TY - GEN A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Camplese, Davide A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys A1 - Cozzani, Valerio A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Seidlitz, Holger T1 - Non-Combustible MLI Based Insulation Behavior Under Fire Condition - Experimental and Numerical Investigation T2 - Process Safety and Environmental Protection N2 - The number of applications that demand zero-emission energy carriers, such as liquified hydrogen (LH2), is increasing worldwide. LH2 is typically transported or stored under cryogenic conditions. Storage in such conditions requires super thermal insulations which maintain very low boil-off for a prolonged time. Multi-Layer insulation (MLI) finds widespread use in cryogenic applications, designed to effectively restrict heat inleak towards cryogenic fluids. However, recent studies evidenced that exposure to high heat fluxes, such as in the event of a fire accident, can cause the thermal degradation of the insulation material, resulting in the severe collapse of its heat resistance performance. Therefore, the risk of rapid tank pressurization and its connection to the risk of BLEVE may be possible. This study proposes a numerical model to assess the performances of aluminum-based MLI materials under fire conditions. The model offers insights into the total heat transfer rate through the insulation, serving as an indicator of the deterioration's impact on overall heat transfer. The proposed numerical model is validated against experimental data obtained by a High-Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber test facility that reproduces fire exposure conditions. The experiments conducted in this study underscore the emergence of pressure build-up within the insulation system, which contributes to increased gas conduction. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the spacer material is not entirely damaged under simulated fire conditions. The numerical calculation also underscores the significance of the modifications in material surface emissivity due to the deterioration process. The innovative approach proposed in this study thus paves the way for the development of improved tools aiming at the stationary and mobile cryogenic tanks behavior (e.g., LNG, LOX, LN2, and LH2) in fire accident scenarios. The model developed may, in perspective, be integrated into both CFD and lumped models for the calculation of the time to failure of cryogenic equipment under external fires. Therefore, this study offers valuable insights to improve the safety of processes and equipment for the storage of cryogenic fluids, thereby supporting emergency response planning in case of fire accidents. KW - Multi-Layer Insulation (MLI) KW - Cryogenic Vessels KW - Liquefied Hydrogen Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.037 SN - 0957-5820 VL - 193 SP - 403 EP - 420 PB - Elsevier BV ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Camplese, Davide A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Cozzani, Valerio A1 - Seidlitz, Holger T1 - A comprehensive numerical study of the behaviour of an LH2 storage tank in the event of a fire T2 - Chemical engineering transactions N2 - As the world moves towards green energy production, effective storage and transportation solutions become essential. To support this transition, energy carriers with minimal or zero environmental impact are required. Liquified hydrogen represents a promising candidate due to its emissions-neutral properties. However, its highly flammable nature necessitates adherence to strict safety codes and standards. Storing hydrogen often requires advanced super-insulation materials. To enhance the safety of cryogenic hydrogen storage tanks under extreme conditions, such as those encountered during fire accidents, it is crucial to understand the thermal behaviour of the tank. Predicting pressurization and potential failure in advance demands a robust and comprehensive model. However, still such models suffer lack of detailed heat transfer models which account for various sub-processes during an accident scenario. Hence, this study introduces a comprehensive model for the pressurization of cryogenic tanks equipped with multi-layer insulation (MLI) systemsin the event of fire, which comprises several sub-models. These sub-models account for heat transfer phenomena through the thermal insulation at nominal conditions and its thermal degradation during fire exposure, the fluid, the internal pressurization, and the performance of the pressure relief valve. This study provides valuable insights into the safety and the behaviour of hydrogen storage tanks under thermal loads. KW - Hydrogen safety KW - Heat transfer modelling KW - Cryogenic hydrogen storage KW - Super-insulation materials Y1 - 2025 SN - 979-12-81206-18-2 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET25116114 SN - 2283-9216 IS - 116 SP - 679 EP - 684 PB - AIDIC Servizi S.r.l. CY - Milano ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Camplese, Davide A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Cozzani, Valerio A1 - Seidlitz, Holger T1 - Repeatable testing of a cryogenic storage tank with variable insulation material in fire like conditions T1 - Essais reproductibles d’un réservoir de stockage cryogénique revêtu de divers matériaux d’isolation dans des conditions similaires à celles d’un incendie T2 - Cryogenics 2025 : proceedings of the 18th IIR International Conference on Cryogenics N2 - For decarbonizing the energy industry and transport, cryogenic energy carriers have great potential. The storage takes place in tanks with thermal super-insulations, which are in application for decades, but there is only limited knowledge about its behaviour in a fire scenario. This represents a major incident that may generate extraordinary loads on the tank and its insulation system, and that eventually lead to a sudden tank failure. This paper presents a test rig called the Cryogenic High Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber (CHTTVC), which can be used to test typical thermal superinsulation’s under cryogenic and fire-like conditions in parallel. The test method makes it possible to measure the heat flow through the thermal superinsulation over time and to investigate the degradation behaviour of the insulation within a test. In the paper results from the first tests are presented. KW - Cryogenics KW - Insulation KW - Transport and handling of cryogenic fluids Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.18462/iir.cryo.2025.0007 VL - 2025 PB - Institut International du Froid CY - Paris ER -