Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
Way of publication
- Open Access (1)
Keywords
- Anthropocene (1)
- Anthropogenetische Geomorphologie (1)
- Anthropogenetische Geomorphologie; Anthropozän; BTU; Geopedologie Anthropocene; Anthropogenic geomorphology; Geopedology (1)
- Anthropogenic soils (1)
- Anthropozän (1)
- Archäologie (1)
- BTU (1)
- Charcoal Kiln Remain (CKR) (1)
- Ecosystem (1)
- Forestry (1)
Institute
- FG Geopedologie und Landschaftsentwicklung (129)
- Forschungszentrum Landschaftsentwicklung und Bergbaulandschaften (FZLB) (30)
- FG Bodenschutz und Rekultivierung (3)
- FG Technikgeschichte (ehemals) (1)
- FG Volkswirtschaftslehre, insbesondere Umweltökonomie (1)
- FG Ökologie (1)
- Zentrale Analytik der BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg (ZA-BTU) / Zentrales Analytisches Labor (1)
BTU
The occurrence, soil parameters and genesis of rubified soils (‘Fuchserden’) of northeastern Germany
(2019)
In pre-industrial times, charcoal burning was a common source of energy across Europe. Charcoal production and its related consequences for the upland environment are well known due to historical and palaeoenvironmental research. In recent years, awareness has grown regarding the use of woods in the lowlands for charcoal production. In the last 20 years, a large charcoal-burning field in Lower Lusatia (Brandenburg, North German Lowlands) was discovered by systematic archaeological excavations of the opencast mine of Jänschwalde. However, the excavations are limited to the mine, which only covers a portion of the Jänschwalder Heide and the surrounding forests.
In this paper, we present the results of our study regarding the spatial extension and timing of charcoal production in the Jänschwalder Heide and its surrounding areas. We applied a combined approach using archaeological research results, GIS-analyses of shaded-relief maps (SRMs) and tree-ring dating of selected charcoal kiln remains. Approximately 900 excavated charcoal kiln ground plans were analysed, which provided a solid data basis for our GIS analyses. For an extensive evaluation, we enlarged our study area beyond the limits of the lignite mine. We identified and digitised the remains of the charcoal kilns by creating SRMs from digital elevation models (DEMs) that were based on high-resolution airborne laser scanning data (ALS). The data from the excavated and digitised charcoal kiln remains were analysed in terms of their sizes and spatial distributions. In addition, the dendrochronological ages of 16 selected charcoal kiln remains were determined.
This study shows that charcoal production was more extensive than initially proven by archaeological excavations. The remains of more than 5000 charcoal kilns were detected on the SRMs across an area that was twice as large as the excavated charcoal-burning field. In the Jänschwalder Heide, considerably more charcoal kiln relicts exist compared with the surrounding communal areas. Furthermore, the charcoal kiln remains in the Jänschwalder Heide have larger diameters, suggesting large-scale charcoal production for supplying energy to the nearby ironworks at Peitz. However, the charcoal production on the communal land was most likely for local crafts. The ages of the charcoal kiln remains indicated that charcoal production occurred between the 17th and 19th centuries, corresponding with the main period of charcoal burning. Overall, our study suggested that charcoal production sites are underestimated in the modern landscapes of the North German Lowlands.
Analysemethoden
(2022)
Die Geoarchäologie verfügt über ein äußerst breites und stetig wachsendes Spektrum an Analysemethoden, die sowohl im Labor als auch im Gelände angewandt werden. Das Kapitel stellt alle gebräuchlichen Methoden vor und soll insbesondere Nachwuchswissenschaftlern als Werkzeugkasten dienen. Zunächst liegt der Fokus auf den bodenkundlich-geomorphologischen Standardmethoden, wie Korngrößenanalyse (Bodenart), Bodenfarbe, Gehalt an organischer Substanz, Carbonatgehalt, Bodenreaktion (pH) und vielfältigen Multielement-Analysen zur Lösung verschiedener Fragestellungen. Für die Paläoumweltforschung haben die Pollenanalyse sowie die Analyse von Nichtpollen-Palynomorphen (NPP) schon seit vielen Jahrzehnten eine große Bedeutung. Für größere biogene Reste stehen die Makrorestanalyse und die Anthrakologie zur Untersuchung von Holzkohlen zur Verfügung. Weiterhin beschreibt das Kapitel die Methode der Mikromorphologie (Dünnschliffe), die Analyse von Biomarkern und stabilen Isotopen sowie die Bestimmung und Einordnung von Foraminiferen und Ostrakoden aus aquatischen Ökosystemen. Beschrieben werden außerdem Ansätze zu Phytolithen und Messungen mithilfe der Fourier-Tranformations-Infrarotspektrometrie (FTIR).
Archaeological excavations have revealed more than thousand charcoal kiln remains (CKRs) in the prefield of
the active opencast lignite mine Jänschwalde, situated about 150 km SE of Berlin (SE Brandenburg, Germany).
The charcoal was mainly produced for the ironwork Peitz nearby, which operated from the 16th to the mid-19th
centuries. In a first approach, to estimate the dimension of the charcoal production, CKRs were mapped on
shaded-relief maps (SRMs) derived from high-resolution LiDAR data (Raab et al. 2015). Subsequently, for a selected test area, identified CKRs on the SRMs were compared with archaeologically excavated CKRs in the
field. This survey showed a considerably number of falsely detected sites. Therefore, the data was critically
re-evaluated using additional relief visualisations. Further, we extended the CKR mapping to areas which are not
archaeologically investigated. The study area, the former royal forest district Tauer, consists of two separate areas: the Tauersche Heide (c. 96 km2 area) N of Peitz and the area Jänschwalde (c. 32 km2 area) NE of Peitz. The study area is characterized by a flat topography. Different former and current anthropogenic uses (e.g., military training, solar power plant, forestry measures) have affected the study area, resulting in extensive disturbances of the terrain surface. The revised CKR abundance in the study area Jänschwalde was considerably smaller than the numbers produced by our first approach. Further, the CKR mapping revealed, that a total record of the CKRs is not possible for various reasons. Despite these limitations, a solid database can be provided for a much larger area than before. Basic statistic parameters of the CKR diameters and all comparative statistical tests were calculated using SPSS. To detect underlying spatial relationships in the CKR site distribution, we applied the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic, a method to test for local spatial autocorrelation between neighbouring sites. The test is available as part of the ArcGis 10.1 spatial statistics toolbox. The outcomes are discussed in consideration of our archaeological, archival and dendrochronological research results.