TY - GEN A1 - Steinberg, Philip J. A1 - Urbig, Diemo A1 - Procher, Vivien D. T1 - Too much or too little of R&D offshoring: The impact of captive offshoring and contract offshoring on innovation performance T2 - Research Policy N2 - Innovating firms may acquire foreign knowledge and improve their innovation performance by offshoring their R&D activities to their own foreign affiliates (captive offshoring) as well as by contracting out their R&D to external foreign parties (contract offshoring). This study examines the impact of both R&D offshoring strategies on innovation performance. Based on a panel dataset of 2421 R&D-active firms in Germany, we demonstrate that captive offshoring and contract offshoring differ fundamentally in their impact on firm innovation performance. At low degrees of offshoring, contract offshoring positively affects innovation performance and is preferable over captive offshoring. At larger degrees of offshoring, captive offshoring becomes more beneficial while contract offshoring is disadvantageous. Both offshoring strategies eventually harm innovation performance when excessively employed. Furthermore, the R&D offshoring-performance relationship is leveraged by R&D intensity, such that firms with a larger knowledge stock benefit stronger from both captive and contract offshoring. KW - R&D offshoring KW - Innovation KW - Contract offshoring KW - Captive offshoring KW - R&D intensity Y1 - 2017 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.08.008 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.08.008 SN - 1873-7625 VL - 46 IS - 10 SP - 1810 EP - 1823 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Steinberg, Philip J. A1 - Urbig, Diemo A1 - Procher, Vivien D. A1 - Volkmann, Christine T1 - Knowledge transfer and home-market innovativeness: A comparison of emerging and advanced economy multinationals T2 - Journal of International Management N2 - Emerging market multinational enterprises (EMNEs) increasingly access foreign technology and knowledge by internationalizing their R&D activities. Since technological laggardness hinders efficient knowledge transfer, a successful catch-up with advanced-economy multinational enterprises (AMNEs) requires EMNEs to transfer foreign knowledge across national boundaries more effectively. However, we lack a clear understanding of how EMNEs manage this knowledge transfer and integration and to what extent the employment and effectiveness of corresponding facilitation mechanisms may differ from AMNEs. Adopting a sender-recipient model and drawing on arguments from learning theory and transaction costs economics, we suggest that EMNEs benefit more from and, consequently, are more likely to engage in mechanisms to increase recipient capabilities and sender motivation. In a comparative analysis of Chinese, Indian, German, and U.S. MNEs and focusing on frequent international exchange of R&D personnel regarding recipient capabilities and the governance of foreign R&D activities regarding sender motivation, we observe positive relationships with home-market innovation for EMNEs, but not for AMNEs. Moreover, we observe that EMNEs exploit this positive effect and are more likely to use these mechanisms when focusing on technology- than on market-seeking. KW - Innovation KW - Research and development KW - catch-up strategies KW - knowledge transfer KW - knowledge integration KW - emerging market KW - multinational enterprises KW - technological upgrading Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1075425321000533 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2021.100873 SN - 1075-4253 VL - 27 IS - 4 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Urbig, Diemo A1 - Procher, Vivien D. A1 - Steinberg, Philip J. A1 - Volkmann, Christine T1 - The role of firm-level and country-level antecedents in explaining emerging versus advanced economy multinationals' R&D internationalization strategies T2 - International Business Review N2 - We examined firm-level and country-level antecedents of R&D internationalization strategies, focusing on differences between enterprises in emerging and advanced economies. Previous research often focuses on the relative importance of home-base-exploiting versus home-base-augmenting knowledge transfer strategies. We suggest that country-level and firm-level effects differ for the two strategies, and hence, we examined each strategy independently. Collecting data in China, India, the United States, and Germany, we demonstrated that firms' relative technological position as a firm-level characteristic can explain differences in home-base-exploiting strategies between emerging and advanced economies. In contrast, home-base-augmenting is more closely related to exploratory institutional environments, a country-level factor. Thus, either firm- or country-level antecedents can gain a dominant role, depending on the strategy implemented. KW - Emerging-economy multinational companies KW - Institutional environment KW - Home-base-exploiting KW - Home-base-augmenting KW - Innovation KW - R&D Internationalization Y1 - 2022 UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969593121001724 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2021.101954 SN - 0969-5931 VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 14 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Röder, Martin A1 - Procher, Vivien D. A1 - Urbig, Diemo T1 - Not all Innovations are Alike: Who Should Receive Public Grants? T2 - Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings N2 - As innovation policy targets innovations suffering from underinvestment, we examine the effect of public grants on innovation. While innovation involves a lot of uncertainty, we suggest public grants as the best option bearing no obligations. But not all innovations are alike as they differ by newness level. Hence, we distinguish between ""new-to-world"" explorative and ""new-to-firm"" explotation innovation. Making use of (inter)national knowledge flow, some exploitative innovations are not ""new-to-firm"" but rather ""new-to-region or -country"" leveraging existing knowledge from another region or country. Allocating grants to the most promising startups, we evaluate startups' quality by high-tech industry and ""entrepreneurial orientation"" (EO). Within over 4,000 early-stage German startups, we find that explorative innovations benefit the most from grants, especially high EO startups. Also, grants help low EO firms to become innovative at all and to launch exploitative innovation with (inter)national knowledge flow. KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Innovation KW - Public grants KW - Innovation policy Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2022.16657abstract U6 - https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2022.16657abstract SN - 2151-6561 SN - 0065-0668 VL - 2022 PB - Academy of Management ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hofmockel, Alexandra S. A1 - Procher, Vivien D. A1 - Urbig, Diemo A1 - Gottschalk, Sandra T1 - Heterogeneity among hybrid entrepreneurs: Motives and performance T2 - Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings N2 - We draw on a variety of research areas that explain why individuals combine paid employment and self-employment. We provide a comprehensive empirical comparison of the relevance and co-occurrence of multiple motives. Our analysis shows that motives can be meaningfully distinguished according to whether a motive is endogenously transitory or not, and suggests the presence of three dominant classes of hybrid entrepreneurs. In particular, learning and growth constraints, which we refer to as transitory motives resolving over time, play a crucial role in distinguishing between the three classes. Based on an analysis of 3,868 hybrid and pure entrepreneurs, we show that our typology helps better understand the potentially heterogeneous relationships between being a hybrid entrepreneur and entrepreneurial performance and innovation behavior. KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Hybrid Entrepreneurship KW - Motive KW - Performance KW - Innovation Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5465/AMPROC.2023.13956abstract SN - 0065-0668 SN - 2151-6561 VL - 2023 IS - 1 ER -