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Institute
We calculate the size of the shadow economy within a multi-agent econophysics model previously developed for the study of tax evasion. In particular, we analyze deviating behavior depending on the fraction of rational agents which aim to pursue their self interest. Two audit mechanisms are considered within our model, that are, (i) a constant compliance period which is enforced after black market activities of an agent have been detected and (ii) a backauditing method which determines the compliance period according to the particpation rate in the shadow economy within a previously preassigned time interval. We calibrate our simulation with respect to experimental evidence of tax compliance in France and Germany and give estimates for the percentage of selfish agents in these countries. This implies different policy recommendations that may work to fight the shadow economy, tax evasion, and the like.
We propose a model for the two-dimensional electron gas formed at the interface of oxide heterostructures that includes a Rashba spin-orbit coupling proportional to an electric field oriented perpendicularly to the interface. Taking into account the electron density dependence of this electric field confining the electron gas at the interface, we report the occurrence of a phase separation instability (signaled by a negative compressibility) for realistic values of the spin-orbit coupling and of the electronic band-structure parameters at zero temperature. We extend the analysis to finite temperatures and in the presence of an in-plane magnetic field, thereby obtaining two phase diagrams that exhibit a phase separation dome. By varying the gating potential, the phase separation dome may shrink and vanish at zero temperature into a quantum critical point where the charge fluctuates dynamically. Similarly, the phase separation may be spoiled by a planar magnetic field even at zero temperature leading to a line of quantum critical points.
We investigate a two-dimensional electron model with Rashba spin-orbit interaction where the coupling constant $g=g(n)$ depends on the electronic density. It is shown that this dependence may drive the system unstable towards a long-wavelength charge density wave (CDW) where the associated second-order instability occurs in close vicinity to global phase separation. For very low electron densities the CDW instability is nesting-induced and the modulation follows the Fermi momentum kF. At higher density the instability criterion becomes independent of kF and the system may become unstable in a broad momentum range. Finally, upon filling the upper spin-orbit split band, finite momentum instabilities disappear in favor of phase separation alone. We discuss our results with regard to the inhomogeneous phases observed at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 or LaTiO3/SrTiO3 interfaces.
We investigate an inhomogeneous Ising model in the context of tax evasion dynamics where different types of agents are parametrised via local temperatures and magnetic fields. Our work focuses on the dynamic behavioural change of agents after an audit which either corresponds to a temporal reduction or enhancement of compliance and is also known under the terms 'bomb crater' and 'target effect', respectively. We analyse this effect for different types of agents: endogenously non-compliant types, agents that have the tendency to copy (non-)compliant behaviour from their social environment, ethical agents with strong endogenous morale attitudes and random types that show large uctuations between compliant and non-compliant behaviour. Each type in uences the overall tax evasion differently, and interestingly, our model predicts that increasing the audit probability can have the counterintuitive effect of increasing tax evasion under certain circumstances. We analyse audit strategies that can suppress this effect and thus contribute to the burgeoning literature on the actual impact of tax audits.