rahmen der Simulation werden große Mengen transienter Daten erzeugt, die ausgewertet werden müssen. Neben den Akustikergebnissen an geeigneten Mikrofonpositionen sind die transienten Daten aller Strömungsgrößen im Nahfeld verfügbar. Frequenzgefilterte Visualisierungen sowohl der Druckfluktuationen auf der Oberfläche des Flügels als auch der akustischen Quellterme haben in den untersuchten Fällen nicht verlässlich die relevanten Orte der Schallentstehung gezeigt. Bedingt durch Interferenzen im Nahfeld werden nicht alle Fluktuationen auf der Oberfläche als Schall abgestrahlt. Der Einsatz von Mikrofon-Array Techniken zur Schallquellenlokalisation hat sich dagegen als eine sehr gut geeignete Methode herausgestellt. Für einen stehenden und einen rotierenden Flügel wurden experimentell vorhandene Arrays in Simulationsmodellen nachgebaut. Die Akustik im Fernfeld wurde über die FW-H Gleichung bestimmt. Es zeigen sich in beiden Fällen ähnliche Quellverteilung und Quellstärke in Experiment und Simulation. Zusätzlich bietet die Simulation den Vorteil, ohne wesentlichen Mehraufwand beliebig viele frei positionierbare Mikrofone nutzen zu können. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich der Nachteil der sehr kurzen physikalischen Zeit einer Simulation durch diesen Freiheitsgrad ausgleichen lässt. Die Analyse ist nicht nur im Hinblick auf physikalische Schallquellen hilfreich, sondern kann auch zur Lokalisierung von numerischem Störschall genutzt werden.