TY - GEN A1 - Urbig, Diemo A1 - Monsen, Erik T1 - The structure of optimism: “Controllability affects the extent to which efficacy beliefs shape outcome expectancies” T2 - Journal of Economic Psychology N2 - In this article we theoretically develop and empirically test an integrative conceptual framework linking dispositional optimism as general outcome expectancy to general efficacy beliefs about internal (self) and external (instrumental social support and chance) factors as well as to general control beliefs (locus-of-control). Bandura (1997, Self-efficacy. The exercise of control (p. 23). New York: Freeman), quoted in title, suggests – at a context-specific level – that controllability moderates the impact of self-efficacy on outcome expectancies and we hypothesize that – at a general level – this also applies to dispositional optimism. We further hypothesize that locus of control moderates the impact of external-efficacy beliefs, but in the opposite direction as self-efficacy. Our survey data of 224 university students provides support for the moderation of self-efficacy and chance-efficacy. Our new conceptualization contributes to clarifying relationships between self- and external-efficacy beliefs, control beliefs, and optimism; and helps to explain why equally optimistic individuals cope very differently with adverse situations. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2012.03.004 SN - 0167-4870 VL - 33 IS - 4 SP - 854 EP - 867 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Urbig, Diemo A1 - Lorenz, Jan A1 - Herzberg, Heiko T1 - Opinion dynamics: The effect of number of peers met at once T2 - Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation N2 - The opinion dynamics model introduced by Deffuant and Weisbuch as well as the one by Hegselmann and Krause are rather similar. In both models individuals are assumed to have opinions about an issue, they meet and discuss, and they may adapt their opinions towards the other agents` opinions or may ignore each other if their positions are too different. Both models differ with respect to the number of peers they meet at once. Furthermore the model by Deffuant and Weisbuch has a convergence parameter that controls how fast agents adapt their opinions. By defining the reversed parameter as self-support we can extend the applicability of this parameter to scenarios with more than one interaction partner. We investigate the effects of changing the number of peers met at once, which is done for different population sizes, and the effects of changing the self-support. For describing the dynamics we look at different statistics, i.e. number of cluster, number of major clusters, and Gini coefficient. Y1 - 2008 UR - http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/11/2/4.html SN - 1460-7425 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 1 EP - 4 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Monsen, Erik A1 - Urbig, Diemo ED - Carsrud, Alan L. ED - Brännback, Marlin T1 - Perceptions of Efficacy, Control, and Risk: A Theory of Mixed Control T2 - Understanding the Entrepreneurial Mind : Opening the Black Box N2 - Entrepreneurship involves the establishment of new organizations and the development of new economic activities. Its consequences have not been experienced before and thus are rife with risk and uncertainty. Those who engage in such activities have consequently been considered as being willing to take on more risk and uncertainty than others. Empirical work, however, has demonstrated that entrepreneurs are not willing to take more risks than non-entrepreneurs (Busenitz and Barney 1997; Miner and Raju 2004; Palich and Bagby 1995; Wu and Knott 2006). Therefore, a corresponding difference in general risk propensity hypothesis is not supported by research findings. Alternatively, a difference in risk perception hypothesis has been suggested. In other words, even if entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs have similar risk preferences, entrepreneurs may perceive less risk by overestimating their chances for success (Baron 1998). Y1 - 2009 SN - 9781441904423 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0443-0_12 SN - 1572-1922 SP - 259 EP - 281 PB - Springer New York CY - New York, NY ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lorenz, Jan A1 - Urbig, Diemo T1 - About the power to enforce and prevent consensus by manipulating communication rules T2 - Advances in Complex Systems N2 - We explore the possibilities of enforcing and preventing consensus in continuous opinion dynamics that result from modifications in the communication rules. We refer to the model of Weisbuch and Deffuant, where n agents adjust their continuous opinions as a result of random pairwise encounters whenever their opinions differ not more than a given bound of confidence ε. A high ε leads to consensus, while a lower ε leads to a fragmentation into several opinion clusters. We drop the random encounter assumption and ask: How small may ε be such that consensus is still possible with a certain communication plan for the entire group? Mathematical analysis shows that ε may be significantly smaller than in the random pairwise case. On the other hand, we ask: How large may ε be such that preventing consensus is still possible? In answering this question, we prove Fortunato's simulation result that consensus cannot be prevented for ε 0.5 for large groups. Next, we consider opinion dynamics under different individual strategies and examine their power to increase the chances of consensus. One result is that balancing agents increase chances of consensus, especially if the agents are cautious in adapting their opinions. However, curious agents increase chances of consensus only if those agents are not cautious in adapting their opinions. Y1 - 2007 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219525907000982 SN - 0219-5259 VL - 10 IS - 02 SP - 251 EP - 269 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zambrano-Curcio, Andrés Felipe A1 - Urbig, Diemo A1 - Bönte, Werner A1 - Schmutzler, Jana T1 - At the Risk of Loss: Experimental Evidence on the Discriminant Validity of Self-Reported Measures of Risk Preferences T2 - SSRN eLibrary N2 - In recent years, there has been increasing use of experimentally validated self-reported items to measure individuals' risk preferences, specifically risk aversion. While previous research supports their convergent validity, we argue that self-reported risk preference measures capture a broad spectrum of additional constructs involved in risky decision-making, notably including loss aversion as a potential confound. In broader applications, such as observational studies, associations with other constructs enhance a measurement's ability to predict risk-taking behaviors across diverse natural environments, often arising from the interplay of different constructs better captured by comprehensive self-reported measures than by narrower, construct-specific incentivized measures. Conversely, in focused tests where each construct has unique behavioral implications, using broad self-reported measures as a replacement for construct-specific incentivized measurements can result in significant endogeneity issues. By analyzing three samples from two independent studies, we demonstrate that even after accounting for incentivized risk preference measures that remove latent construct associations and focus on measurement-related confounds, self-reported risk preferences maintain a substantial association with incentivized loss aversion measures, indicating that the measurement captures a mixture of both risk and loss aversion. We also observe that the strength of associations depends on whether individuals interpret risk-taking as accepting higher variances or higher losses. Based on this finding, we propose a simple procedure that utilizes this individual heterogeneity in the confounding effect's strength to enhance the robustness of conclusions drawn from analyses of self-reported risk preference measures Y1 - 2023 UR - https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/4rzgu15c0g5dfpgkhq91f/2023_esa_european_meeting_11_09.pdf?rlkey=tns75pnujizp4z8iv4eapho8q&dl=0 UR - https://www.economicscience.org/page/conference/2023-european-esa-meeting-exeter-uk U6 - https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4371973 SN - 1556-5068 N1 - 2023 European ESA Meeting, Exeter, UK SP - 1 EP - 39 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kappe, Karina A1 - Urbig, Diemo A1 - Lengsfeld, Stephan T1 - Not my business! The role of organizational culture in supporting employees with side businesses T2 - 26th Annual Interdisciplinary Conference on Entrepreneurship, Innovation and SMEs, 2023 N2 - Organizations can benefit from their employees doing entrepreneurial side hustles through, e.g., empowerment or innovativeness, but do employers, as the most critical stakeholder for hybrid entrepreneurs, perceive and positively react to entrepreneurial side hustles? Research on the active role of the parental organization in the emergence and operation of entrepreneurial side activities is currently missing. Drawing on a large dataset with 855 managers, we explore the heterogeneity of organizations in responding to such employees. We place the organizational culture of the employers in the spotlight and examine its impact on managerial perceptions and their behavior in this context. We show that organizational characteristics such as flexibility or an internal focus lead to positive expectations of side hustles and claim that recognition is a relevant prerequisite to exploit arising opportunities or mitigate threats effectively. We fur-thermore show that next to indirect effects through outcome expectations, cultural characteris-tics also drive behavioral responses directly. For instance, focusing on flexibility leads to sup-portive behavior, while a strong focus on internal or external factors of an organization impedes supportive organizational behavior. We contribute to research on the emerging phenomenon of side hustles and push theory by revealing employer characteristics that lead to a more or less conducive environment for this type of entrepreneurs. KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Hybrid entrepreneurship KW - Culture KW - Employer Y1 - 2023 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379155827 UR - https://www.fgf-ev.de/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/G-Forum-2023-Programmgeruest_18-09-2023_Internet.pdfInte ER - TY - GEN A1 - Röder, Martin A1 - Urbig, Diemo A1 - Stöckmann, Christoph A1 - Bönte, Werner A1 - Procher, Vivien D. T1 - There's no fox like an old fox: Dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation and venture closure T2 - 26th Annual Interdisciplinary Conference on Entrepreneurship, Innovation and SMEs, 2023 N2 - Only a few scholars examined downsides of EO and suggest it may negatively affect survival. Previous research, which mainly focuses on mature companies, assumes that the relationship between EO and survival is constant. However, because firm characteristics and causal mechanisms change as young venture survive and grow into mature firms, the relationships between EO and survival could also change over time. We extend the EO literature by considering changing EO effects when venture grow into mature firms and by employing a multidimensional view on EO and identify isolating independent mechanisms for the influence of each dimension (i.e. innovativeness, proactiveness and risk-taking) on the survival of young ventures. While the nature of proactiveness on performance is rathe positive, risk-taking and innovativeness increases the variance of firm performance and thus the chances of failure. However, the latter can be separated according to whether the increase in variance occurs at a single point in time (risk-taking) or over time (innovation) and whether the survivors have more money or more innovations. For young firms, innovativeness and risk-taking inhibit survival, while proactiveness promotes it, so the dimensions have divergent effects. As a consequence of the attrition of young ventures, the associations of innovativeness and risk-taking reverse when they grow older. Our empirical analyses are based on panel data of 8,518 young firms. KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Survival KW - Failure KW - Entrepreneurial orientation KW - time-varying Cox proportional hazard model Y1 - 2023 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379155763 UR - https://www.fgf-ev.de/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/G-Forum-2023-Programmgeruest_18-09-2023_Internet.pdf ER - TY - GEN A1 - Stöckmann, Christoph A1 - Kensbock, Julia A1 - Urbig, Diemo T1 - Synthesizing a new conceptual and empirical understanding of ambidexterity and its effects on firm performance T2 - 26th Annual Interdisciplinary Conference on Entrepreneurship, Innovation and SMEs, 2023 N2 - Ambidexterity is a wide-established and popular construct that promises to combine two seemingly opposing strategic actions—exploration and exploitation—for higher firm performance. Nevertheless, the (apparently peaceful) coexistence of two different conceptions of ambidexterity hampers a unified theoretical and empirical understanding in the field. This study introduces a new conceptual framework to study ambidexterity and its effects on firm performance. We propose that firms need to overcome two distinct types of trade-off—a trade-off in effects and a trade-off in implementing exploration and exploitation. If firms manage to be ambidextrous in effects and ambidextrous in implementing, they will achieve what we consider a higher-order synergetic ambidexterity. In addition to our theoretical framework, we provide an empirical illustration based on a commonality analysis. Our findings demonstrate how (a) independent effects of exploration and exploitation, (b) interaction effects of exploration and exploitation (representing ambidexterity in effects), and (c) shared effects of exploration and exploitation (representing ambidexterity in implementing) separately and jointly contribute to higher firm performance. We find that the highest effect on firm performance can be observed when firms are both ambidextrous in effects and ambidextrous in implementing. KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Ambidexterity Y1 - 2023 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379155820 UR - https://www.fgf-ev.de/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/G-Forum-2023-Programmgeruest_18-09-2023_Internet.pdf ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hermanns, Thomas A1 - Urbig, Diemo A1 - Block, Jörn A1 - Mühlfeld, Katrin T1 - Economic adjustment strategies of self-employed individuals during essential crises: The case of complementary paid jobs T2 - 39th EGOS Colloquium. Organizing for the good life: Between legacy and imagination, University of Cagliari July 6–8, 2023, Cagliari, Italy N2 - Research on entrepreneurs combining their own start-ups with wage work—often referred to as hybrid or part-time entrepreneurship—has primarily focused on employees (temporarily) retaining their wage jobs while (gradually) transitioning into entrepreneurship. During crises, however, entrepreneurs seeking to ensure survival of their existing ventures may strive to supplement self-employment with entry into wage jobs. Specifically, we hypothesize that such crisis-coping may facilitate venture survival through two separate pathways, an income-portfolio-driven one and one geared towards business model testing. The latter effect is contingent upon the degree of uncertainty regarding the business model change. We test these hypotheses empirically against the backdrop of the Covid-19 crisis using a sample of more than 10.000 German self-employed individuals. The results largely support our hypotheses and overall offer interesting implications for both future research as well as policymakers seeking to support small businesses during crisis periods. KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Crisis KW - Hybrid entrepreneurship KW - Business model change Y1 - 2023 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379156381 UR - https://www.egos.org/jart/prj3/egos/main.jart?rel=de&reserve-mode=active&content-id=165850143499 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hofmockel, Alexandra S. A1 - Procher, Vivien D. A1 - Urbig, Diemo A1 - Gottschalk, Sandra T1 - What drives an entrepreneur to remain in a paid job? Explaining heterogeneityi among hybrid entrepreneurs T2 - Frontiers of entrepreneurship research 2022: Proceedings of the forty-second annual Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference N2 - Principal Topic: Hybrid entrepreneurs, individuals working in a paid job while simultaneously being self-employed (Folta et al. 2010), seem to receive increasing scholarly attention in entrepreneurship research. Since they tend to be more risk-averse and have less entrepreneurial experience than non-hybrid entrepreneurs (Folta et al. 2010; Raffiee & Feng, 2014), the general proposition in research remains to view hybrid entrepreneurs as a homogenous group who mainly use hybridity for testing before transitioning into full-time self-employment. However, we show that considering a broad diversity of motives to stay in a paid job will reveal heterogeneity among hybrid entrepreneurs. Furthermore, since different motives tend to be associated with varying performance outcomes (Deci & Ryan, 2000), we demonstrate that heterogeneity among hybrid entrepreneurs relates to differences in performance and innovativeness. Method: We employed a start-up panel dataset (2013 – 2018) from the Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research to evaluate practically relevant combinations of motives derived from theory to empirically identify natural clusters among hybrid entrepreneurs by estimating a latent class logit model. Secondly, we use panel regression analyses to test whether these three classes compared to full-time entrepreneurs differ concerning their financial and innovative performance measured in profit, sales, and innovativeness as separate dependent variables. Hereby, we control for demographics, experience, and industry. Results and Implications: We were able to identify three dominant types among hybrid entrepreneurs: opportunists, transitioners, and networkers. Moreover, performance differences exist between these three classes as well as compared to full-time entrepreneurs. We observe that opportunists are associated with higher short-term profits than full-time entrepreneurs. At the same time, networkers and transitioners seem to engage in more innovative activities than opportunists and full-time entrepreneurs. We contribute to current research on potential mechanisms causing hybrid entrepreneurship, showing that hybrid entrepreneurs should not be considered a homogeneous group. Furthermore, we contribute to entrepreneurship literature by demonstrating that heterogeneity among hybrids exists when considering motives to remain in a paid job, which is associated with differences in performance and innovativeness. Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-0-910897-00-6 SP - S. 166 PB - Arthur M. Blank Center for Entrepreneurship CY - Babson Park, Massachusetts ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mochkabadi, Kazem A1 - Kleinert, Simon A1 - Urbig, Diemo A1 - Volkmann, Christine T1 - Turning extreme distinctiveness into an asset? How radically innovative ventures can achieve optimal distinctiveness in early-stage funding contexts T2 - Frontiers of entrepreneurship research 2022: Proceedings of the forty-second annual Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference N2 - This study relies on optimal distinctiveness theory to investigate how radically innovative ventures might attract funding. Conforming with existing norms can help new ventures gain legitimacy from resource providers, yet radically innovative ventures instead feature extreme distinctiveness. The results of three complementary empirical studies affirm that these radically innovative ventures suffer from reduced funding chances among equity crowdfunders. Contributing to optimal distinctiveness theory, the authors show that extremely distinctive ventures can shift to become optimally distinctive. Thus, radically innovative ventures can reverse the negative effect and avoid the downsides of non-conformity by leveraging external legitimacy sources, such as endorsements from alliance partners or professional investors. The optimal level of distinctiveness also varies by audience, such that radically innovative ventures’ extreme distinctiveness evokes more negative judgments among equity crowdfunders who expect returns than among reward crowdfunders who seek novelty. Surprisingly though, without external legitimacy sources, radical innovativeness is never favored, even by novelty-seeking audiences. This fresh evidence that radical innovativeness constitutes both a liability and an asset, contingent on new ventures’ external endorsements and audience expectations, points to important boundary conditions for optimal distinctiveness theory. KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Crowdfunding Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-0-910897-00-6 SP - 73 EP - 78 PB - Arthur M. Blank Center for Entrepreneurship CY - Babson Park, Massachusetts ER - TY - GEN A1 - Klein, Sarah A1 - Urbig, Diemo ED - Sachse, Katharina ED - Kurzenhäuser-Carstens, Stephanie T1 - Should I stay or should I go? Die Rolle von Hoffnung in Jobwechseldynamiken T2 - Krisen meistern, Ressourcen aufbauen, Nachhaltigkeit stärken. Abstracts zur 26. Fachtagung der Gesellschaft für angewandte Wirtschaftspsychologie (GWPs) N2 - Theoretischer Hintergrund: Hoffnung wirkt als motivationaler Mechanismus auf Handlungsintentionen in Krisensituationen und Situationen unter Unsicherheit (Krafft & Walker, 2018). Obwohl sich Hoffnung in den vergangenen Jahren als wichtige psychologische Ressource für persönliche Leistung und Zielerreichung in der Forschung etabliert hat, gibt es wenige Studien zum Einfluss auf berufsbezogene Entscheidungen. Diese zeigen jedoch Beziehungen zu wichtigen berufsbezogenen Variablen wie Jobzufriedenheit und Jobwechselabsicht (Reichard et al., 2013). Fragestellung/Hypothesen: Über bekannte Effekte hinaus untersucht diese Studie den Einfluss von dispositioneller Hoffnung auf Jobwechseldynamiken. Wir betrachten Hoffnung als kontextunspezifischen, mehrdimensionalen Faktor, bestehend aus internaler selbstbezogener Hoffnung (Snyder, 2002) und ex ternaler Hoffnung auf einflussreiche Dritte sowie Zufall oder Schicksal (Bernardo, 2010). Wir hypothetisieren, dass insbesondere internale Hoffnung Jobwechselprozesse beeinflusst und den negativen Zusammenhang von Jobzufriedenheit und Jobwechselabsicht verstärkend moderiert. Methodik/Ergebnisse: Die Hypothesen werden mittels Regressionsanalysen an einer Stichprobe von N=826 Berufstätigen geprüft. Internale Hoffnung korreliert negativ mit aktuellen Jobwechselabsichten, unter Kontrolle für Jobzufriedenheit wird dieser Zusammenhang positiv. Wir bestätigen den verstärkenden Effekt internaler Hoffnung auf den negativen Zusammenhang von Jobzufriedenheit und Jobwechselabsicht. Die Effekte sind robust, wenn für dispositionellen Optimismus als Alternativerklärung kontrolliert wird. Internale Hoffnung ist zudem positiv mit früheren Jobwechseln sowie aktueller Jobzufriedenheit assoziiert. Diskussion/Implikationen: Unsere Studie leistet einen Beitrag zur Hoffnungsforschung im betrieblichen Kontext und belegt den Einfluss von Hoffnung auf Jobwechselprozesse. Eine divergente Wirkung von Hoffnung wird durch die Verstärkung von Jobwechselabsichten unter Jobunzufriedenheit gezeigt, bei gleichzeitiger Assoziation mit Jobzufriedenheit. Hoffnung sollte als personalpsychologischer Wirkmechanismus stärker in den Mittelpunkt innerbetrieblicher Maßnahmen gerückt werden, um diesen gezielt im Personalmanagement einzusetzen. KW - Hoffnung Y1 - 2023 SN - 978-3-95853-834-4 SP - S. 33 PB - Pabst Science Publishers CY - Lengerich/Westfalen ER - TY - GEN A1 - Urbig, Diemo A1 - Dost, Florian A1 - Geiger, Ingmar T1 - Entrepreneurs misdiagnosing their ventures’ innovativeness: The roles of causation and effectuation T2 - 26th Annual Interdisciplinary Conference on Entrepreneurship, Innovation and SMEs, 2023 N2 - This text discusses the concept of misdiagnosis in entrepreneurial ventures, where managers' unrealistic optimism can lead to misaligned strategies and late pivots. The study explores the connection between misdiagnosis and decision logics (effectuation and causation) through motivated reasoning and beliefs. The researchers conducted a study with 266 ventures from innovative industries and measured misdiagnosis by comparing managers' judgments with external experts' assessments of venture innovativeness. The results show that causation logic positively influences misdiagnosis, but this effect is reduced when coupled with flexibility. The study highlights the importance of objective performance measures and suggests that motivated reasoning and beliefs explain the link between causation logic and misdiagnosis. Additionally, older and larger ventures with a prevalence of causation logic may experience more misdiagnosis and potential delays in innovation efforts. Flexibility is crucial for older ventures to remain innovative. KW - Entreprenuership KW - Effectuation KW - Overconfidence KW - Miscalibration Y1 - 2023 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379155859 UR - https://www.fgf-ev.de/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/G-Forum-2023-Programmgeruest_18-09-2023_Internet.pdf ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mochkabadi, Kazem A1 - Kleinert, Simon A1 - Urbig, Diemo A1 - Volkmann, Christine T1 - From distinctiveness to optimal distinctiveness: External endorsements, innovativeness and new venture funding T2 - 26th Annual Interdisciplinary Conference on Entrepreneurship, Innovation and SMEs, 2023 N2 - To maximize their performance, new ventures should be optimally distinctive, that is, as differentiated from competitors as is legitimately possible. External endorsements, through affiliations with reputable third-parties, might alter the level of optimal distinctiveness for new ventures among different resource-providing audiences. To develop and test this prediction, the authors study new ventures with varying degrees of innovativeness that seek funding from return- and novelty-seeking resource providers. The former expect some distinctiveness but reject too little or too much (e.g., non- or radically innovative new ventures). External endorsements can buffer the legitimacy of these non-innovative and radically innovative ventures, but they lead to different performance implications. For non-innovative ventures, external endorsements function as a shield against low legitimacy, so they are less penalized for their lack of novelty. For radically innovative ventures, external endorsements function as a performance booster; they can become even optimally distinctive and outperform other distinctiveness configurations. In contrast, novelty-seeking audiences already have a higher tolerance for more innovative new ventures, so these effects are less pronounced among these resource providers. Four empirical studies, using observational data and experiments in equity and reward-based crowdfunding, provide strong support for this theory and account for several alternative explanations. In turn, this study sheds new light on the crucial, audience-specific function of external endorsements, namely, as a means to alter optimal distinctiveness levels. KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Finance KW - Crowdfunding KW - Optimal distinctiveness KW - Legitimacy KW - Platform Y1 - 2023 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379155882 UR - https://www.fgf-ev.de/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/G-Forum-2023-Programmgeruest_18-09-2023_Internet.pdf ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hofmockel, Alexandra S. A1 - Procher, Vivien D. A1 - Urbig, Diemo A1 - Gottschalk, Sandra T1 - Heterogeneity among hybrid entrepreneurs: Motives and performance T2 - Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings N2 - We draw on a variety of research areas that explain why individuals combine paid employment and self-employment. We provide a comprehensive empirical comparison of the relevance and co-occurrence of multiple motives. Our analysis shows that motives can be meaningfully distinguished according to whether a motive is endogenously transitory or not, and suggests the presence of three dominant classes of hybrid entrepreneurs. In particular, learning and growth constraints, which we refer to as transitory motives resolving over time, play a crucial role in distinguishing between the three classes. Based on an analysis of 3,868 hybrid and pure entrepreneurs, we show that our typology helps better understand the potentially heterogeneous relationships between being a hybrid entrepreneur and entrepreneurial performance and innovation behavior. KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Hybrid Entrepreneurship KW - Motive KW - Performance KW - Innovation Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5465/AMPROC.2023.13956abstract SN - 0065-0668 SN - 2151-6561 VL - 2023 IS - 1 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Klein, Sarah A1 - Urbig, Diemo T1 - The motivational effects of hope on effort: Hope for success with or without effort T2 - Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings N2 - Existing research focuses on hope as a motivational driver for personal effort. We argue that hope can facilitate individuals’ decisions for and against effort, depending on specific conditions. Based on a vignette study with 350 subjects, we test this suggestion with a scenario where a person decides for or against an effortful training that experts consider appropriate for that person, presuming that one could hope for success based on training but also for success without training. We find that hope can leverage individuals’ decisions to engage in and avoid effortful behavior. Moreover, ambiguity in a behavioral outcome strengthens the effect of hope on the likelihood of choosing the corresponding behavior. Separating internal from a more general kind of hope, we find that hope for success by training is mainly driven by internal hope but hope without training relates less to internal hope. Carefully separating the effects of hope from the effects of optimism, our study highlights the relevance of hope beyond optimism. KW - Hope KW - Optimism KW - Decision-making KW - Choice KW - Training KW - Effort Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5465/AMPROC.2023.15106abstract SN - 2151-6561 SN - 0065-0668 VL - 2023 IS - 1 PB - Academy of Management ER - TY - GEN A1 - Huber, Christoph A1 - Dreber, Anna A1 - Huber, Jürgen A1 - Johannesson, Magnus A1 - Kirchler, Michael A1 - Weitzel, Utz A1 - Abellán, Miguel A1 - Adayeva, Xeniya A1 - Ay, Fehime Ceren A1 - Barron, Kai A1 - Berry, Zachariah A1 - Bönte, Werner A1 - Brütt, Katharina A1 - Bulutay, Muhammed A1 - Campos-Mercade, Pol A1 - Cardella, Eric A1 - Claassen, Maria Almudena A1 - Cornelissen, Gert A1 - Dawson, Ian G. J. A1 - Delnoij, Joyce A1 - Demiral, Elif E. A1 - Dimant, Eugen A1 - Doerflinger, Johannes Theodor A1 - Dold, Malte A1 - Emery, Cécile A1 - Fiala, Lenka A1 - Fiedler, Susann A1 - Freddi, Eleonora A1 - Fries, Tilman A1 - Gasiorowska, Agata A1 - Glogowsky, Ulrich A1 - Gorny, Paul Matthias A1 - Gretton, Jeremy David A1 - Grohmann, Antonia A1 - Hafenbrädl, Sebastian A1 - Handgraaf, Michel A1 - Hanoch, Yaniv A1 - Hart, Einav A1 - Hennig, Max A1 - Hudja, Stanton A1 - Hütter, Mandy A1 - Hyndman, Kyle A1 - Ioannidis, Konstantinos A1 - Isler, Ozan A1 - Jeworrek, Sabrina A1 - Jolles, Daniel A1 - Juanchich, Marie A1 - Raghabendra, Pratap K.C. A1 - Khadjavi, Menusch A1 - Kugler, Tamar A1 - Li, Shuwen A1 - Lucas, Brian A1 - Mak, Vincent A1 - Mechtel, Mario A1 - Merkle, Christoph A1 - Meyers, Ethan Andrew A1 - Mollerstrom, Johanna A1 - Nesterov, Alexander A1 - Neyse, Levent A1 - Nieken, Petra A1 - Nussberger, Anne-Marie A1 - Palumbo, Helena A1 - Peters, Kim A1 - Pirrone, Angelo A1 - Qin, Xiangdong A1 - Rahal, Rima Maria A1 - Rau, Holger A1 - Rincke, Johannes A1 - Ronzani, Piero A1 - Roth, Yefim A1 - Saral, Ali Seyhun A1 - Schmitz, Jan A1 - Schneider, Florian A1 - Schram, Arthur A1 - Schudy, Simeon A1 - Schweitzer, Maurice E. A1 - Schwieren, Christiane A1 - Scopelliti, Irene A1 - Sirota, Miroslav A1 - Sonnemans, Joep A1 - Soraperra, Ivan A1 - Spantig, Lisa A1 - Steimanis, Ivo A1 - Steinmetz, Janina A1 - Suetens, Sigrid A1 - Theodoropoulou, Andriana A1 - Urbig, Diemo A1 - Vorlaufer, Tobias A1 - Waibel, Joschka A1 - Woods, Daniel A1 - Yakobi, Ofir A1 - Yilmaz, Onurcan A1 - Zaleskiewicz, Tomasz A1 - Zeisberger, Stefan A1 - Holzmeister, Felix T1 - Competition and moral behavior: A meta-analysis of forty-five crowd-sourced experimental designs T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences N2 - Does competition affect moral behavior? This fundamental question has been debated among leading scholars for centuries, and more recently, it has been tested in experimental studies yielding a body of rather inconclusive empirical evidence. A potential source of ambivalent empirical results on the same hypothesis is design heterogeneity—variation in true effect sizes across various reasonable experimental research protocols. To provide further evidence on whether competition affects moral behavior and to examine whether the generalizability of a single experimental study is jeopardized by design heterogeneity, we invited independent research teams to contribute experimental designs to a crowd-sourced project. In a large-scale online data collection, 18,123 experimental participants were randomly allocated to 45 randomly selected experimental designs out of 95 submitted designs. We find a small adverse effect of competition on moral behavior in a meta-analysis of the pooled data. The crowd-sourced design of our study allows for a clean identification and estimation of the variation in effect sizes above and beyond what could be expected due to sampling variance. We find substantial design heterogeneity—estimated to be about 1.6 times as large as the average standard error of effect size estimates of the 45 research designs—indicating that the informativeness and generalizability of results based on a single experimental design are limited. Drawing strong conclusions about the underlying hypotheses in the presence of substantive design heterogeneity requires moving toward much larger data collections on various experimental designs testing the same hypothesis. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2215572120 SN - 0027-8424 SN - 1091-6490 VL - 120 IS - 23 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mochkabadi, Kazem A1 - Kleinert, Simon A1 - Urbig, Diemo A1 - Volkmann, Christine T1 - From distinctiveness to optimal distinctiveness: External endorsements, innovativeness and new venture funding T2 - Journal of Business Venturing N2 - We examine how external endorsements help new ventures with varying degrees of innovativeness to attract funding. According to optimal distinctiveness theory, new ventures should be as different from competitors as legitimately possible. However, initial research suggests that new ventures can also buffer their legitimacy through external endorsements. We clarify that effects of such legitimacy buffers depend critically on an audience's unique legitimacy-distinctiveness relationship. Specifically, external endorsements lead to different predictions about shifts in optimal distinctiveness for return-seeking audiences compared to novelty-seeking audiences as relevant new venture funders. For return-seeking audiences, new ventures are perceived as less legitimate when they are non-innovative or radically innovative so that incrementally innovative new ventures are most attractive without endorsements. External endorsements can thus buffer the legitimacy of non-innovative and radically innovative new ventures, but they lead to different performance implications for a return-seeking audience. While non-innovative new ventures increase their attractiveness, only radically innovative new ventures can become optimally distinctive and outperform other distinctiveness configurations. In contrast, novelty-seeking audiences already have a higher tolerance for radically innovative new ventures, so the effects of external endorsements are less pronounced. Four empirical studies, using observational data and experiments in equity and reward-based crowdfunding, provide strong support for this theory and account for alternative explanations such as risk perceptions. In turn, we shed new light on the crucial, audience-specific function of external endorsements, namely, as a means to alter optimal distinctiveness levels. KW - Entreprenuership KW - Crowdfunding KW - Legitimacy KW - Optimal distinctiveness KW - innnovation KW - radical innovation Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2023.106340 SN - 0883-9026 VL - 39 IS - 1 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Geenen, Noreen Y. R. A1 - Mühlfeld, Katrin A1 - Urbig, Diemo T1 - Foundations of innovativeness in the international arena: Foreign language use and creative performance T2 - European Journal of International Management N2 - Individuals' creativity is a key resource underlying an organisation's innovativeness. With workplaces becoming increasingly multilingual, a question of growing relevance concerns whether using a native versus a foreign language affects individuals' creativity. This study integrates research on foreign language in international business and on determinants of individual creativity with cognitive psychological research. Experiments suggest a detrimental effect of foreign versus native language use on creative performance, which is stronger in verbal tasks. Subjectively perceived foreign language proficiency appears to mitigate this negative effect. In tasks framed in figural terms, foreign language use even seems to stimulate creativity compared with a native language setting. This finding implies a potential lever for organisations seeking to stimulate employees' creativity to deliberately use a foreign language context to encourage thinking outside the box, particularly when using nonverbal creativity tools. Important implications arise for future research and practice in international management and creativity and innovation management. KW - foreign language use KW - foreign language proficiency KW - foreign language anxiety KW - creativity KW - creative performance KW - divergent thinking KW - innovativeness Y1 - 2022 UR - http://urbig.org/mediapool/90/907078/data/publications/Geenen_Muehlfeld_Urbig_-_EJIM_-_Foreign_language_and_creativity.pdf U6 - https://doi.org/10.1504/EJIM.2022.10045539 SN - 1751-6765 ER -