TY - CHAP A1 - Raab, Thomas A1 - Raab, Alexandra A1 - Takla, Melanie A1 - Nicolay, Alexander A1 - Hirsch, Florian A1 - Schneider, Anna A1 - Rösler, Horst T1 - Integrative Application of Traditional and Cutting-Edge Techniques to Reconstruct Holocene Earth Surface Processes and Landscape Dynamics - A Case Study from the Northern German Lowland T2 - AGU Joint Assembly, Montreal, 2015, abstracts listing N2 - This study outlines the opportunities to reconstruct Holocene landscape dynamics in active opencast lignite mines in southern Brandenburg (Germany). Studies on extensive outcrops that address geomorphology, pedology and archaeology provide unique insights into human-induced environmental changes. Our approach uses a variety of traditional and cutting-edge techniques to characterize small-scale landforms (high-resolution DEMs by micro-drone and LiDAR), to analyze soils and substrate properties in the field (GPR, ERT, geomagnetics, Field Portable XRF and XRD) and to provide chronological information (OSL, 14C, tree-ring dating). This approach is combined with a GIS for data integration. We present the most recent results and review important findings from the last several years. Studies conducted in the opencast mines focus on soil development and Late Quaternary geomorphodynamics and as well as past land use and the legacy of agriculture and woodland use. Our results regarding the human-induced geomorphodynamics are similar to those in other regions in Central Europe, but we also observe regional differences caused by the local setting, e.g., intensification of soil erosion coinciding with the expansion of farming of cultivated lands in the Slavic Middle Ages. By analyzing LiDAR data the largest area of historical charcoal production in the Northern European Lowland (NEL) has been revealed. We are clearly only beginning to understand the massive dimensions of charcoal production in the region and the impact on late Holocene geomorphodynamics. The usage of new high-resolution imagery is essential to identify small-scale anthropogenic landforms hidden in the landscape. Future work will consist of developing and improving our integrative approach. However, comprehensive ground truth data provided by the archaeological prospections in the open-cast mines are an excellent basis for GIS-based analyses of high-resolution ALS data and geomorphological research. Y1 - 2015 UR - http://www.mineralogicalassociation.ca/doc/2015_Joint_Assembly_Abstract_Proceedings.pdf N1 - ES33A-01 SP - 135 EP - 136 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schneider, Anna A1 - Takla, Melanie A1 - Raab, Alexandra A1 - Raab, Thomas A1 - Hirsch, Florian A1 - Rösler, Horst T1 - Mapping historic charcoal production fields from excavation to landscape scale T2 - AGU Joint Assembly, Montreal, 2015, abstracts listing N2 - In the forefield of the open-cast mine Jänschwalde (north of Cottbus, Germany), archaeological excavations have revealed one of the largest charcoal production fields described so far. As remains of the historic charcoal kilns, small mounds of sediment rich in charcoal fragments and ash cover the soil surface. We applied a combination of methods for mapping such kiln relicts across a range of scales, in order to analyze the spatial distribution of kiln sites and to improve the understanding of historic forest use systems. In archaeological excavations in the mine forefield, the geometry of kiln relicts could be studied in high detail. We used a microdrone to record high-resolution photographs of excavation sites for the documentation of kiln site ground plans and other traces of historic land use. Based on airborne laser scanning elevation models, kiln site mapping was extended to areas beyond the mine forefield. Manual digitization from shaded relief maps was used for mapping kiln sites in further woodland areas surrounding an historic ironwork north of Cottbus. An automated mapping approach based on template matching was developed to detect charcoal production fields on a larger scale, and was applied for an area of about 1000 km2up to now. In archaeological excavations, about 900 kiln sites have been documented on an approximately 17 km2 large area. Excavation documentations and aerial photographs show variations in the kiln site ground plans. By manual digitization from Shaded Relief Maps, more than 5000 kiln sites with diameters up to 29 m were detected in the 32 km2 area of the royal forest Jänschwalder Heide north of Cottbus. First results of mapping for larger areas indicate similar densities, but smaller diameters of kiln sites in other charcoal production fields; and show that charcoal production is a so far underestimated component of the land use history in many areas in the Northern European Lowlands. Y1 - 2015 UR - http://www.mineralogicalassociation.ca/doc/2015_Joint_Assembly_Abstract_Proceedings.pdf N1 - GA44A-0124 SP - 168 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schneider, Anna A1 - Hirsch, Florian A1 - Raab, Alexandra A1 - Bonhage, Alexander A1 - Raab, Thomas T1 - Assessing the legacy effects of historic charcoal production in Brandenburg, Germany T2 - European Geosciences Union, General Assembly 2017, Vienna, Austria N2 - Charcoal produced in kilns or hearths was an important source of energy in many regions of Europe and Northern America until the 19th century, and charcoal production in hearths is still common in many other regions of the world. The remains of charcoal hearths are therefore a widespread legacy of historic land use in forest areas. Soils on charcoal hearth sites are characterized by a technogenic layer rich in charcoal and ash on top of the soil profile, and by a pyrogenic modification of substrates below the former hearth. The aims of our study are to examine how these alterations to the natural soil profiles affect the soil water regime and other soil physical properties, and to assess the relevance of these effects on the landscape scale. We present first results of a mapping of hearth site occurrence in forest areas in the state of Brandenburg, Germany, and of a characterization of the infiltration behaviour on hearth sites as compared with undisturbed forest soils. Results of mapping small-scale relief features from LIDAR-based digital elevation models show that charcoal hearths occur in a high density in many large forest areas throughout Brandenburg. In the areas studied so far, up to almost 3% of the soil surface were found to be affected by the remains of historic hearths. First analyses of soil physical properties indicate differences in the infiltration characteristics of hearth site soils and undisturbed forest soils: Hood infiltrometer measurements show a very high spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity for hearth site soils, and water-drop-penetration-time tests reflect extremely high hydrophobicity of the technogenic layer on the sites. Results of dye tracer experiment show considerably strong preferential flow and therefore a higher spatial variability of soil wetness below the hearth remains. Overall, our first results therefore indicate that the legacy effects of historic charcoal production might significantly affect overall site conditions in forest areas with a high density of charcoal hearth remains. Y1 - 2017 UR - http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2017/EGU2017-6096-1.pdf N1 - EGU2017-6096-1 PB - European Geophysical Society CY - Katlenburg-Lindau ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hirsch, Florian A1 - Schneider, Anna A1 - Raab, Alexandra A1 - Raab, Thomas A1 - Ouimet, William A1 - Dethier, David ED - Schwab, Markus ED - Błaszkiewicz, Mirek ED - Raab, Thomas ED - Wilmking, Martin ED - Brauer, Achim T1 - Late Holocene biochar enrichment in soils ‐ implications of an anthropogenic legacy for ecosystems T2 - ICLEA Final Symposium 2017, Human Impact and Landscape Evolution in the Southern Baltic Lowlands, Abstract Volume & Excursion Guide Y1 - 2017 UR - http://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/item/escidoc:2215927 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2312/GFZ.b103-17037 SP - 79 EP - 81 PB - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences CY - Potsdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schneider, Anna A1 - Hirsch, Florian A1 - Raab, Alexandra A1 - Raab, Thomas ED - Schwab, Markus ED - Błaszkiewicz, Mirek ED - Raab, Thomas ED - Wilmking, Martin ED - Brauer, Achim T1 - Dye tracer visualization of infiltration patterns in soils on historic charcoal hearth sites T2 - ICLEA Final Symposium 2017, Human Impact and Landscape Evolution in the Southern Baltic Lowlands, Abstract Volume & Excursion Guide Y1 - 2017 UR - http://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/item/escidoc:2215927 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2312/GFZ.b103-17037 SP - 150 EP - 151 PB - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences CY - Potsdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schneider, Anna A1 - Hirsch, Florian A1 - Wechler, Klaus-Peter A1 - Raab, Alexandra A1 - Raab, Thomas ED - Schwab, Markus ED - Błaszkiewicz, Mirek ED - Raab, Thomas ED - Wilmking, Martin ED - Brauer, Achim T1 - Mapping a palaeosurface and archaeological site location in an anthropogenic drift sand area T2 - ICLEA Final Symposium 2017, Human Impact and Landscape Evolution in the Southern Baltic Lowlands, Abstract Volume & Excursion Guide Y1 - 2017 UR - http://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/item/escidoc:2215927 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2312/GFZ.b103-17037 SP - 152 EP - 154 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schneider, Anna A1 - Raab, Alexandra A1 - Hirsch, Florian A1 - Bonhage, Alexander A1 - Raab, Thomas ED - Schwab, Markus ED - Błaszkiewicz, Mirek ED - Raab, Thomas ED - Wilmking, Martin ED - Brauer, Achim T1 - Assessing the legacies of historical charcoal production in Brandenburg T2 - ICLEA Final Symposium 2017, Human Impact and Landscape Evolution in the Southern Baltic Lowlands, Abstract Volume & Excursion Guide Y1 - 2017 UR - http://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/item/escidoc:2215927 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2312/GFZ.b103-17037 SP - 155 EP - 156 PB - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences CY - Potsdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hirsch, Florian A1 - Bauriegel, Albrecht A1 - Bonhage, Alexander A1 - Schneider, Anna A1 - Raab, Thomas T1 - Fuchserden in Brandenburg – Vorkommen, Mikromorphologie und Bodenchemie T2 - Abstracts der Jahrestagung der Deutschen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft, Göttingen, 2017 Y1 - 2017 UR - http://dbg17.abstract-dialog.de/search/abstract_detail.php?aId=360 PB - DBG CY - Göttingen ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hirsch, Florian A1 - Maaten-Theunissen, Marieke van der A1 - Maaten, Ernst van der A1 - Schneider, Marcus A1 - Bauriegel, Albrecht A1 - Raab, Alexandra A1 - Raab, Thomas T1 - Soil physics and chemistry at two medieval ridge and furrow sites in northeastern Germany T2 - European Geosciences Union, General Assembly 2018, Vienna, Austria Y1 - 2018 UR - https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2018/EGU2018-6261-1.pdf N1 - EGU2018-6261 PB - European Geophysical Society CY - Katlenburg-Lindau ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schneider, Anna A1 - Hirsch, Florian A1 - Raab, Alexandra A1 - Raab, Thomas T1 - Bodenkundlich-geomorphologische Untersuchung von Meilerplätzen um Weiherhammer T2 - Beiträge zur Archäologie in der Oberpfalz und in Regensburg Y1 - 2018 SN - 1617-4461 VL - 12 SP - 433 EP - 448 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schneider, Anna A1 - Hirsch, Florian A1 - Raab, Alexandra A1 - Raab, Thomas T1 - Dye Tracer Visualization of Infiltration Patterns in Soils on Relict Charcoal Hearths T2 - Frontiers in Environmental Sciences Y1 - 2018 UR - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2018.00143/full U6 - https://doi.org/doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2018.00143 VL - 6 SP - 1 EP - 14 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hirsch, Florian A1 - Raab, Thomas A1 - Ouimet, William A1 - Dethier, David A1 - Schneider, Anna A1 - Raab, Alexandra T1 - Soils on Historic Charcoal Hearths: Terminology and Chemical Properties T2 - Soil Science Society of America, International Soils Meeting, Soils Across Latitudes, San Diego 2019 Y1 - 2019 UR - https://scisoc.confex.com/scisoc/2019sssa/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/114844 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Donovan, Sally A1 - Schneider, Anna A1 - Hirsch, Florian A1 - Bonhage, Alexander A1 - Raab, Alexandra A1 - Raab, Thomas T1 - Thermal conductivity of charcoal-richsoils–preliminary results from a study on relict charcoal hearth (RCH) sites from Germany and the USA T2 - European Geosciences Union, General Assembly 2019, Vienna, Austria, 7–12 April 2019 Y1 - 2019 UR - https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2019/EGU2019-5983.pdf CY - Katlenburg-Lindau ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bonhage, Alexander A1 - Mykhailova, Larysa A1 - Hirsch, Florian A1 - Schneider, Anna A1 - Raab, Thomas A1 - Fischer, Thomas A1 - Raab, Alexandra A1 - Donovan, Sally A1 - Ouimet, William T1 - Effects of historical charcoal burning on soil landscapes in West Connecticut - Quantifying pyrogenic and organic soil carbon content of Technosols by FTIR analysis T2 - European Geosciences Union, General Assembly 2019, Vienna, Austria, 7–12 April 2019 Y1 - 2019 UR - https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2019/EGU2019-3115.pdf CY - Katlenburg-Lindau ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schneider, Anna A1 - Hirsch, Florian A1 - Raab, Thomas A1 - Raab, Alexandra T1 - The temperature regime of a charcoal-enriched land use legacy soil T2 - Soil Science Society of America Journal Y1 - 2019 UR - https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/sssaj/abstracts/83/3/565 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2018.12.0483 SN - 1435-0661 VL - 83 IS - 3 SP - 565 EP - 574 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hirsch, Florian A1 - Schneider, Anna T1 - Architecture and soil stratigraphy of relict charcoal hearths in Europe and the USA T2 - Check Object Integrity : Book of Abstracts, CAA 2019 N2 - Relict charcoal hearths (RCH) are a widespread feature in forested areas in Europe and the USA. Before the usage of hard coal, charcoal from RCHs was the main energy source and chemical reagent for the production of iron from ore. Depending on region and age, RCHs have diameters CAA 2019 305 Poster session up to 30 m, and due to their size and shape they are nowadays often identified by GIS-analysis of widely available LiDAR data. We study the architecture and soil stratigraphy of RCHs in several type regions in the USA and Germany where high densities of RCHs are known (Connecticut, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania and Brandenburg, Bavaria) and propose a morphological classification scheme. Whereas RCHs on flatland mostly have a circular shape which is often surrounded by an about half a meter-wide ditch, RCHs on slopes are mostly elliptical and often have a different architecture than on flatland sites. While the RCH platforms in flatland are only about 30 cm higher than the surrounding area, the platform of RCHs on slopes has often a height of up to one meter in downslope direction. Therefore, RCHs on slopes are much easier to identify during GIS mapping than RCHs on flatland. Remarkably the size, shape and architecture between our studied RCHs in the USA and Germany are often very similar which could indicate common roots of collier’s knowledge and technology that can be explained by immigration of European craftsmen to New England in the 18th and 19th century. Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-83-948382-7-0 SP - 304 EP - 305 PB - Institute of Archaeology of Jagiellonian University CY - Krakau ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schneider, Anna A1 - Hirsch, Florian A1 - Bonhage, Alexander A1 - Raab, Alexandra A1 - Raab, Thomas ED - Raab, Thomas ED - Raab, Alexandra ED - Schopper, Franz T1 - Verbreitung und Eigenschaften von Meilerböden in Brandenburg T2 - Erfassung und Bewertung von vorindustriellen Meilerstandorten – Workshop 19. Februar 2019 Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.26127/BTUOpen-4817 SP - 23 EP - 42 PB - Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus - Senftenberg, Fachgebiet Geopedologie und Landschaftsentwicklung CY - Cottbus ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schöberl, Florian A1 - Irving, Stephanie A1 - Pradhan, Cauchy A1 - Bardins, Stanislav A1 - Trapp, Christoph A1 - Schneider, Erich A1 - Kugler, Günter A1 - Bartenstein, Peter A1 - Dietrich, Marianne A1 - Brandt, Thomas A1 - Zwergal, Andreas T1 - Prolonged allocentric navigation deficits indicate hippocampal damage in TGA T2 - Neurology : official journal of the American Academy of Neurology N2 - Objective To investigate long-term recovery of allocentric and egocentric spatial orientation as a sensitive marker for hippocampal and extrahippocampal network function in transient global amnesia (TGA). Methods A group of 18 patients with TGA performed an established real-space navigation paradigm, requiring allo- and egocentric spatial orientation abilities, 3 days (postacute stage) and 3 months (follow-up) after symptom onset. Visual exploration behavior and navigation strategy were documented by a gaze-controlled, head-fixed camera. Allo- and egocentric spatial orientation performance was compared to that of 12 age-matched healthy controls. Navigation-induced brain activations were measured using [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET in a subgroup of 8 patients in the postacute stage and compared to those of the controls. Results In the postacute stage, the patients navigated worse and had higher error rates than controls in allocentric (p = 0.002), but not in egocentric, route planning (p = 0.30), despite complete recovery of verbal (p = 0.58) and figural memory (p = 0.11). Until follow-up, allocentric navigation deficits improved, but higher error rates and reduced use of shortcuts persisted (p < 0.0001). Patients still exhibited relatively more fixations of unique landmarks during follow-up (p = 0.05). PET measurements during the postacute stage showed increased navigation-induced brain activations in the right hippocampus, bilateral retrosplenial, parietal, and mesiofrontal cortices, and cerebellar dentate nucleus in patients compared to controls (p < 0.005). Conclusions Patients with TGA show selective and prolonged deficits of allocentric spatial orientation. Activations in right hippocampal and extrahippocampal hubs of the cerebral navigation network functionally substitute for the deficit in creating and updating the internal cognitive map in TGA. Y1 - 2019 UR - https://n.neurology.org/content/92/3/e234/tab-article-info U6 - https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000006779 SN - 0028-3878 SN - 1526-632X VL - 92 IS - 3 SP - e234 EP - e243 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Buras, Allan A1 - Hirsch, Florian A1 - Schneider, Anna A1 - Scharnweber, Tobias A1 - Maaten, Ernst van der A1 - Cruz-García, Roberto A1 - Raab, Thomas A1 - Wilmking, Martin T1 - Reduced above-ground growth and wood density but increased wood chemical concentrations of Scots pine on relict charcoal hearths T2 - Science of The Total Environment N2 - Deciphering the drivers of tree growth is a central aim of dendroecology. In this context, soil conditions may play a crucial role, since they determine the availability of water and nutrients for trees. Yet, effects of systematically differing soil conditions on tree growth render a marginally studied topic. In this context, relict charcoal hearths (RCH) – a widespread legacy of anthropogenic charcoal production – render a valuable ‘natural’ experiment to study possible effects of artificially altered soil conditions on tree growth. We hypothesize, that the differing physico-chemical properties of RCH result in differing wood properties if compared to trees growing on unmodified soils. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed tree-growth, wood density, and wood elemental concentrations of Scots pine as well as physico-chemical soil properties. We applied a classic control-treatment design to compare RCH with unmodified soils. Our analyses identified significantly lower above-ground wood production but systematically higher wood elemental concentrations in RCH-trees compared to control trees. Since we could not identify treatment-specific growth patterns, we hypothesize the observed lower above-ground productivity of Scots pine to indicate an increased root-shoot ratio to compensate for a potentially lower plant water availability on RCH-sites. The observed higher wood elemental concentrations likely reflect higher soil elemental concentrations of Fe, Ca, K, and Mn in RCH soils. In conclusion, our study highlights diverse effects of RCH on tree growth and wood properties and strengthens the value of dendro-chemistry to use the tree-ring archive as proxy for soil conditions within a dendro-ecological context. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137189 SN - 1879-1026 SN - 0048-9697 VL - 717 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Huber, Christoph A1 - Dreber, Anna A1 - Huber, Jürgen A1 - Johannesson, Magnus A1 - Kirchler, Michael A1 - Weitzel, Utz A1 - Abellán, Miguel A1 - Adayeva, Xeniya A1 - Ay, Fehime Ceren A1 - Barron, Kai A1 - Berry, Zachariah A1 - Bönte, Werner A1 - Brütt, Katharina A1 - Bulutay, Muhammed A1 - Campos-Mercade, Pol A1 - Cardella, Eric A1 - Claassen, Maria Almudena A1 - Cornelissen, Gert A1 - Dawson, Ian G. J. A1 - Delnoij, Joyce A1 - Demiral, Elif E. A1 - Dimant, Eugen A1 - Doerflinger, Johannes Theodor A1 - Dold, Malte A1 - Emery, Cécile A1 - Fiala, Lenka A1 - Fiedler, Susann A1 - Freddi, Eleonora A1 - Fries, Tilman A1 - Gasiorowska, Agata A1 - Glogowsky, Ulrich A1 - Gorny, Paul Matthias A1 - Gretton, Jeremy David A1 - Grohmann, Antonia A1 - Hafenbrädl, Sebastian A1 - Handgraaf, Michel A1 - Hanoch, Yaniv A1 - Hart, Einav A1 - Hennig, Max A1 - Hudja, Stanton A1 - Hütter, Mandy A1 - Hyndman, Kyle A1 - Ioannidis, Konstantinos A1 - Isler, Ozan A1 - Jeworrek, Sabrina A1 - Jolles, Daniel A1 - Juanchich, Marie A1 - Raghabendra, Pratap K.C. A1 - Khadjavi, Menusch A1 - Kugler, Tamar A1 - Li, Shuwen A1 - Lucas, Brian A1 - Mak, Vincent A1 - Mechtel, Mario A1 - Merkle, Christoph A1 - Meyers, Ethan Andrew A1 - Mollerstrom, Johanna A1 - Nesterov, Alexander A1 - Neyse, Levent A1 - Nieken, Petra A1 - Nussberger, Anne-Marie A1 - Palumbo, Helena A1 - Peters, Kim A1 - Pirrone, Angelo A1 - Qin, Xiangdong A1 - Rahal, Rima Maria A1 - Rau, Holger A1 - Rincke, Johannes A1 - Ronzani, Piero A1 - Roth, Yefim A1 - Saral, Ali Seyhun A1 - Schmitz, Jan A1 - Schneider, Florian A1 - Schram, Arthur A1 - Schudy, Simeon A1 - Schweitzer, Maurice E. A1 - Schwieren, Christiane A1 - Scopelliti, Irene A1 - Sirota, Miroslav A1 - Sonnemans, Joep A1 - Soraperra, Ivan A1 - Spantig, Lisa A1 - Steimanis, Ivo A1 - Steinmetz, Janina A1 - Suetens, Sigrid A1 - Theodoropoulou, Andriana A1 - Urbig, Diemo A1 - Vorlaufer, Tobias A1 - Waibel, Joschka A1 - Woods, Daniel A1 - Yakobi, Ofir A1 - Yilmaz, Onurcan A1 - Zaleskiewicz, Tomasz A1 - Zeisberger, Stefan A1 - Holzmeister, Felix T1 - Competition and moral behavior: A meta-analysis of forty-five crowd-sourced experimental designs T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences N2 - Does competition affect moral behavior? This fundamental question has been debated among leading scholars for centuries, and more recently, it has been tested in experimental studies yielding a body of rather inconclusive empirical evidence. A potential source of ambivalent empirical results on the same hypothesis is design heterogeneity—variation in true effect sizes across various reasonable experimental research protocols. To provide further evidence on whether competition affects moral behavior and to examine whether the generalizability of a single experimental study is jeopardized by design heterogeneity, we invited independent research teams to contribute experimental designs to a crowd-sourced project. In a large-scale online data collection, 18,123 experimental participants were randomly allocated to 45 randomly selected experimental designs out of 95 submitted designs. We find a small adverse effect of competition on moral behavior in a meta-analysis of the pooled data. The crowd-sourced design of our study allows for a clean identification and estimation of the variation in effect sizes above and beyond what could be expected due to sampling variance. We find substantial design heterogeneity—estimated to be about 1.6 times as large as the average standard error of effect size estimates of the 45 research designs—indicating that the informativeness and generalizability of results based on a single experimental design are limited. Drawing strong conclusions about the underlying hypotheses in the presence of substantive design heterogeneity requires moving toward much larger data collections on various experimental designs testing the same hypothesis. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2215572120 SN - 0027-8424 SN - 1091-6490 VL - 120 IS - 23 ER -