TY - GEN A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Walther, Karsten ED - Paiva, Sara T1 - Realizing Seamless Integration of Sensors and Actuators into the IoT T2 - Science and Technologies for Smart Cities : 7th EAI International Conference, SmartCity360°, Virtual Event, December 2-4, 2021, Proceedings Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-3-031-06370-1 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06371-8_44 SN - 978-3-031-06371-8 SN - 1867-8211 SN - 1867-822X SP - 688 EP - 701 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bartnitzek, Jens A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Friedenberger, Dirk A1 - Milius, Birgit A1 - Naumann, Billy T1 - Neue Ansätze für Systeme zum Einsatz in Wachstumsregionen T2 - Der Eisenbahningenieur : EI Y1 - 2023 SN - 0013-2810 IS - 8 SP - 34 EP - 37 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Walther, Karsten ED - Piotrowski, Krzysztof T1 - Internet of Things and Real Internet of Things T2 - 20. GI/ITG KuVS Fachgespräch Sensornetze (FGSN 2023) N2 - Sensor networks have come a long way since their first inception 30 years ago. In this paper we look at the results achieved and the areas that still need research from an industry perspective. KW - wireless sensor networks, industrial control Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus4-66374 SP - 2 EP - 4 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Chatharajupalli, Navya Sneha A1 - Rotta, Randolf A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Nolte, Jörg T1 - Assessing the Feasibility of Combined BLE and Wi-Fi Communication for High Data Sensing Applications T2 - EWSN '23: Proceedings of the 2023 International Conference on Embedded Wireless Systems and Networks N2 - Advanced sensors generate more data than can be transmitted using classic battery-powered wireless sensor networks. While using Wi-Fi would provide plenty of throughput, the receivers are energy hungry and, thus, the radio time needs to be reduced. Previous research suggests to combine Wi-Fi with low-power technologies such as BLE for an energy efficient coordination of the Wi-Fi radios. Existing approaches focus on individual point-to-point routes whereas certain applications require concurrent transmissions. We evaluated the combination of BLE and Wi-Fi on the ESP32-S3 multi-radio microcontroller through detailed energy and throughput measurements. The results show that established BLE connections allow to activateWi-Fi quickly on-demand; the energy efficiency of the data transmission is significantly improved over previous works but the BLE connection setup is prohibitively slow. While the combination of BLE and Wi-Fi provides high throughput with good energy efficiency, careful design of the BLE-based signalling protocol is necessary to also achieve low latency. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5555/3639940.3639948 SP - 56 EP - 59 PB - Association for Computing Machinery CY - New York ER - TY - GEN A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Richter, Martin A1 - Werner, Matthias T1 - Virtualization in robot swarms: past, present, and future T2 - 2024 IEEE 21st Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC) N2 - Robot swarms have come a long way since the first mobile sensor/actuator networks. Since then, we have seen the rise of operating systems for robots and swarm operating systems that ease the use of robots, and especially of large swarms of them, a lot. Still, the description of a task is often not easy and best done by experts. In this paper we envision future swarm operating systems, where task descriptions take a form which can be realized by non-experts. We describe our idea of hugely increased virtualization in the swarm and how this can be used to realize the aforementioned vision. KW - Actuators KW - Runtime KW - Operating Systems KW - Soft Sensors KW - Robot Sensing Systems KW - User Experience KW - Planning KW - Virtualization KW - Heterogeneity KW - Swarm Robotics KW - Transparency KW - Motion Y1 - 2024 SN - 979-8-3503-0457-2 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/CCNC51664.2024.10454838 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - IEEE ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rotta, Randolf A1 - Chatharajupalli, Navya Sneha A1 - Naumann, Billy A1 - Schulz, Julius A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Werner, Matthias A1 - Nolte, Jörg T1 - Demo: B.A.T.M.A.N. mesh routing on ultra low-power IEEE 802.11 modules T2 - 2024 IEEE 49th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN) N2 - When implementing multi-hop mesh network protocols, efficient direct communication, route discovery, and route repair are crucial to achieve high network throughput. To our knowledge, there is no open mesh routing protocol available for ultra low power IEEE 802.11 modules. Previous work relied on single board computers like Raspberry Pi. We implemented the B.A.T.M.A.N. mesh protocol on the popular Espressif ESP32 along with a novel hybrid rate adaptation for the selection of efficient routes. In this demo we showcase challenges and solutions related to the implementation on ESP32 and how the hybrid rate adaptation improves end-to-end throughput. KW - ad-hoc networks KW - mesh networks KW - low power electronics KW - throughput Y1 - 2024 SN - 979-8-3503-8800-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/LCN60385.2024.10639789 SN - 2832-1421 PB - IEEE ER - TY - GEN A1 - Richter, Martin A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Werner, Matthias T1 - Utilizing sensor and actuator virtualization to achieve a systemic view of mobile heterogeneous cyber-physical systems T2 - Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Simulation and Modeling Methodologies, Technologies and Applications N2 - When programming cyber-physical systems, application developers currently utilize physical sensors and actuators individually to achieve the desired observations and impacts within the physical world. This is an error-prone and complex task given the size, heterogeneity, and mobility of prevailing cyber-physical systems. We introduce an application model that allows the application developers to take a physical perspective. By means of this model, the programmers describe desired observations and influences with respect to the physical world without directly referencing physical devices. We present an additional model for a runtime environment that transparently utilizes the available physical devices to reach the application developers’ targets. We show that an implementation of our models is functional via simulation. KW - Cyber-Physical Systems KW - Virtualization KW - Mobility KW - Heterogeneity KW - Transparency Y1 - 2024 SN - 978-989-758-708-5 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5220/0012715800003758 SP - 207 EP - 214 PB - SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications ER - TY - GEN A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Seidel Heuer, Dilmari A1 - Hoeckner, Soeren A1 - Walther, Karsten ED - Yang, Xin-She ED - Sherratt, Simon ED - Dey, Nilanjan ED - Joshi, Amit T1 - Secure connections in local networks despite multiple stakeholders T2 - Proceedings of Ninth International Congress on Information and Communication Technology : ICICT 2024, London, Volume 4 N2 - Computer usage authentication mostly comes in two flavors: Either as a key-value pair (name and password) or as certificates from a thrusted authority. Both approaches have their advantages and drawbacks when used for authentication of users on their computer and their computers on the Internet. However, in Industrial Internet of Things environments, when authenticating machines against machines that do not have a permanent Internet connection, this becomes an even bigger issue. In this paper we describe the insufficiencies of these classic approaches when dealing with attacks that originate inside a local network and present our methods of mutual authentication for devices in environments where multiple stakeholders are involved and a permanent Internet connection is not a given. KW - Network-Level Security and Protection KW - Local-Area Networks KW - Software and System Safety KW - Security and Privacy Protectio KW - Industrial Automation KW - Industrial Control KW - Process Control KW - Security and Protection KW - Authentication Y1 - 2024 SN - 978-9819735617 SP - 141 EP - 153 PB - Springer-Verlag ER - TY - GEN A1 - Chatharajupalli, Navya Sneha A1 - Rotta, Randolf A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Nolte, Jörg T1 - Probing considered harmful : leveraging RSSI for link quality prediction T2 - Proceedings of the IEEE 50th Conference on Local Computer Networks : LCN 2025 : October 14-16, 2025, Sydney, Australia N2 - Wireless mesh protocols that use a routing metric based on throughput or airtime require predictions about future throughput for all mesh neighbors. Typically, the Wi-Fi rate controller provides this information, and state-of-the-art rate control algorithms estimate it based on statistics from past unicast transmissions. This introduces an adverse cross-layer dependency because meaningful statistics are only available for the links that were used by the routing layer. Existing implementations either ignore this, or use other routing metrics, such as distance, or generate artificial periodic probe traffic to all neighbors. Unfortunately, probing reacts slowly to changing conditions, increases the medium contention, and can lead to overly optimistic predictions. To overcome this, we introduce an RSSI-based link quality prediction for the routing layer. Benchmarks in a B.A.T.M.A.N. version V mesh show a decrease of round-trip time by three orders of magnitude and an increase of the end-to-end packet delivery ratio. TCP connections became possible over long routes that were previously unusable. Although highly imprecise, the easy to acquire RSSI provided sufficiently good predictions for our mesh network. KW - Wireless Mesh Network KW - Multi-hop routing KW - Neural Networks KW - Machine Learning KW - Link quality predictors Y1 - 2025 SN - 979-8-3315-3704-3 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/LCN65610.2025.11146347 SN - 2831-7742 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - IEEE CY - New York, NY ER - TY - GEN A1 - Chatharajupalli, Navya Sneha A1 - Rotta, Randolf A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Nolte, Jörg T1 - Animal health monitoring and tracking through solar-powered mesh network T2 - 22. GI/ITG KuVS Fachgespräch Sensornetze : 11. und 12. September 2025, Clausthal-Zellerfeld N2 - Various health and movement sensors, especially bolus sensors inside a cow’s stomach, are crucial for timely medical interventions. Commonly, wall-powered gateways are used to retrieve sensor updates and forward them quickly to an analysis service. In large outdoor farmlands, however, localisation of individual cows becomes important while the long-term operation of wall-powered gateways is costly. Previous solutions that use a LoRaWAN gateway with bigger antennas are still limited to 500m and provide only poor localization information. Existing solutions based on a mesh network of repeaters provide good localization but still depend on external wall power. Solar-powered mesh nodes would simplify the long-term operation. In order to achieve this, a significant improvement of the energy efficiency of the mesh nodes is necessary. This paper explores protocol design choices for the energy-efficient communication between mesh nodes and the bolus sensors. By introducing synchronised sleep and communication intervals, the size of the solar panels and energy storage can be reduced. KW - Wireless Networks KW - Solar-harvesting KW - Localisation Y1 - 2025 UR - https://dokumente.ub.tu-clausthal.de/receive/clausthal_mods_00002954 U6 - https://doi.org/10.21268/20250805-0 SP - 1 EP - 3 PB - TU Clausthal-Zellerfeld CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld ER - TY - GEN A1 - Chatharajupalli, Navya Sneha A1 - Rotta, Randolf A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Nolte, Jörg T1 - VibroMote : Wi-Fi-based mesh communication for railway bridge inspection and monitoring T2 - 2025 International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC) N2 - Vibration sensing provides insights into the dynamic behaviour of engineering constructions such as railway bridges. Cable-based sensors are viable only for long-term condition monitoring and rare special inspections because of the labor-intensive deployment. Although wireless sensors significantly reduce this overhead, their energy constraints limited the network throughput and, hence, their resolution in space and time. Batteryor solar-powered sensor nodes with high network throughput would enable in-depth measurements during regular inspections and improve the access to high-quality monitoring data. We present “VibroMote”, which combines energy harvesting, a high-bandwidth 3-axis MEMS accelerometer, and high-throughput, self-organizing mesh communication via IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi. The evaluation on a real bridge with 18 VibroMotes shows that the deployment time can be reduced from hours to minutes; the multi-hop mesh provides sufficient throughput reserves for the application whereas direct one-hop communication failed; the battery runtime is sufficient for temporary measurements during inspections; and the energy consumption during sleep modes would be low enough for solar-powered long-term monitoring. Hence, the combination of high-throughput Wi-Fi with mesh networking is a strong alternative to the commonly used low-power radio technologies when long range between the sensors is not needed. KW - Wireless Mesh Network KW - Condition Monitoring KW - Multi-hop routing KW - Wi-Fi Mesh Y1 - 2025 SN - 978-1-6654-5769-9 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/ISNCC66965.2025.11250402 SN - 2768-0940 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway, NJ ER - TY - GEN A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Mikhalev, Daniil A1 - Cotardo, Dario A1 - During, Fabian A1 - Kupke, David A1 - Walther, Karsten A1 - Mechtcherine, Viktor T1 - Enhancing performance and increasing safety of concrete pumps through digitalization T2 - IEEE SAS 2025 : IEEE Sensors and Applications 2025 : symposium proceedings N2 - Modern concrete mixtures are becoming increasingly complex due to environmental and economic pressures. The use of fillers and advanced admixtures enables a reduction in cement content, which alters the properties of fresh concrete. These changes often lead to higher viscosity and increased sensitivity to temperature fluctuations and water content variations, potentially causing flow instabilities and pipeline blockages during pumping.In this paper, a sensor-based edge device is introduced that can be attached to existing concrete pumps to monitor process data and detect impending blockages. By continuously analyzing hydraulic data during the pumping process, the system assesses the material’s flow behavior to identify early signs of potential blockages. These insights enable proactive interventions, improving operational safety and reducing costly disruptions.conct KW - Temperature sensors KW - Viscosity KW - Temperature measurement KW - Temperature distrubution KW - Sensitivity KW - Pipelines KW - Sensors KW - Safety KW - Synthetic aperture sonar KW - Monitoring Y1 - 2025 SN - 979-8-3315-1193-7 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS65169.2025.11105159 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) CY - Piscataway, NJ ER - TY - GEN A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Ruffert, Christine A1 - Werban, Phillip T1 - Reducing latency in 5G IIoT networks using in-network processing T2 - MikroSystemTechnik Kongress 2025 : Mikroelektronik, Mikrosystemtechnik und ihre Anwendungen - Nachhaltigkeit und Technologiesouveränität : proceedings : 27.-29. Oktober 2025, Duisburg Y1 - 2025 UR - https://www.vde-verlag.de/buecher/456614/mikrosystemtechnik-kongress-2025.html SN - 978-3-8007-6614-7 SN - 978-3-8007-6615-4 SP - 396ff. PB - VDE VERLAG GmbH CY - Berlin ER -