TY - GEN A1 - Opel, Matthias A1 - Nielsen, Karl-Wilhelm A1 - Bauer, Sebastian A1 - Goennenwein, Sebastian T. B. A1 - Gross, Rudolf A1 - Cezar, Julio C. A1 - Schmeißer, Dieter A1 - Simon, Jürgen A1 - Mader, Werner T1 - Nanosized superparamagnetic precipitates in cobalt-doped ZnO T2 - The European Physical Journal : B KW - nanosized KW - superparamagnetic Y1 - 2008 SN - 1434-6036 VL - 63 IS - 4 SP - 437 EP - 444 ER - TY - GEN A1 - George, Jan Frederick A1 - Werner, Simon A1 - Preuß, Sabine A1 - Winkler, Jenny A1 - Held, Anne A1 - Ragwitz, Mario T1 - The landlord-tenant dilemma: Distributional effects of carbon prices, redistribution and building modernisation policies in the German heating transition T2 - Applied Energy N2 - A carbon price on heating fuels aims to reduce the use of fossil energy in the heating sector. However, it has a greater effect on tenants than on landlords. The heating transition requires adequate building insulation for efficient use of low-temperature technologies. To encourage this particular kind of investment, German landlords are given the option to apply a modernisation levy of up to 8% on top of rents. Similar to carbon pricing, rent increases cause distributional effects. The net effect of these measures on tenants has not been analysed so far. Using a micro-simulation integrating representative empirical data on tenant households in Germany from KOSMA and the detailed building database TABULA, we analyse direct distributional effects of a carbon price (€55/t and €250/t), a per-capita redistribution of carbon price revenues and the modernisation levy (8% and 2% rent increases). The analysis shows that carbon prices and modernisation levies have strong regressive effects. These can be mitigated by the per-capita redistribution. However, the effect on tenants within a given income decile varies largely due to the diversity of buildings. Thus, when designing and evaluating policies, looking at average effects is not sufficient to assess economic impacts for individual households. KW - Horizontal and vertical distributional effects of carbon prices KW - Energy-efficient building modernisation KW - User-investor dilemma KW - Micro-simulation Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.120783 SN - 0306-2619 VL - 339 SP - 1 EP - 11 ER -