TY - GEN A1 - Ulrich, Hanna-Sophie A1 - Kohler, Emma A1 - Spallek, Jacob A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Clauß, Daniel A1 - Mlinarić, Martin T1 - Explaining psychosocial care among unaccompanied minor refugees: a realist review T2 - European child & adolescent psychiatry N2 - Research on the psychosocial care (PSC) of unaccompanied minor refugees (UMRs) has mainly taken a socioepidemiological approach and has focused on the perspectives of experts in the field. In contrast, the knowledge concerning the differing context factors and the underlying mechanisms of current PSC which could inform policy recommendations is scant. The study aims at unravelling the contexts, mechanisms and outcomes of PSC for UMRs. For a realist review (RR), scientific evidence and gray literature were synthesised consistent with the RAMESES publication standards for realist synthesis. Based on an iterative keyword search in electronic databases (e.g., PubMed) and screening, 34 works from 2005 to 2019 were included in a realist synthesis. Theory-informed context-mechanism-outcome configurations (CMOs) were extracted, to explain underlying processes and mechanisms. Characterised by their interrelatedness, the dominant CMOs included the UMRs' intersections of transitions (e.g., adolescence and migration), their needs for culture-, and gender-sensitive PSC, and the undersupply of PSC. These contexts and outcomes are mediated by pre-, peri- and post-migratory stressors as well as care structures and are moreover influenced by overarching discourses and concepts. They comprise adverse and beneficial mechanisms in the PSC of UMRs. The existing literature grasps the PSC of UMRs by different disciplines and approaches but does not offer a comprehensive overview on micro-macro intersections and included discourses. The inclusion of lay perspectives and an intersectional approach could inform health service research. The reflection of UMR-related categorical constructs of resilience and vulnerability, discourses of othering, as well as restrictive health policies may guide policy recommendations. KW - Migration KW - Psychosocial care KW - Realist review KW - Unaccompanied minor refugees KW - mental health Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01762-1 SN - 1435-165X VL - 31(2022) IS - 12 SP - 1857 EP - 1870 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Tallarek, Marie A1 - Mlinarić, Martin A1 - Spallek, Jacob ED - Tiemann, Michael ED - Mohokum, Melvin T1 - Migration – Bedeutung und Implikationen für die Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung T2 - Springer Reference Pflege – Therapie – Gesundheit N2 - Die Bevölkerungsgruppe der Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund umfasst fast ein Viertel der Gesamtbevölkerung in Deutschland und ist höchst heterogen. Pauschalisierende Aussagen zum Gesundheitsstatus dieser Gruppe sind daher nicht möglich. Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund sind nicht grundsätzlich gesünder oder kränker als die Mehrheitsbevölkerung. Allerdings können sie sich aufgrund von Expositionen vor, während und nach der Migration in ihren Gesundheitschancen und -risiken von der Mehrheitsbevölkerung unterscheiden. Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung sollten daraus resultierende spezifische Bedarfe ebenso berücksichtigen wie die Diversität der Bevölkerung insgesamt. Erfolgversprechend ist eine Kombination aus diversitätssensiblen, für die Gesamtbevölkerung zugänglichen Angeboten und migrationsspezifischen Ansätzen in besonders risikoreichen Situationen. Kommunale, settingorientierte sowie soziokulturell angepasste Angebote verbessern die Erreichbarkeit der Zielgruppen maßgeblich. KW - Migration KW - Prävention KW - Gesundheitsförderung Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-3-662-62426-5 SN - 978-3-662-62425-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62426-5_28 SN - 2662-6942 SN - 2662-6950 SP - 199 EP - 211 PB - Springer CY - Berlin, Heidelberg ER - TY - GEN A1 - Scholaske, Laura A1 - Spallek, Jacob A1 - Entringer, Sonja T1 - Fetale Programmierung von Gesundheitsdisparitäten bei Kindern mit Migrationshintergrund T2 - Public Health Forum N2 - Kinder von Migrant*innen zeigen bereits in frühen Lebensjahren häufig Gesundheitsdisparitäten, die mit mütterlicher Gesundheit und migrationsbezogenen Faktoren eng zusammenhängen. Zur Erklärung dieses Phänomens der intergenerationalen Transmission von Gesundheitsdisparitäten schlagen wir ein Modell vor, das eine Lebensverlaufsperspektive mit dem Konzept der fetalen Programmierung von Gesundheit und Krankheitsvulnerabilität zusammenbringt. KW - Fetale Programmierung KW - Gesundheitliche Ungleichheiten KW - Intergenerationale Übertragung KW - Migrant*innen Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pubhef-2021-0015/html U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/pubhef-2021-0015 SN - 1876-4851 VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 131 EP - 134 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Spallek, Jacob A1 - Scholaske, Laura A1 - Duman, Elif Aysimi A1 - Razum, Oliver A1 - Entringer, Sonja T1 - Association of maternal migrant background with inflammation during pregnancy – results of a birth cohort study in Germany T2 - Brain, Behavior, and Immunity N2 - Background Health disparities in children of immigrants are prevalent from birth and are hypothesized to – in part – emerge as a biological consequence of migration’s unfavorable social and psychological sequelae. The aim of this study was to examine whether maternal migrant background is associated with inflammation during pregnancy - a key pathway by which maternal states and conditions during pregnancy may influence fetal development and subsequent pregnancy, birth, and child developmental and health outcomes. Material and Methods Data was available from 126 pregnant women who participated in a population based multi-site prospective birth cohort study in Bielefeld and Berlin, Germany. The study included two study visits in mid- and late pregnancy. At each visit, a composite maternal pro-inflammatory score was derived from circulating levels of plasma inflammatory markers (IL-6, CRP). Migrant background was defined by country of origin of participants and their parents’ (Turkey or other) and generation status (1st or 2nd generation). We applied hierarchical linear models (HLM) in order to quantify the relationship between different migrant background variables and inflammation during pregnancy after adjustment for potential confounders (including socioeconomic status). Results Migrant background was significantly associated with inflammation during pregnancy. When compared to women without migrant background, levels of inflammation were increased in 1) pregnant women with migrant background in general (B = 0.35, SE = 0.12, p < .01); 2) 1st (B = 0.28, SE = 0.15, p < .10) and 2nd generation (B = 0.40, SE = 0.15, p < .01); 3) women with a Turkish migrant background (B = 0.28, SE = 0.14, p < .10) and women with another migrant background (B = 0.42, SE = 0.15, p <.01); and 4) 2nd generation Turkish origin women (B = 0.38, SE = 0.20, p <.10), 1st generation women with other migrant background (B = 0.44, SE = 0.26, p <.10), and 2nd generation women with other migrant background (B=0.43, SE = 0.17, p <.05). Discussion Our findings support a role for maternal inflammation as a pathway of intergenerational transmission of migration-related health inequalities, suggest that the effect seems to persist in 2nd generation immigrants, and highlight the need for future research and targeted interventions in this context. KW - Transmission of Health Inequalities KW - Stress biology KW - Immigrants KW - Inflammation Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2021.06.010 SN - 1090-2139 VL - Vol. 96 SP - 271 EP - 278 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hintermeier, Maren A1 - Gencer, Hande A1 - Kajikhina, Katja A1 - Rohleder, Sven A1 - Santos-Hövener, Claudia A1 - Tallarek, Marie A1 - Spallek, Jacob A1 - Bozorgmehr, Kayvan T1 - SARS-CoV-2 among migrants and forcibly displaced populations: a rapid systematic review T2 - Journal of Migration and Health N2 - The economic and health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic pose a particular threat to vulnerable groups, such as migrants, particularly forcibly displaced populations. The aim of this review is (i) to synthesise the evidence on risk of infection and transmission among migrants, refugees, asylum seekers and internally displaced populations, and (ii) the effect of lockdown measures on these populations. We searched MEDLINE and WOS, preprint servers, and pertinent websites between 1st December 2019 and 26th June 2020. The included studies showed a high heterogeneity in study design, population, outcome and quality. The incidence risk of SARS-CoV-2 varied from 0•12% to 2•08% in non-outbreak settings and from 5•64% to 21•15% in outbreak settings. Migrants showed a lower hospitalisation rate compared to non-migrants. Negative impacts on mental health due to lockdown measures were found across respective studies. However, findings show a tenuous and heterogeneous data situation, showing the need for more robust and comparative study designs. KW - migrants KW - forcibly displaced KW - SARS-CoV-2 KW - COVID-19 KW - refugees KW - asylum seekers Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666623521000234 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmh.2021.100056 SN - 2666-6235 VL - 4 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hoffmann, Stephanie A1 - Tallarek, Marie A1 - Spallek, Jacob ED - Goldfriedrich, Martin ED - Hurrelmann, Klaus T1 - Gesundheitswissenschaftliche Grundlagen für den Gesundheitsunterricht. Gesundheit und Vielfalt in Schule, Ausbildung und Studium T2 - Gesundheitsdidaktik N2 - Dieses Kapitel stellt theoretische und empirische Grundlagen der Gesundheit, ihrer Determinanten und der gesundheitlichen Ungleichheit als Gegenstand eines systematischen Gesundheitsunterrichts vor (Goldfriedrich/Hurrelmann in diesem Band, Kern-Wert 2 des Gesundheitsunterrichtes). Das Wissen um die Komplexität menschlicher Vielfalt und deren Einfluss auf die gesundheitliche Situation bildet die Grundlage für das Verständnis zentraler Gesundheitsdimensionen (u. a. Müller/Porges in diesem Band) sowie die didaktische Schwerpunktsetzung in verschiedenen Institutionen im Entwicklungsverlauf, wie dem Gymnasium (Schwegmann in diesem Band), der Berufsschule (Trumpa/Dorn in diesem Band) oder in Hochschulen (Sprenger in diesem Band). In diesem Kontext erläutert das Kapitel die Problematik ungleich verteilter Gesundheitschancen und stellt die Bandbreite relevanter Einflussfaktoren am Beispiel der sozialen Lage, des Migrationshintergrunds und des Geschlechts bei Kindern und Jugendlichen vor. Es zeigt auf, wie dieses Wissen im Bildungskontext curricular implementiert werden kann, um bereits im Kindes- und Jugendalter einen Beitrag zur gesundheitlichen Chancengleichheit leisten zu können. KW - Gesundheitswissenschaft KW - Gesundheitsunterricht KW - Gesundheit KW - Vielfalt KW - Schule KW - Ausbildung KW - Studium Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.beltz.de/fileadmin/beltz/leseproben/978-3-7799-6371-4.pdf SN - 978-3-7799-6371-4 SP - 134 EP - 155 PB - Beltz Juventa CY - Weinheim, Basel ET - 1 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Blume, Miriam A1 - Rattay, Petra A1 - Hoffmann, Stephanie A1 - Spallek, Jacob A1 - Sander, Lydia A1 - Herr, Raphael A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Moor, Irene A1 - Dragano, Nico A1 - Pischke, Claudia R. A1 - Iashchenko, Iryna A1 - Hövener, Claudia A1 - Wachtler, Benjamin T1 - Health Inequalities in Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review of the Mediating and Moderating Effects of Family Characteristics T2 - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health N2 - This scoping review systematically mapped evidence of the mediating and moderating effects of family characteristics on health inequalities in school-aged children and adolescents (6–18 years) in countries with developed economies in Europe and North America. We conducted a systematic scoping review following the PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews recommendations. We searched the PubMed, PsycINFO and Scopus databases. Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts and full texts. Evidence was synthesized narratively. Of the 12,403 records initially identified, 50 articles were included in the synthesis. The included studies were conducted in the United States (n = 27), Europe (n = 18), Canada (n = 3), or in multiple countries combined (n = 2). We found that mental health was the most frequently assessed health outcome. The included studies reported that different family characteristics mediated or moderated health inequalities. Parental mental health, parenting practices, and parent-child-relationships were most frequently examined, and were found to be important mediating or moderating factors. In addition, family conflict and distress were relevant family characteristics. Future research should integrate additional health outcomes besides mental health, and attempt to integrate the complexity of families. The family characteristics identified in this review represent potential starting points for reducing health inequalities in childhood and adolescence. KW - health inequalities KW - socioeconomic position KW - health KW - health behavior KW - moderation KW - mediation KW - school-age parenting KW - parent-child relationship KW - family conflict Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/15/7739 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157739 SN - 1660-4601 VL - 18 IS - 15 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Breckenkamp, Jürgen A1 - Razum, Oliver A1 - Spallek, Jacob A1 - Berger, Klaus A1 - Chaix, Basile A1 - Sauzet, Odile T1 - A method to define the relevant ego-centred spatial scale for the assessment of neighbourhood effects: the example of cardiovascular risk factors T2 - BMC Public Health N2 - Introduction: The neighbourhood in which one lives affects health through complex pathways not yet fully understood. A way to move forward in assessing these pathways direction is to explore the spatial structure of health phenomena to generate hypotheses and examine whether the neighbourhood characteristics are able to explain this spatial structure. We compare the spatial structure of two cardiovascular disease risk factors in three European urban areas, thus assessing if a non-measured neighbourhood effect or spatial processes is present by either modelling the correlation structure at individual level or by estimating the intra-class correlation within administrative units. Methods: Data from three independent studies (RECORD, DHS and BaBi), covering each a European urban area, are used. The characteristics of the spatial correlation structure of cardiovascular risk factors (BMI and systolic blood pressure) adjusted for age, sex, educational attainment and income are estimated by fitting an exponential model to the semi-variogram based on the geo-coordinates of places of residence. For comparison purposes, a random effect model is also fitted to estimate the intra-class correlation within administrative units. We then discuss the benefits of modelling the correlation structure to evaluate the presence of unmeasured spatial effects on health. Results: BMI and blood pressure are consistently found to be spatially structured across the studies, the spatial correlation structures being stronger for BMI. Eight to 22% of the variability in BMI were spatially structured with radii ranging from 100 to 240 m (range). Only a small part of the correlation of residuals was explained by adjusting for the correlation within administrative units (from 0 to 4 percentage points). Discussion: The individual spatial correlation approach provides much stronger evidence of spatial effects than the multilevel approach even for small administrative units. Spatial correlation structure offers new possibilities to assess the relevant spatial scale for health. Stronger correlation structure seen for BMI may be due to neighbourhood socioeconomic conditions and processes like social norms at work in the immediate neighbourhood. KW - Cardiovascular risk factors KW - Geographic distribution KW - Spatial scale Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11356-w SN - 1471-2458 VL - 21 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hoffmann, Stephanie A1 - Schiebel, Juliane A1 - Hufert, Frank A1 - Gremmels, Heinz-Detlef A1 - Spallek, Jacob T1 - COVID-19 among Healthcare Workers: A Prospective Serological-Epidemiological Cohort Study in a Standard Care Hospital in Rural Germany T2 - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health N2 - Healthcare workers (HCW) play a vital role in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic control. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and the risk of COVID-19 infections in a cohort of HCW from four different risk groups (from intensive care unit to administration) of a hospital of a primary care level in rural Germany. The outcomes were monthly measures of antibody seroprevalence over a period of 6 months. Overall, a seroprevalence of 13.41% was determined, with significantly higher prevalence rates among HCW working in areas with more frequent contact to confirmed or suspected cases (30.30%, p = 0.003). The group specific differences in the risk of infection from COVID-19 were detected, as HCW groups with frequent exposure seemed to have an increased risk (RR = 3.18, p = 0.02; CI95 1.09–9.24). The findings contribute to the epidemiological understanding of the virus spread in an unvaccinated population group, which is highly relevant for the pandemic management. KW - SARS-CoV-2 KW - immunity KW - antibody KW - healthcare KW - staff KW - COVID-19 KW - seroprevalence KW - pandemic Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/20/10999 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010999 SN - 1660-4601 VL - 18 IS - 20 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Scholz, Lisa A1 - Schimböck, Florian A1 - Spallek, Jacob T1 - Community Child Health Nursing: Ein Konzept für Deutschland? T1 - Community Child Health Nursing: Conceptual ideas for Germany T2 - Public Health Forum N2 - Soziale Ungleichheit führt bereits im Kindesalter zu gesundheitlicher Benachteiligung. Gesundheitsfördernde Angebote in Deutschland sind noch unzureichend miteinander verknüpft und erreichen sozialbenachteiligte Familien nur bedingt. International ist Community Child Health Nursing (CCHN) verbreitet und bietet einen möglichen Ansatz, um die gesundheitliche Chancengleichheit von Kindern zu stärken. Dieser Beitrag diskutiert das Berufsbild der CCH-Nurses und konzeptionelle Aspekte für die Implementierung in Deutschland. KW - Community Child Health Nursing KW - Gesundheitliche Ungleichheit KW - Kinder Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pubhef-2021-0063/html U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/pubhef-2021-0063 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 209 EP - 212 ER -