TY - GEN A1 - Fotsing, Cedrique A1 - Hahn, Philipp A1 - Cunningham, Douglas W. A1 - Bobda, Christophe T1 - Volumetric wall detection in unorganized indoor point clouds using continuous segments in 2D grids T2 - Automation in Construction N2 - The quality of 3D models of existing buildings reconstructed from point clouds is strongly related to the segmentation process used to detect structural elements. A new wall detection method in the indoor point clouds of buildings is presented in this study. The point clouds are segmented into horizontal layers, and a concept of continuous segments in a 2D grid representation is used to extract the footprints of the wall structures, and 2D blocks are projected into 3D space to obtain the wall segments in the initial 3D point cloud. The results obtained from the execution of the proposed method demonstrate that wall blocks in indoor point clouds are detected independently of their shape. Executing the proposed method on a set of 9 in-door point clouds revealed better performance in terms of result quality and execution time compared to RANSAC. The robustness of the method can be improved by adding a classification step to eliminate non-consistent blocks. KW - Point cloud KW - Segmentation KW - Wall detection Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2022.104462 SN - 0926-5805 IS - 141 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sterzik, Anna A1 - Lichtenberg, Nils A1 - Krone, Michael A1 - Cunningham, Douglas W. A1 - Lawonn, Kai ED - Raidou, Renata G. ED - Sommer, Björn ED - Kuhlen, Torsten W. ED - Krone, Michael ED - Schultz, Thomas ED - Wu, Hsiang-Yun T1 - Perceptual Evaluation of Common Line Variables for Displaying Uncertainty on Molecular Surfaces T2 - Eurographics Workshop on Visual Computing for Biology and Medicine N2 - Data are often subject to some degree of uncertainty, whether aleatory or epistemic. This applies both to experimental data acquired with sensors as well as to simulation data. Displaying these data and their uncertainty faithfully is crucial for gaining knowledge. Specifically, the effective communication of the uncertainty can influence the interpretation of the data and the users' trust in the visualization. However, uncertainty-aware visualization has gotten little attention in molecular visualization. When using the established molecular representations, the physicochemical attributes of the molecular data usually already occupy the common visual channels like shape, size, and color. Consequently, to encode uncertainty information, we need to open up another channel by using feature lines. Even though various line variables have been proposed for uncertainty visualizations, they have so far been primarily used for two-dimensional data and there has been little perceptual evaluation. Therefore, we conducted a perceptual study to determine the suitability of the line variables sketchiness, dashing, grayscale, and width for distinguishing several uncertainty values on molecular surfaces. KW - Human centered computing KW - Empirical studies in visualization KW - Scientific visualization KW - Computing methodologies KW - Non-photorealistic rendering KW - Applied computing KW - Imaging KW - CCS Concepts Y1 - 2022 UR - https://diglib.eg.org/handle/10.2312/vcbm20221186 SN - 978-3-03868-177-9 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2312/vcbm.20221186 SN - 2070-5786 SP - 41 EP - 51 PB - The Eurographics Association ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jäger, Matthias C. A1 - Eberhardt, Jörg A1 - Cunningham, Douglas W. T1 - Experimental Analysis of Commercial Optical Methods for Foot Measurement T2 - Sensors N2 - Due to the increasing trend of online shopping, shoes are more and more often bought without being tried on. This leads to a strong increase in returns, which results in a high financial as well as ecological burden. To prevent this, feet can be measured either in the store or at home by various systems to determine the exact dimensions of the foot and derive an optimal shoe size. In this paper, we want to present an overview of the methods currently available on the market for the measurement of feet. The most important commercial systems are classified according to the underlying basic technology. Subsequently, the most promising methods were implemented and tested. The results of the different methods were finally compared to find out the strengths and weaknesses of each technology. After determining the measurement accuracy of the length and width for each measurement method and also comparing the general shape of the 3D reconstruction with the GT, it can be said that the measurement using a ToF sensor is currently the most robust, the easiest and, among other methods, the most accurate method. KW - foot measurement KW - time of flight KW - structured light KW - image processing KW - shape completion Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145438 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 22 IS - 14 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schorradt, Martin T. A1 - Cunningham, Douglas W. ED - Lau, Manfred ED - Robb, Andrew ED - Barnett-Cowan, Michael ED - Serrano, Ana ED - Malpica, Sandra T1 - Erosion as a novel Approach for removing Semantics and Comparison of different State-of-Art-Methods T2 - SAP '22: ACM Symposium on Applied Perception 2022 N2 - Through language, people convey not only pure semantics, but also information about themselves, such as age, gender, state of mind or health. The supralingual features that carry this information have been a subject of research for a long time. Various procedures have been proposed to remove unneeded semantics from speech recordings, in order to study supralingual information in natural speech. In this paper, we propose a new method for removing sematics, based on erosion, a morphological operator. We compare its effectiveness to different state-of-the-art methods. As established methods we consider two low pass filters with cut off frequencies of 450Hz and 1150Hz and Brownian noise. As a newer method we investigate a filter for spectro-temporal frequencies. To evaluate each method, appropriately processed recordings were presented to a group of participants in a perceptual experiment. The intelligibility was measured by means of the Levenshtein distance. Our results show that erosion itself performs similarly to the established methods, while a combination of erosion and low-pass filter outperforms all other methods. Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-1-4503-9455-0 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1145/3548814.3551458 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Association for Computing Machinery New York NY United States ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schorradt, Martin T. A1 - Cunningham, Douglas W. ED - Tumuluri, Raj ED - Sebe, Nicu ED - Pingali, Gopal ED - Jayagopi, Dinesh Babu ED - Dhall, Abhinav ED - Singh, Richa ED - Anthony, Lisa ED - Salah, Albert Ali T1 - Age Regression for Human Voices T2 - ICMI '22: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION Bengaluru India November 7 - 11, 2022 N2 - The human voice is one of our most important tools for communicating with other people. Besides pure semantic meaning it also conveys syntactical information such as emphasis as well as personal information such as emotional state, gender, and age. While the physical changes that occur to a person’s voice are well studied, there is surprisingly little work on the perception of those changes. To hold the range of subtleties present in a given utterance constant and thus focus on the changes caused by age, this paper takes adult recordings (three males, and three females) and artificially resynthesizes them (using values from measurements of real children’s voices) to create a childlike versions of the utterance at different target ages. In particular, we focus on a systematic, factorial combination pitch shifting and formant shifting. To get an insight about the influence of these factors on the estimated age, we performed a perceptual experiment. Since the resynthesis method we used can produce a wide range of voices, not all of which are physically consistent, we also asked the participants to rate how natural the voices sounded. Furthermore, since former studies suggest that people are not able to distinguish between males and females of young ages, participants were also asked to rate how male or female the voices sounded. Overall, we found that although the synthesis method produced physically plausible signals (compared average values for real children), the degree of signal manipulation was correlated with perceived unnaturalness. We also found that pitch shift had only a small affect on perceived age, that formant shift had a strong affect on perceived age, and that these effects depended on the original gender of the recording. As expected, people had difficulty guessing the gender of younger sounding voices. KW - Age Synthesis KW - Age Regression KW - Speech Synthesis KW - Speech Processing Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-1-4503-9390-4 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1145/3536221.3556599 SP - 570 EP - 578 PB - Association for Computing Machinery New York NY United States ER -