TY - GEN A1 - Hübel, Hartwig A1 - Vollrath, Bastian T1 - Simplified determination of accumulated strains to satisfy design code requirements T2 - International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping N2 - In case of cyclic loading, strain may accumulate due to a ratcheting mechanism until the state of shakedown is possibly achieved. Design Codes frequently require strain limits to be satisfied at the end of the specified lifetime of the structure. In addition, the strain range is required for performing fatigue analyses in case of plastic shakedown. However, little guidance is usually provided by Design Codes on how the accumulated strains and strain ranges are to be calculated, and some of the guidelines implemented in Design Codes are not well founded and may therefore be misleading. This is, for example, true for the ASME B&PV Code, Section III. Of course, strains and strain ranges can be determined by means of incremental elastic-plastic analyses, which require to go step-by-step through many cycles of a given load histogram until the state of shakedown is reached. This is rather costly in terms of engineering time and numerical effort. As an alternative, simplified methods can be adopted, e.g. the Simplified Theory of Plastic Zones (STPZ) as used in the present paper. Being a direct method, effects from load history are disregarded. The theory is described shortly and illustrated by some examples. It is shown that the Simplified Theory of Plastic Zones is well suited to provide reasonable estimates of strains accumulated in the state of elastic and plastic shakedown at the cost of few linear elastic analyses. KW - Simplified elastic-plastic analysis KW - Simplified theory of plastic zones (STPZ) KW - Zarka's method KW - Shakedown KW - Ratcheting KW - Cyclic loading KW - Accumulated strains KW - Strain range KW - Residual stress Y1 - 2019 UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308016118304617 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2019.01.014 SN - 0308-0161 VL - 171 SP - 92 EP - 103 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hübel, Hartwig A1 - Vollrath, Bastian T1 - Limited Versus Unlimited Strain Accumulation Due to Ratcheting Mechanisms T2 - Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology N2 - After distinguishing material ratcheting and structural ratcheting, different phenomena related to structural ratcheting are gathered. Ratcheting of elastic–plastic structures observed with stationary position of loads is distinguished from ratcheting with moving loads. Both categories are illustrated by examples. The effect of evolution laws for the internal variables describing kinematic hardening on the accumulation of strain due to a ratcheting mechanism, and whether the ratcheting mechanism ceases with the number of cycles so that the accumulated strains are limited, is discussed. Some conditions are shown, under which the Chaboche model can lead to shakedown. Scenarios where shakedown is guaranteed at every load level, or where it may or may not occur at a specific load level, or where it definitely cannot occur at any load level, are distinguished. Correspondingly, the usefulness of shakedown analyses, which are searching for maximum load factors assuring shakedown, or direct (or simplified) methods to obtain postshakedown quantities by avoiding incremental cyclic analyses is discussed. KW - Ratcheting KW - moving loads KW - cyclic loads KW - strain accumulation KW - hardening Y1 - 2019 UR - http://pressurevesseltech.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/article.aspx?articleid=2725462 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4042853 VL - 141 IS - 3 SP - 031206-1 EP - 031206-10 ER -