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Die brandenburgischen Städte stehen auch in Zukunft vor besonderen Herausforderungen. Im Rahmen des wirtschaftlichen Aufholprozesses des Landes sollen sie weiterhin ihre Rolle als Wachstumsmotoren, Impulsgeber für das ländliche Umland und siedlungsstrukturelles Rückgrat des Landes ausfüllen. Gleichzeitig sind sie aber mit wenigen Ausnahmen von teilweise erheblichen Schrumpfungsprozessen betroffen, die mit dem Wegzug jüngerer, in der Regel gut ausgebildeter Bevölkerungsgruppen eher zu einer wirtschaftlichen Schwächung führen. Trotz der erheblichen, v.a. baulichen Aufwertungserfolge, die in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten in Brandenburg durch die Städtebauförderung erreicht worden sind, ist die Situation der Kommunen auch weiterhin noch von erheblichen Strukturdefiziten gekennzeichnet, die sich durch die Kumulation von ökonomischen, sozialen, funktionalen und infrastrukturellen Mängeln und Problemlagen verschärfen.
Vor diesem Hintergrund hat das Land Brandenburg in der Strukturfondsperiode 2007-2013 seine Politik zur integrierten Stadtentwicklung fortgeführt und im Rahmen des EFRE-OP mit der „kleinräumigen Förderung der nachhaltigen Stadtentwicklung (NSE)“ eine Maßnahme zur integrierten Stadtentwicklung aufgelegt. Die im Rahmen des EFRE-OP verankerte Maßnahme NSE ergänzt in Brandenburg die sechs Bund-Länder-Programme nach „Verwaltungsvereinbarung Städtebauförderung“ (VV Städtebauförderung) und fokussiert sich dabei auf eine begrenzte Auswahl von Städten. Das übergeordnete Ziel der Maßnahme ist die Stärkung der Städte in Brandenburg als Wachstumspole und Anker für das Umland und die aktive Begleitung des sich weiter vollziehenden Strukturwandels.
Nach knapp der Hälfte der Strukturfondsperiode wurde durch das MIL das vorliegende Gutachten beauftragt, in dem mit Fokus auf die bisherigen Ergebnisse der Förderung eine Zwischenbewertung der NSE-Förderung durchgeführt werden soll, mit der Grundlagen und Ansatzpunkte für die Weiterentwicklung der integrierten Stadtentwicklung als Bestandteil der künftigen EU-Strukturpolitik entwickelt werden können. Im Rahmen des Gutachtens soll dabei auch herausgefunden werden, welcher konkrete Investitionsbedarf in den verschiedenen Handlungsfeldern der integrierten Stadtentwicklung für den Zeitraum 2014-2020 besteht und ob es zielführend ist, den bisherigen Ansatz strategisch weiterzuverfolgen. Die folgenden Ergebnisse konnten im Rahmen der Bearbeitung festgehalten werden:
Die Kultur- und Kreativwirtschaft hat als Branche in den letzten Jahren einen nicht zu übersehenden Bedeutungszuwachs erfahren. Dieser lässt sich aus verschiedenen Gründen erklären: Sie ist eine dynamische Branche, die als Vorreiter des Wandels der Industrie- zur Wissensökonomie angesehen wird. Ihr werden hohe Wachstumsraten attestiert, die Beschäftigungseffekte inkludieren. Neben rein wirtschaftlichen Aspekten kann sie zudem eine nicht zu unterschätzende Imagewirkung entfalten und Impulse für die Stadtentwicklung geben.
Im Rahmen des INTERREG IVB Vorhaben URBAN CREATIVE POLES (UCP), welches vom Lehrstuhl Stadtmanagement der BTU Cottbus initiiert und seit Anfang 2011 geleitet wird, wurde im Jahr 2011 eine Untersuchung und Bewertung der Situation der Kultur- und Kreativwirtschaft in Cottbus durchgeführt. Die Bewertung erfolgte in Form einer SWOT-Analyse.
Der Bericht dieser Analyse liegt hiermit in einer Langfassung vor.
Livemusikclubs auf St. Pauli : Stadtökonomische Wechselwirkungen und planungsrechtliche Situation
(2010)
Non-metropolitan regions generally suffer from a globalized economy and continuous social-economical transformation to a wider extent than metropolitan areas. The lack of centrality and scant infrastructure might increase spatial disparities and decrease attractiveness of those regions and cities. At the same time, they have to cope with the challenges to attract new businesses and develop new economic sectors as well as to prevent businesses from relocating. This poses significant challenges for the governance system to adapt to continuous change and to enable innovative development processes.
The cultural and creative industries (CCI) gained much attention in the last two decades. They became a popular research topic as well as an objective for taking policy actions. So far empirical findings and theoretical discourses refer mainly to situations in metropolitan areas and major cities. Most practical strategies for fostering CCIs are mainly formulated on the same spatial level. Recently, different EU projects started to support CCIs in medium-sized and small towns as well as in non-metropolitan areas (e.g. the URBACT project Creative Clusters). Yet it can still be stated that many support institutions in smaller and medium-sized cities as well as in regions afar from metropolitan areas have not fully recognized the potential of creative industries.
In this paper the challenges for policy-makers in non-metropolitan regions and the promotion of CCIs as an objective of policy making are brought together. Institutional barriers and opportunities which hinder or foster an innovative development of the sector are discussed. Obstacles and possibilities to reach a "holistic, progressive and sustainable local and regional development" (Pike, Rodríguez-Pose, Tomaney 2007) path are evaluated.
The paper takes a case-study approach by analysing the modalities of CCIs in the city of Cottbus and the region of Lusatia (Federal state of Brandenburg, Germany) and the policy processes and governance structure in the region. Expert interviews with CCI companies have been conducted and analysed in a qualitative and quantitative way.
The research is part of the Interreg IVb project “Urban Creative Poles” (UCP). UCP is a project which aims to support CCIs in five European medium-sized cities by using various tools and instruments.
Companies and self-employed persons (in the following text company will address enterprises with more than one employee as well as self-employed persons) have to cope with effects of a demographic shrinkage. The strengths of possible impacts on the companies as well as necessary adjustments regarding the entrepreneurial acting towards those effects depend on factors like the economic branch of the company and the markets the company is active (e.g. local or export markets). Institutional support might absorb some challenges which emerge because of the demographic shrinkage.
The paper is based on research on the creative industries in a shrinking city (Cottbus, Brandenburg, Germany). The research is part of the Interreg IVb project “Urban Creative Poles” (UCP). UCP is a project which aims to support the CCI with different instruments in five European medium-sized cities. Expert interviews with CCI companies have been conducted and analysed in a qualitative and quantitative way.
The creative industries are by themselves a heterogeneous economic sector which merges branches like advertising, design, performing and visual arts and others into one concept. Each branch does have to deal with own prequisites to act successful on its markets. Companies of the creative industries may have more problems to meet the challenges of a demographic shrinkage as they usually consist of small and medium sized companies. Impacts of the demographic shrinkage can become growth barriers for the firms.
The question arises what specific problems do companies of the creative industries encounter in shrinking regions (in this case in the city of Cottbus and the region of South Lusatia, Brandenburg)? Do companies in and around Cottbus recognize the challenge and how do they react? What are the differences of each branch of the creative industries regarding the demographic challenge and their reactions?
Institutions and public support play an important role to foster companies with the help of instruments of urban planning and business development. Especially the topic of the creative industries has become an important one for public support institutions in metropolitan areas and major cities. The number of economic and spatial development plans which has taken the creative industries into account increased in recent years. In many smaller and medium-sized cities as well as in regions afar from metropolitan areas support institutions have not taken the creative industries into account that strongly. This is true for Cottbus as well.
Regarding the institutional settings the question arises how the CCI can be supported in areas afar from metropolitan regions? Is a promotion of the CCI in peripheral and shrinking regions reasonable when looking at the supposed superiority of metropolitan areas and major cities? Which instruments might be applicable for the specific conditions of shrinking cities and regions?
To give answers to those questions literature and other support projects (e.g. different projects from the EU to foster the creative industries) will be reviewed. It will be analysed what strategies and instruments as well as empirical findings from demographical growing metropolitan areas and major cities might be transferred to shrinking non-metropolitan regions and cities. Own research findings and practical evidence from the project “Urban Creative Poles” (UCP) will be incorporated.
The development model of the creative city has been adopted by many major cities. An elementary part of adopting creative city strategies are strategies to foster the creative industries. Those policies have been discussed in the academic discourse since the 90ths (DIW 1992; Merkel 2008; Ebert, Kunzmann 2007; O’Connor 1997; Scott 2000) and actual practical policy implementations have been proposed by different projects funded by the European Union (e.g. the URBACT project Creative Clusters or the Interreg project Creative Cities). Yet reflecting on and recommendation of creative city strategies has been mainly focussed on metropolitan areas and major cities.
Cities located in peripheral and shrinking regions have to suffer from the economic crisis in a wider extent than metropolitan areas. Shortfalls in centrality and infrastructural configuration might increase spatial disparities and decrease attractiveness of those regions and cities. They have to cope with the challenge to attract new businesses and develop new economic sectors as well as to prevent businesses from relocating. The model of the creative city might be a model they can adopt to counteract economic decline.
In this paper the question for a successful strategy of fostering the creative industries in the context of the creative city model will be brought into the realm of peripheral and shrinking cities and regions.
First the question will be addressed how and in which ways the creative industries in general as well as peripheral and shrinking cities are affected by the economic crisis. Then the special situation of creative industries in peripheral and shrinking cities will be considered. Finally we reflect on chances and risks of adopting a creative city model.
For the discussion we will draw on empirical results and experiences in implementing creative policies from the Interreg IVb project “Urban Creative Poles” (UCP). An analysis of the CCI and the spatial situation of the cities has been part of the project. Implementing elements of a creative city policy is in ongoing process.