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Despite the history of application of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for chemo- and biosensing being over 30 years long, the development of this technique is still in progress.
This review is focused on the technological aspects of further improvement of analytical performance of SPR transducers based on Kretschmann configuration. We describe basic measurement configurations, their improvements and optimizations, and their drawbacks and limitations. An importance of referencing in SPR sensors is highlighted. The referencing approaches are classified into the following domains: (1) macroscopic spatially separated referencing, (2) self-referencing based on micro-patterning, (3) in-place referencing, (4) spatiotemporal referencing, and (5) electrochemically assisted referencing. The underlying principles of these approaches, examples of their implementation, and resulting improvements of sensor performance are described. Finally, an analysis of SPR data and an extraction of affinity properties are discussed.
An analysis of early stage of electrochemical nucleation is crucial in order to understand the mechanism of this process and for electrochemical synthesis of new materials. We show here an application of the wide field surface plasmon microscopy (WF-SPRM) for this purpose. It allows us in-situ monitoring of the growth of nuclei in the range from ~20 till over 1000 nm. The system registers the moment and the place of the formation of each individual nucleus for the total number of the tracked nuclei up to ~10,000 per 1 mm2. The results demonstrate that the integral information obtained from electrochemical measurements can be extracted quantitatively from optical measurements while optical data provide also information on the size of each individual nucleus, individual nucleation time, localization and growth kinetics, and allows one to distinguish the rate limiting stage for each individual nucleus. In this work WF-SPRM was applied for investigation of electrochemical deposition of copper on gold, but this technique can be extended easily to other materials or other nucleation types.
Development of nanotechnology and corresponding industries during the last decade resulted in a new challenge for analytical science. This includes an ultrasensitive detection and characterization of nanoparticles of different origin and other nanomaterials in various media, including so complex ones as food, biological or environmental samples. The goal of this review is a systematic analysis of possible approaches and description of physical principles behind these methods. The main attention is paid to optical methods which are considered by authors to be mostly effective for the formulated task. Different approaches for detection and analysis of nanoparticles in a volume as well as of those adsorbed on a surface are discussed. While the technologies based on direct analysis of nanoparticle suspensions belong to the established approaches whose development potential has been in large extent exhausted, the novel technologies based on the surface sensing of adsorbed nanoparticles demonstrate intensive development. Therefore, the final part of the review is focused on the wide-field surface plasmon resonance microscopy. It allows one an ultrasensitive detection and characterization of individual nanoparticles of different origin in complex media and provides numerous possibilities for subsequent chemical identification of the detected particles using a hyphenation with other analytical technologies.