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Adaptation Planning Framework to Climate Change for the Urban Area of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
(2009)
Situated in an intra-tropical and low elevation coastal zone, the developing megacity of Ho Chi Minh City is vulnerable to many of the adverse impacts of the present and future changes in climate. In consideration of climate change and urban development interrelations, the research case for adapting to climate change and the risks and opportunities of adaptation are set out. Based on the in-depth assessment of the vulnerability of Ho Chi Minh City, the categorized urban environment in form of a spatially explicit information system will act as a matrix for the formulation of appropriate adaptation strategies for future development and redevelopmentpolicies. The resulting Adaptation Planning Framework should form the future basis for spatially-explicit decision-making processes related to sustainable urban planning and development in HCMC.
Understanding Urban Structures – An Approach for Assessing Climate Risk in Emerging Megacities
(2013)
The need to integrate adaptation efforts into land-use planning policies has been only recently recognised in Ho Chi Minh City, where only the very latest planning guidance addresses both flooding resilience and the mitigation of urban heat. This paper outlines the development contexts and the current barriers for adapted land-use planning within the city. The key challenge is how to affectively guide and influence the mainly individual developer driven urban development within a land-use planning system which aims to spatially and explicitly communicate the important functions and services of open and natural non built-up urban spaces. As the implementation of more spatially explicit non-structural adaptation measures is in strong contrast to the current market driven private and short-term developer interests, the main development trajectories are questioned and synergies identified.
Understanding the settlement patterns of Ho Chi Minh City as a key for adaptation to climate change
(2013)
The paper presents the use of indicators in a site-specific assessment method for strategic environmental assessment in regional land use planning (here: SEA-REP). It is explained with the example of the state of environment indicator ‘LUCCA 4—Urban Areas at Risk of Flooding’, how SEA as a decision-aiding instrument can contribute to the prevention of conflicts with policy for adaptation to climate change.
The method begins with the determination of impact factors for SEA. In the presented study, the physical impact factors of land consumption, land use change, and directed flooding were recognised. A core problem during the selection of indicators for land uses for the adaptation to climate change (here: LUCCA) and the derivation of assessment thresholds was a lack of region-wide policy objectives for the protection of land and resources. Therefore, in a second step, regional environmental orientation objectives were derived from national and EU environmental policy. A standard method for the selection of LUCCA indicators and the derivation of assessment thresholds for conflict analysis is described. Three classes of conflict classification for regional plan designations on the individual site are proposed. It is recommended that future adaptation measures of regional land use planning should be designations of specific land uses as priority areas for urban areas prone to flood risk.
This chapter provides a brief introduction into the thematic research results of the action field “Urban Environment” of the project. The developed framework provides support to incorporate the essential steps of integrated adaptation planning, which include the spatially explicit mapping of risks and recommended planning measures for risk reduction. Urban adaptation policies are often seen to interact with other policy goals, leading to an assortment of trade-offs and implementation constraints. Using an integrated planning approach, trade-offs and synergies were be explicitly mapped, going beyond the simple qualitative statements that have been used in many urban climate adaptation studies to date. The chapters of part “Urban Environment” present the results of the detailed analysis of three core urban adaptation policies, urban flood-risk management (Thinh et al. 2016, this volume), urban storm-water management (Rujner and Goedecke 2016, this volume) and urban heat-island mitigation (Katzschner et al. 2016, this volume), while the energy consumption of the transport sector is analysed as one important urban mitigation policy (Emberger 2016, this volume). These individual chapters are contextualised and framed by an introduction of the integrative planning framework for adapted land-use planning (Storch et al. 2016, this volume), recommendation for the administrative integration (Goedecke and Welsch 2016, this volume) and the explanation of the developed spatial information basis developed from an urban structure type approach (Downes et al. 2016, this volume).
The adaptation of mega-urban regions and their landscapes to climate change is predominantly a spatial planning matter. Rapidly developing Asian megacities, like Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) in Vietnam, need to become more resilient and less vulnerable to climate change. Our contribution takes spatial planning as the starting point. It highlights opportunities and challenges for spatially-explicit adaptation strategies in HCMC and shows how adaptation to climate change can be used to influence land-use planning and future urban development. Special attention is given to urban water management issues. Here the focus lies on risk management and non-structural protection measures to lessen climate-related urban risks. For rapidly developing mega-urban regions the need for focused support and guidance in formulating and embedding suitable adaptation policies and spatially explicit zoning regulations is apparent. Within its multi-stakeholder environment borne out of conflicting interests, land use planning requires more than ever science-based information to formulate spatially explicit and integrated urban climate adaptation policies.
This chapter outlines an urban structure type approach used to portray, classify and understand the settlement patterns and urban structures of the current and emerging landscapes of Ho Chi Minh City. An important prerequisite for establishing much needed efficient and proactive, as well as rapid, adaptation planning strategies is the spatial and rational characterisation of the current urban fabric according to vulnerability relevant features. In our work an understanding of urban settlement patterns and urban structures allowed for the capturing of the highly dynamic spatiotemporal social and structural changes associated with rapid urbanisation processes. The aim was an integrated assessment of the underlying the inherent urban resilience based on coherent and credible indicator sets. The approach provides a common spatial framework at the resolution of the urban block for data integration various thematic and scientific disciplines at the same spatial scale. The scale provides a clear instrument to generate portfolios of block-specific core indicators, move across scales, run scenarios and aggregate to larger planning horizons, ultimately useful to determine hotspots for administrative interventions and to assist prioritising in spatial planning decision-making.
Emerging Megacities in East Asia face common challenges in responding to rapid population growth and there is an urgency to develop these cities in a more liveable and sustainable manner. Future Asian Megacities can play a key role in improving energy efficiency and addressing the effects of climate change through practical and pragmatic urban environmental planning measures. This contribution illuminates the way adaptation to climate change is tackled in spatial planning strategies. The possible impacts of climate change on mega-urban regions in South-East Asia are highlighting that spatial design and urban environmental planning are a promising tool in adapting to climate change, because its integral responses are capable in dealing with uncertainties. Dealing with adaptation to climate change in the context of emerging Asian megacities requires a shift in policy options towards more proactive response strategies. While urban development trends in HCMC are addressing both mitigation needs and the rationale of adaptation to the effects of climate change, the main focus of combating climate change impacts in the mega-urban region of HCMC has to be the practical implementation of adaptation measures. Planned adaptation implies spatial planning decisions and measures
at the urban-scale that facilitates the reduction of the adverse impacts of climate change. Further however
adaptation has the potential to realise new opportunities for defining livability and sustainability in an Asian
context of urban development planning, scoping planning issues and opportunities at different spatial scales.
Urban Environmental Planning Strategies for Ho Chi Minh City's Adaptation Response to Climate Change
(2010)
In the emerging mega-urban regions of Southeast Asia, both planned and unplanned urbanisation into flood prone areas appears to be an unavoidable consequence of socio-economic development. These risks occur, often not due to a lack of risk awareness or weak planning instruments, but seem to be an accepted consequence of maintaining current economic success and social progress. Flood risk protection and implementation of costly mitigation measures are often shifted to a future development cycle, where implementation is not seen to constrain the economic goals. Asian cities located in deltaic settings such as Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) in Vietnam, exhibit higher exposure levels to flood risk primary as a result of their location, their low elevation and if located in tropical regions, the significant annual variations in climatic and weather extremes they incur, so that a compelling need for dedicated site specific risk assessment and urban planning arises. Disasters like the recent flood in Bangkok in 2011 have shown that this development strategy cannot be justified any longer, especially in the times of a changing climate. Associated economic losses and social implications are simply too high. Our results are an outcome of a 5 year research project in HCMC funded by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research, focused on developing adaptation options to climate risks that could then be subsequently implemented into the existing land-use planning framework. Based on the development of core indicators describing future urban structural changes in relation to the changing patterns of risk exposures, spatially explicit planning recommendations were compiled in close cooperation with the responsible city authorities. Our contribution focuses on how to overcome the current limitations in implementing scientifically-founded and evidence-based adaptation planning to flood risks by communicating the importance in realising the present and plausible opportunities to influence future urban land-use.
Ziel des vom BMBF geförderten Projektes “Integrative Stadt- und Umweltplanung für Ho Chi Minh City zur Anpassung an den globalen Klimawandel” ist es auf Basis einer räumlich expliziten Methodik zur Risiko-& Vulnerabilitätsbewertung konkrete Handlungsempfehlungen für eine räumliche Anpassungsplanung in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) abzuleiten. Im Rahmen der „Entwicklung eines stadtstrukturellen Planungsinformationssystems zur Bewertung von Anpassungsstrategien an den Klimawandel in der mega-urbanen Region Ho Chi Minh City“, stellt der vorliegende Ansatz eine Anwendungsform im Bereich des Überflutungsrisikos dar.
The Challenge of Spatial Information Management for Adaptation to Climate Change in Ho Chi Minh City
(2010)
The environmental dimension of spatial planning in emerging Asian megacities such as Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) has become a strong rationale for coordinating spatially well defined adaptation actions and integrating mitigation policies. Climate change is changing the traditional context of urban development planning and is shaping the priorities of sustainability. While urban development trends in HCMC are addressing both mitigation needs and the rationale of adaptation to the effects of climate change, the main focus of combating climate change impacts in the megaurban region of HCMC has to be the practical implementation of adaptation measures. Planned adaptation implies policy decisions and measures at the urban-scale that facilitates the reduction of the adverse impacts of climate change. For HCMC it creates the necessity to take climate change responses into account in spatial planning practices. This will also lead to changes in the traditional administrative structures that spatial planning is accustomed to. Since many of the main impacts of climate change have a land-use or water-management dimension, a downscaled and spatially explicit urban environmental planning information system can function as a switchboard for mitigation, adaptation and sustainable development objectives. Currently there are large differences in the way knowledge is produced, the analytical approaches that are used and the designed urban and environmental planning strategies. The proposed sharing of a commonly accepted spatial information base can engage the dialogue between stakeholders and scientists in order to support the development of spatially explicit planning strategies that anticipate the climate change risks at the mega-urban scale and contribute to sustainable and resilient settlement structures for HCMC.
Climate change studies have typically only been able to integrate snapshots of urban dynamics into risk assessments. For highly dynamic regions, this has often led to an overestimation of climate extremes as a driver of risk. Our impact assessment study for Ho Chi Minh City highlights, that the influence of non-climatic stressors – like urbanisation as the spatial manifestation of socio-economic processes is still widely under acknowledged. We argue a scenario-based approach is needed to understand the interrelationship between urban growth, urban land use planning and hydrometeorological hazards and to provide local planning authorities with the muchneeded insights into the drivers of risk. The location of residential areas, industrial parks, critical infrastructure and facilities are in themselves important spatial indicators to assess the vulnerability of urban communities to climate-related hazards. Ho Chi Minh City presented as an archetypical mega-urban example, where spatial planning for adapted urban land uses will be instrumental in addressing climate challenges. Research findings for the city demonstrate that through adapted land use planning, climate-related vulnerability parameters can be modified to reduce current and future urban risks. Yet planning alone is simply not enough. Within its multi-stakeholder environment borne out of conflicting interests, land use planning requires more than ever science-based information to formulate spatially explicit adaptation measures to climate change.