TY - GEN A1 - Glasauer, Stefan A1 - Straka, Hans T1 - Low Gain Values of the Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex Can Optimize Retinal Image Slip T2 - Frontiers in Neurology N2 - The angular vestibulo-ocular reflex (aVOR) stabilizes retinal images by counter-rotating the eyes during head rotations. Perfect compensatory movements would thus rotate the eyes exactly opposite to the head, that is, eyes vs. head would exhibit a unity gain. However, in many species, but also in elderly humans or patients with a history of vestibular damage, the aVOR is far from compensatory with gains that are in part considerably lower than unity. The reason for this apparent suboptimality is unknown. Here, we propose that low VOR gain values reflect an optimal adaptation to sensory and motor signal variability. According to this hypothesis, gaze stabilization mechanisms that aim at minimizing the overall retinal image slip must consider the effects of (1) sensory and motor noise and (2) dynamic constraints of peripheral and central nervous processing. We demonstrate that a computational model for optimizing retinal image slip in the presence of such constraints of signal processing in fact predicts gain values smaller than unity. We further show specifically for tadpoles of the clawed toad, Xenopus laevis with particularly low gain values that previously reported VOR gains quantitatively correspond to the observed variability of eye movements and thus constitute an optimal adaptation mechanism. We thus hypothesize that lower VOR gain values in elderly human subjects or recovered patients with a history of vestibular damage may be the sign of an optimization given higher noise levels rather than a direct consequence of the damage, such as an inability of executing fast compensatory eye movements. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.897293 SN - 1664-2295 VL - 13 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Glasauer, Stefan A1 - Straka, Hans T1 - Ear pins down evolution of thermoregulation T2 - Nature N2 - An analysis of fossil specimens of the inner ear helps to refine the timeframe of a key transition in vertebrate evolution — when our mammal-like ancestors began to regulate and maintain a high body temperature. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-01943-1 IS - 607 SP - 661 EP - 662 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schröder, Lena A1 - Regnath, Franziska A1 - Glasauer, Stefan A1 - Hackenberg, Anna A1 - Hente, Juliane A1 - Weilenmann, Sonja A1 - Pohl, Daniel A1 - Känel, Roland von A1 - Lehnen, Nadine T1 - Altered sensorimotor processing in irritable bowel syndrome: Evidence for a transdiagnostic pathomechanism in functional somatic disorders T2 - Frontiers in Neuroscience N2 - Objective A recent hypothesis suggests that functional somatic symptoms are due to altered information processing in the brain, with rigid expectations biasing sensorimotor signal processing. First experimental results confirmed such altered processing within the affected symptom modality, e.g., deficient eye-head coordination in patients with functional dizziness. Studies in patients with functional somatic symptoms looking at general, trans-symptomatic processing deficits are sparse. Here, we investigate sensorimotor processing during eye-head gaze shifts in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) to test whether processing deficits exist across symptom modalities. Methods Study participants were seven patients suffering from IBS and seven age- and gender-matched healthy controls who performed large gaze shifts toward visual targets. Participants performed combined eye-head gaze shifts in the natural condition and with experimentally increased head moment of inertia. Head oscillations as a marker for sensorimotor processing deficits were assessed. Bayes statistics was used to assess evidence for the presence or absence of processing differences between IBS patients and healthy controls. Results With the head moment of inertia increased, IBS patients displayed more pronounced head oscillations than healthy controls (Bayes Factor 10 = 56.4, corresponding to strong evidence). Conclusion Patients with IBS show sensorimotor processing deficits, reflected by increased head oscillations during large gaze shifts to visual targets. In particular, patients with IBS have difficulties to adapt to the context of altered head moment of inertia. Our results suggest general transdiagnostic processing deficits in functional somatic disorders. KW - irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) KW - functional somatic disorders KW - somatoform disorders KW - predictive processing KW - transdiagnostic mechanism KW - gaze shift Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.1029126 SN - 1662-453X VL - 16 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Glasauer, Stefan A1 - Straka, Hans T1 - Der Beginn der Warmblütigkeit T2 - Spektrum der Wissenschaft Y1 - 2023 UR - https://www.spektrum.de/magazin/evolution-der-beginn-der-warmbluetigkeit/2085762 SN - 0170-2971 IS - 2 SP - 30 EP - 31 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Werder, Dina von A1 - Regnath, Franziska A1 - Schäfer, Daniel A1 - Jörres, Rudolf A1 - Lehnen, Nadine A1 - Glasauer, Stefan T1 - Post-COVID breathlessness: a mathematical model of respiratory processing in the brain T2 - European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience N2 - Breathlessness is among the most common post-COVID symptoms. In a considerable number of patients, severe breathlessness cannot be explained by peripheral organ impairment. Recent concepts have described how such persistent breathlessness could arise from dysfunctional processing of respiratory information in the brain. In this paper, we present a first quantitative and testable mathematical model of how processing of respiratory-related signals could lead to breathlessness perception. The model is based on recent theories that the brain holds an adaptive and dynamic internal representation of a respiratory state that is based on previous experiences and comprises gas exchange between environment, lung and tissue cells. Perceived breathlessness reflects the brain’s estimate of this respiratory state signaling a potentially hazardous disequilibrium in gas exchange. The internal respiratory state evolves from the respiratory state of the last breath, is updated by a sensory measurement of CO2 concentration, and is dependent on the current activity context. To evaluate our model and thus test the assumed mechanism, we used data from an ongoing rebreathing experiment investigating breathlessness in patients with post-COVID without peripheral organ dysfunction (N = 5) and healthy control participants without complaints after COVID-19 (N = 5). Although the observed breathlessness patterns varied extensively between individual participants in the rebreathing experiment, our model shows good performance in replicating these individual, heterogeneous time courses. The model assumes the same underlying processes in the central nervous system in all individuals, i.e., also between patients and healthy control participants, and we hypothesize that differences in breathlessness are explained by different weighting and thus influence of these processes on the final percept. Our model could thus be applied in future studies to provide insight into where in the processing cascade of respiratory signals a deficit is located that leads to (post-COVID) breathlessness. A potential clinical application could be, e.g., the monitoring of effects of pulmonary rehabilitation on respiratory processing in the brain to improve the therapeutic strategies. KW - Pharmacology (medical) KW - Biological Psychiatry KW - Psychiatry and Mental health KW - General Medicine Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-023-01739-y SN - 0940-1334 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Glasauer, Stefan T1 - Individual differences do matter T2 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences N2 - The integrative experiment design proposal currently only relates to group results, but downplays individual differences between participants, which may nevertheless be substantial enough to constitute a relevant dimension in the design space. Excluding the individual participant in the integrative design will not solve all problems mentioned in the target article, because averaging results may obscure the underlying mechanisms. KW - Behavioral Neuroscience KW - Physiology KW - Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X2300242X SN - 0140-525X VL - 47 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schaefer, Daniel A1 - Jörres, Rudolf A1 - Nowak, Dennis A1 - Van Den Bergh, Omer A1 - Bogaerts, Katleen A1 - Glasauer, Stefan A1 - Lehnen, Nadine A1 - Von Werder, Dina T1 - Late breaking abstract : replication and validation of a rebreathing experiment to investigate post-COVID symptoms T2 - European Respiratory Journal Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2023.PA5072 VL - 62 IS - Suppl. 67 PB - European Respiratory Society ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Jahrmann, Margarete A1 - Brandstetter, Thomas A1 - Glasauer, Stefan ED - König, Nikolaus ED - Denk, Natalie ED - Pfeiffer, Alexander ED - Wernbacher, Thomas ED - Wimmer, Simon T1 - Kopfgeld : dark play in an AI based individualized money game T2 - MONEY | GAMES | ECONOMIES N2 - The exemplary low interaction game KOPFGELD, developed in 2023 by Margarete Jahrmann and Stefan Glasauer and first exhibited in a show on the topic of cash at Re:Publica Berlin (RP23.-) defines the price of a player’s face by using the latest developments in AI image generation and face recognition systems. In a theoretical framework we reflect KOPFGELD as a radical art game on “non- consensual play” by AI systems with human entities. In playful settings actual face recognition directly capitalizes biometric data. The emerging AI systems use human play with AI for training of their own systems and turn interaction and attention into cash. Using methods of playful artistic research (LUDIC method), the artistic low interaction game KOPFGELD furthers the understanding of non- consensual play and so-called “dark patterns of game design”. Situating the installation in the context of idle/low interactions and the artistic tradition of “dark play”, we show how actual games, exemplified by a mobile racing game, provide a dark mirror in which we can see glimpses of a future of pervasive gamification driven by non-human players: “you are being played”. Y1 - 2024 SN - 978-3-903470-14-9 SN - 978-3-903470-15-6 U6 - https://doi.org/10.48341/pwsk-m637 SP - 171 EP - 188 PB - University of Krems Press CY - Krems ER - TY - GEN A1 - Shi, Zhuanghua A1 - Gu, Bon-Mi A1 - Glasauer, Stefan A1 - Meck, Warren H. T1 - Beyond Scalar Timing Theory: Integrating Neural Oscillators with Computational Accessibility in Memory T2 - Timing & Time Perception N2 - One of the major challenges for computational models of timing and time perception is to identify a neurobiological plausible implementation that predicts various behavioral properties, including the scalar property and retrospective timing. The available timing models primarily focus on the scalar property and prospective timing, while virtually ignoring the computational accessibility. Here, we first selectively review timing models based on ramping activity, oscillatory pattern, and time cells, and discuss potential challenges for the existing models. We then propose a multifrequency oscilla- tory model that offers computational accessibility, which could account for a much broader range of timing features, including both retrospective and prospective timing. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1163/22134468-bja10059 SN - 2213-4468 SP - 1 EP - 22 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Flanagin, Virginia A1 - Klinkowski, Svenja A1 - Brodt, Svenja A1 - Graetsch, Melanie A1 - Roselli, Carolina A1 - Glasauer, Stefan A1 - Gais, Steffen T1 - The precuneus as a central node in declarative memory retrieval T2 - Cerebral Cortex N2 - Both, the hippocampal formation and the neocortex are contributing to declarative memory, but their functional specialization remains unclear. We investigated the differential contribution of both memory systems during free recall of word lists. In total, 21 women and 17 men studied the same list but with the help of different encoding associations. Participants associated the words either sequentially with the previous word on the list, with spatial locations on a well-known path, or with unique autobiographical events. After intensive rehearsal, subjects recalled the words during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Common activity to all three types of encoding associations was identified in the posterior parietal cortex, in particular in the precuneus. Additionally, when associating spatial or autobiographical material, retrosplenial cortex activity was elicited during word list recall, while hippocampal activity emerged only for autobiographically associated words. These findings support a general, critical function of the precuneus in episodic memory storage and retrieval. The encoding-retrieval repetitions during learning seem to have accelerated hippocampus-independence and lead to direct neocortical integration in the sequentially associated and spatially associated word list tasks. During recall of words associated with autobiographical memories, the hippocampus might add spatiotemporal information supporting detailed scenic and contextual memories. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhac476 SN - 1460-2199 VL - 33 IS - 10 SP - 5981 EP - 5990 ER -