TY - GEN A1 - Lange, Ulrich A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Chemosensitive nanocomposite for conductometric detection of hydrazine and NADH T2 - Electrochimica Acta N2 - A new chemosensitive material based on palladium nanoparticles and PEDOT-PSS is described. The composite was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry and in situ resistance measurements. The material was applied for conductometric detection of hydrazine and NADH. Upon exposure to these analytes PEDOT is reduced leading to an increase in its conductance. This process is catalyzed by palladium. A model for description of the potential dependence of polymer conductivity was suggested, tested and applied for the development of new calibration procedure of chemiresistors based on electroactive polymers. KW - Chemosensor KW - Chemiresistor KW - Nanoparticles KW - Palladium KW - PEDOT KW - Hydrazine KW - NADH Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2010.08.092 SN - 0013-4686 VL - 56 IS - 10 SP - 3679 EP - 3684 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Nizamov, Shavkat A1 - Scherbahn, Vitali A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Detection and quantification of single engineered nanoparticles in complex samples using template matching in wide-field surface plasmon microscopy T2 - Analytical Chemistry N2 - An ultrasensitive analytical method for direct detection of single nanoparticles in complex environment is described. The method relies on the wide-field surface plasmon microscopy (SPM). The suppression of matrix effects is achieved by image analysis based on the template matching. First, characteristic SPM images of nanoparticles are collected in aqueous suspensions. Then the detection of nanoparticles in complex environment is performed using template matching. Quantification and characterization of nanoparticles size was demonstrated at subppb level (∼ 100 pg/mL) in such complex media as wines, fruit juices, or cosmetic formulation. Visualization of the nanoparticles is performed in real time. The method does not require any sample pretreatment. If the minimally acceptable adsorption rate is defined as one nanoparticle to the whole sensor surface per few seconds, the working range of the method is ∼ 10 6 to 10 10 nanoparticles per mL. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02878 SN - 1520-6882 VL - 88 IS - 20 SP - 10206 EP - 10214 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Yatsimirsky, Anatoly K. A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. ED - Mirsky, Vladimir M. ED - Yatsimirsky, Anatoly K. T1 - Quantitative affinity data on selected artificial receptors T2 - Articicial receptors for chemical sensors KW - affinity data KW - artificial receptors KW - molecularly imprinted polymers KW - receptor–analyte binding constants KW - spreader-bar systems Y1 - 2011 SN - 978-3-527-32357-9 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632480 SP - 441 EP - 462 PB - Wiley VCH Verlag CY - Weinheim ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. ED - Mirsky, Vladimir M. ED - Yatsimirsky, Anatoly K. T1 - Quantitative characterization of affinity properties of immobilized receptors T2 - Artificial Receptors for Chemical Sensors KW - adsorption isotherms KW - affinity properties KW - binding isotherm KW - Frumkin isotherm KW - immobilized receptors KW - Langmuir isotherm KW - quantitative characterization KW - sensors Y1 - 2011 SN - 978-3-527-32357-9 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632480.ch1 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag CY - Weinheim ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Lange, Ulrich A1 - Roznyatovskaya, Nataliya V. A1 - Hao, Qingli A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. ED - Mirsky, Vladimir M. ED - Yatsimirsky, Anatoly K. T1 - Conducting polymers as artificial receptors in chemical sensors T2 - Artificial receptors for chemical sensors KW - artificial receptors polyaniline KW - chemosensors KW - conducting polymers KW - polyaniline KW - transducers Y1 - 2011 SN - 978-3-527-32357-9 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632480.ch12 SP - 363 EP - 392 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ivanov, Svetlozar D. A1 - Lange, Ulrich A1 - Tsakova, Vessela T. A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Electrocatalytically active nanocomposite from palladium nanoparticles and polyaniline: Oxidation of hydrazine T2 - Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical N2 - The layer by layer (LbL) adsorption technique was used to deposit a new electrocatalytic material consisting of palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) and polyaniline (PANI). As far as PANI adsorption did not affect the reactivity of the Pd NPs attached in the former adsorption step, the LbL technique offered the way of increasing the reactive Pd surface within a three-dimensional nanocomposite structure. In situ conductance measurements have shown that depending on the concentration of the PANI solution, used for the LbL adsorption, composites with either PANI-like (dependent on potential and pH) or metal-like (non-dependent on potential and pH) conductive behaviour can be obtained. Metal-like Pd NPs–PANI nanocomposites were studied as electrocatalytic materials for hydrazine oxidation. A linear concentration dependence of the voltammetric peak currents was observed in the 40–800 μM hydrazine concentration range, the sensitivity increasing with the amount of adsorbed Pd NPs. Amperometric measurements showed linear response in the 10–300 μM range with sensitivity 0.5 μA/μmol cm−2 and a theoretical detection limit estimated to be 0.06 μM. KW - Conducting polymers KW - Pd-nanoparticles KW - LbL adsorption KW - Hydrazine Y1 - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2010.07.004 SN - 0925-4005 VL - 150 IS - 1 SP - 271 EP - 278 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Fassold, Alexander A1 - Falk, Werner A1 - Anders, Sven A1 - Hirsch, Thomas A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Straub, Rainer H. T1 - Soluble neuropilin-2, a nerve repellent receptor, is increased in rheumatoid arthritis synovium and aggravates sympathetic fiber repulsion and arthritis T2 - Arthritis and Rheumatology N2 - In inflammatory lesions, sympathetic nerve fibers disappear soon after the start of inflammation. We identified sympathetic nerve repellents as possible causal agents in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). On nerve terminals, repellent factors bind to neuropilin-2 and its coreceptor. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of neuropilin-2 in the synovial tissue of patients with RA and patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and in experimental arthritis. The density of neuropilin-2–positive fibers and cells positive for semaphorin 3F (a sympathetic repellent) was investigated using immunofluorescence staining. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect soluble neuropilin-2 in body fluids from patients with RA and patients with OA. An axon outgrowth assay and a neuropilin-2 Fc fusion construct (neuropilin-2Fc) were used to investigate semaphorin 3F–induced sympathetic nerve repulsion. In an animal model of type II collagen–induced arthritis, soluble neuropilin-2Fc was studied in vivo. The synovial density of neuropilin-2–positive sympathetic nerve fibers was lower in RA than in OA, but the density of cells positive for semaphorin 3F was similar. In synovial fluid, the level of soluble neuropilin-2 was markedly higher in RA compared with OA. Mouse sympathetic ganglia served as an excellent model with which to study semaphorin 3F–induced nerve fiber repulsion. Neuropilin-2 and its coreceptor were present on sympathetic neurons, and semaphorin 3F bound to neuropilin-2Fc (binding constant 96 nmoles/liter). Semaphorin 3F dose-dependently increased sympathetic nerve fiber repulsion (at a 50% maximum response concentration of 160–210 nmoles/liter). In contrast to our expectations, soluble neuropilin-2Fc did not inhibit repulsion but increased the repellent effect of semaphorin 3F. In experimental arthritis, therapy with neuropilin-2Fc aggravated arthritis. Soluble neuropilin-2 has no antirepellent activity but aggravates sympathetic nerve fiber repulsion and arthritis. Increased shedding of neuropilin-2 is probably an unfavorable sign in RA. Y1 - 2009 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/art.24860 SN - 2326-5205 VL - 60 IS - 10 SP - 2892 EP - 2901 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Shishkov, Alexander V. A1 - Bogacheva, Elena Nikolaevna A1 - Dolgov, Alexey A. A1 - Chulikov, Alexey L. A1 - Knyazev, Denis G. A1 - Fedorova, Natalia V. A1 - Ksenofontov, Alexander L. A1 - Kordyukova, Larisa V. A1 - Lukashina, Elena V. A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Baratova, Lyudmila A. T1 - The in situ structural characterization of the influenza A virus matrix M1 protein within a virion T2 - Protein and Peptide Letters N2 - The first attempt has been made to suggest a model of influenza A virus matrix M1 protein spatial structure and molecule orientation within a virion on the basis of tritium planigraphy data and theoretical prediction results. Limited in situ proteolysis of the intact virions with bromelain and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy study of the M1 protein interaction with lipid coated surfaces were used for independent confirmation of the proposed model. KW - Influenza A virus KW - matrix M1 protein KW - secondary structure prediction KW - tritium planigraphy KW - surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy KW - three-dimensional modeling Y1 - 2009 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2174/092986609789353682 SN - 0929-8665 SN - 1875-5305 VL - 16 IS - 11 SP - 1407 EP - 1413 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Lange, Ulrich A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. ED - Hashmi, S. A. ED - Chandra, A. T1 - Potential and pH-dependencies of bulk and contact resistances of conducting polymers T2 - Electroactive polymers: Materials and devices, Vol. 3 Y1 - 2009 SP - 37 EP - 46 PB - Macmillan Publisher CY - New Delhi ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wolpert, Benjamin A1 - Wolfbeis, Otto S. A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Gas sensing properties of electrically conductive Cu(I) compounds at elevated temperatures T2 - Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical N2 - Changes in the electrical conductance at 240 °C of a number of copper(I) compounds including CuI, CuBr, Cu2Te, Cu12Sb4S13, (CuI)2P14, and of NiO were measured following the exposure to the gases ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and propane. Analytical sensitivity and kinetic parameters were compared quantitatively. The high diversity of sensitivity patterns makes these compounds promising candidates for use in sensor arrays. Principal component analysis of the data obtained with a virtual sensor array enabled highly selective sensing of five of the six analytes studied using only two principle components. Activation energies of the charge transport in the materials were determined. KW - Gas sensor KW - Ammonia sensor KW - Conductometric sensor KW - Sensor array KW - Copper(I) KW - High-temperature sensing Y1 - 2009 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2009.04.042 SN - 0925-4005 VL - 142 IS - 2 SP - 446 EP - 450 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ivanov, Svetlozar D. A1 - Kurniawan, Fredy A1 - Tsakova, Vessela T. A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Automated layer-by-layer deposition of polyelectrolytes in flow mode T2 - Macromolecular Materials and Engineering N2 - Multilayer structures of conducting polymers were fabricated by a simply automated approach in flow mode. Polyaniline and poly(styrene sulfonate) were used as a model system, allowing a fast electrochemical and spectroscopic determination of the amount of deposited material. The technology was applied for layer-by-layer deposition of up to 100 bilayers. The results demonstrate a well reproducible and almost constant amount of the adsorbed polymer at each deposition cycle. The method can be applied for deposition of other conducting or non-conducting polymers, biological macromolecules and composites of polyelectrolytes and nanoparticles. Y1 - 2009 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.200800376 SN - 1439-2054 VL - 294 IS - 6-7 SP - 441 EP - 444 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Potyrailo, Radislav A. A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. ED - Ryan, Margaret A. ED - Shevade, Abhijit V. ED - Taylor, Charles J. ED - Homer, M. L. ED - Blanco, Mario ED - Stetter, Joseph R. T1 - Development of new sensing materials using combinatorial and high-throughput experimentation T2 - Computational Methods for Sensor Material Selection N2 - New sensors with improved performance characteristics are needed for applications as diverse as bedside continuous monitoring, tracking of environmental pollutants, monitoring of food and water quality, monitoring of chemical processes, and safety in industrial, consumer, and automotive settings. Typical requirements in sensor improvement are selectivity, long-term stability, sensitivity, response time, reversibility, and reproducibility. Design of new sensing materials is the important cornerstone in the effort to develop new sensors. Often, sensing materials are too complex to predict their performance quantitatively in the design stage. Thus,combinatorial and high-throughput experimentation methodologies provide an opportunity to generate new required data to discover new sensing materials and/or to optimize existing material compositions. The goal of this chapter is to provide an overview of the key concepts of experimental development of sensing materials using combinatorial and high-throughput experimentation tools, and to promote additional fruitful interactions between computational scientists and experimentalists. Y1 - 2009 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73715-7_7 SP - 151 EP - 166 PB - Springer CY - New York, NY [u.a.] ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wolpert, Benjamin A1 - Leitl, Michael A1 - Pfitzner, Arno A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Chemosensitive properties of electrically conductive Cu(I)-compounds at room temperature T2 - Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical N2 - Changes of the electrical conductance of a number of inorganic copper(I) conductive compounds including Cu₁₂Sb₄S₁₃,CU₂O, CuI, CuBr and CuCl were tested on exposure to different gases and vapors, including ammonia, nitrogen monoxide, octanethiol, hydrogen chloride, acetic acid, formic acid, ethanol, humidity and piperidine. The sensitivity of the resistivity to ammonia was estimated as 2.7%/ppm for CuBr,1.4%/ppm for Cu₂O, 1.2%/ppm for CuCl, 0.013%/ppm for CuI, but only 0.0028%/ppm for Cu₁₂Sb₄S₁₃. The highest selectivity for ammonia was observed for Cu₁₂Sb₄S₁₃. The sensitivity patterns of these materials to the tested gases and vapors are very different which makes them applicable for sensor arrays for identification and quantification of these species. KW - Chemical sensor KW - Gas sensor KW - Ammonia sensor KW - Conductometric sensor KW - Chemoresistor KW - Copper(I) Y1 - 2008 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2008.06.047 SN - 0925-4005 VL - 134 IS - 2 SP - 839 EP - 842 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lange, Ulrich A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Separated analysis of bulk and contact resistance of conducting polymers: comparison of simultaneous 2- and 4-point measurements with impedance measurements T2 - Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry N2 - Simultaneous measurements of conductive polymer by two-and four-point techniques were used for evaluation of the contact resistance for the polymer/metal interface. An experimental validation of this approach was performed for polypyrrole electrochemically deposited on gold electrodes. The dependence of contact resistance on the electrode potential versus reference electrode was measured. The results were compared with the corresponding dependence obtained from impedance spectroscopy. Both techniques provide almost identical data while the new approach is easier, faster and independent on selection of equivalent circuits. KW - Conducting polymer KW - Polypyrrole KW - Contact resistance KW - Simultaneous two KW - Four-point measurements Y1 - 2008 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2008.06.013 SN - 1572-6657 VL - 622 IS - 2 SP - 246 EP - 251 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hodzhaoglu, Feyzim A1 - Kurniawan, Fredy A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Nanev, Christo T1 - Gold nanoparticles induce protein crystallization T2 - Crystal Research and Technology N2 - Nucleation of protein crystals by gold nanoparticles was observed. Lysozyme and ferritin were used as model proteins. The effect was established with uncoated gold nanoparticles and with gold nanoparticles coated by 16-mercaptodecanoic acid. KW - gold nanoparticles KW - protein crystallization KW - nucleants KW - lysozyme KW - ferritin Y1 - 2008 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/crat.200811125 SN - 1521-4079 VL - 43 IS - 6 SP - 588 EP - 593 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lange, Ulrich A1 - Roznyatovskaya, Nataliya V. A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Conducting polymers in chemical sensors and arrays (invited review) T2 - Analytica Chimica Acta N2 - The review covers main applications of conducting polymers in chemical sensors and biosensors. The first part is focused on intrinsic and induced receptor properties of conducting polymers, such as pH sensitivity, sensitivity to inorganic ions and organic molecules as well as sensitivity to gases. Induced receptor properties can be also formed by molecularly imprinted polymerization or by immobilization of biological receptors. Immobilization strategies are reviewed in the second part. The third part is focused on applications of conducting polymers as transducers and includes usual optical (fluorescence, SPR, etc.) and electrical (conductometric, amperometric, potentiometric, etc.) transducing techniques as well as organic chemosensitive semiconductor devices. An assembly of stable sensing structures requires strong binding of conducting polymers to solid supports. These aspects are discussed in the next part. Finally, an application of combinatorial synthesis and high-throughput analysis to the development and optimization of sensing materials is described. KW - Conducting polymers KW - Chemical sensors KW - Electroactive polymers KW - Gas sensors KW - Combinatorial techniques KW - Electropolymerization KW - Sensor array Y1 - 2008 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2008.02.068 SN - 0003-2670 VL - 614 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 26 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kurniawan, Fredy A1 - Tsakova, Vessela T. A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Analytical applications of electrodes modified by gold nanoparticles: dopamine detection T2 - Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology N2 - Dopamine oxidation was studied on modified gold (nano-Au) electrodes obtained by Layer-by-Layer deposition of gold nanoparticles and polyacrylic acid. A gradual loss of electrochemical activity for the dopamine oxidation reaction is observed at pH 7. Simultaneous SPR spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry indicate the formation of an adsorbed layer on the electrode surface at this pH value. Investigations, performed through electrochemical and SPR measurements at pH 4, give evidence for a reversible process. At this pH value both dopamine oxidation and reduction current peaks show linear dependence on the dopamine concentration and may be used for analytical applications. The use of the nano-Au electrode allows resolving the peaks corresponding to ascorbic acid and to dopamine oxidation by 240 mV thus providing a high selectively for dopamine detection in the presence of ascorbic acid. The detection limit of this electrode for dopamine is below 4 microM in the presence of 1 mM ascorbic acid. The sensitivity normalized to the macroscopic electrode surface is about 10 mA cm(-2) mM(-1) at sweep rate of 10 V/s. KW - ascorbic acid KW - dopamine KW - electrochemical detection KW - gold nanoparticles KW - surface plasmon resonance Y1 - 2009 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2009.SE13 SN - 1533-4880 SN - 1533-4899 VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - 2407 EP - 2412 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Boecker, Daniel A1 - Zybin, Alexander A1 - Niemax, Kay A1 - Grunwald, Christian A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Noise reduction by multiple referencing in surface plasmon resonance imaging T2 - Review of Scientific Instruments N2 - The analytical performance of surface plasmon resonance imaging with charge coupled device detection can be improved significantly by splitting a macroscopic sensing surface into multiple microscopic neighboring sensing and referencing subareas. It is shown that such a multiple referencing reduces intensity fluctuations across the total sensing area and, therefore, improves the signal/noise (S/N)ratio proportional to the splitting factor. The approach is demonstrated by detection of biotin binding to a monolayer of streptavidin. An effective variation of the reflected intensity of about 10⁻⁴, which corresponds to the refraction index variation of 3 x 10⁻⁶, was detected with a S/N ratio about 10 without any temperature stabilization of the sensing area. Y1 - 2008 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2888527 SN - 1527-2400 VL - 79 IS - 2 SP - 023110 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Potyrailo, Radislav A. A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. ED - Potyrailo, Radislav A. ED - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Combinatorial methods for chemical and biological sensors: Outlook T2 - Combinatorial Methods for Chemical and Biological Sensors N2 - This chapter provides a summary of status of combinatorial development of materials for chemical and biological sensors and an outlook for the future developments. Y1 - 2009 SN - 978-0-387-73712-6 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73713-3_21 SP - 483 EP - 489 PB - Springer CY - New York, NY [u.a.] ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Potyrailo, Radislav A. A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. ED - Potyrailo, Radislav A. ED - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Introduction to combinatorial methods for chemical and biological sensors T2 - Combinatorial Methods for Chemical and Biological Sensors N2 - Sensing materials play a critical role in advancing selectivity, response speed, and sensitivity of chemical and biological determinations in gases and liquids. The desirable capabilities of sensing materials originate from their numerous functional parameters, which can be tailored to meet specific sensing needs. By increasing the structural and functional complexity of sensing materials, the ability to rationally define the precise requirements that will result in desired materials properties becomes increasingly limited. Combinatorial experimentation methodologies impact all areas of sensing materials research including inorganic, organic, and biological sensing materials. Y1 - 2009 SN - 978-0-387-73712-6 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73713-3_1 SP - 3 EP - 24 PB - Springer CY - New York, NY [u.a.] ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. ED - Potyrailo, Radislav A. ED - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Combinatorial development of chemosensitive conductive polymers T2 - Combinatorial Methods for Chemical and Biological Sensors N2 - Conductive polymers are established materials for development of chemical and biological sensors. Properties of these polymers are influenced by a number of different physical and chemical factors. Application of combinatorial and high-throughput techniques to development and optimization of chemo and biosensors is reviewed. Methods for addressable synthesis of conductive polymers and protocols for comprehensive description of chemosensitive properties are discussed. Y1 - 2009 SN - 978-0-387-73712-6 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73713-3_13 SP - 315 EP - 330 PB - Springer CY - New York, NY [u.a.] ER - TY - GEN A1 - Potyrailo, Radislav A. A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Combinatorial and high-throughput development of sensing materials: The first ten years T2 - Chemical Reviews Y1 - 2008 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/cr068127f SN - 0009-2665 SN - 1520-6890 VL - 108 SP - 770 EP - 813 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zybin, Alexander A1 - Boecker, Daniel A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Niemax, Kay T1 - Enhancement of the detection power of surface plasmon resonance measurements by optimization of the reflection angle T2 - Analytical Chemistry N2 - The detection limit of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements has been improved by a factor of approximately 2-3.5 if the angle of incidence was near to the reflection minimum of the SPR resonance curve instead at the position of the steepest slope, the standard alignment in SPR imaging. The enhancement of the detection power, a result of signal-to-noise optimization, is demonstrated by applying a photodiode and a CCD camera for SPR detection. The experimental data are compared with data expected from theory. Y1 - 2007 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/ac070074u SN - 0003-2700 SN - 1520-6882 VL - 79 IS - 11 SP - 4233 EP - 4236 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Delaney, Tetyana L. A1 - Zimin, Denys A1 - Rahm, Michael A1 - Weiss, Dieter A1 - Wolfbeis, Otto S. A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Capacitive detection in ultrathin chemosensors prepared by molecularly imprinted grafting photopolymerization T2 - Analytical Chemistry N2 - The usual applications of capacitive detection in chemo- and biosensors are based on changes in effective thickness of insulating layers due to adsorption of analyte onto receptors. Ultrathin chemosensors based on molecularly imprinted polymerization enable a realization of another capacitive approach that exploits changes in electrical capacitance due to modification of the dielectric constant of the polymer. Such chemosensors were prepared by photografted molecularly imprinted polymerization on the surface of gold electrodes. An adsorbed layer of hydrophobic photoinitiator (benzophenone) provided grafted polymerization on the surface of the alkanethiol-modified gold electrode. The chemosensors were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy, and scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. Binding of analyte was detected by measurements of electrical capacitance. The results indicate a decrease of the dielectric constant of the polymer layer due to analyte binding up to 20%. Y1 - 2007 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/ac062143v SN - 0003-2700 SN - 1520-6882 VL - 79 IS - 8 SP - 3220 EP - 3225 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. ED - Corain, Benedetto ED - Schmid, Günter ED - Toshima, Naoki T1 - Spreader-bar structures as molecular templates for electrochemical synthesis of nanoparticles T2 - Metal nanoclusters in catalysis and materials science: the issue of size-control Y1 - 2008 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044453057-8.50020-9 SP - 321 EP - 325 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hirsch, Thomas A1 - Shaporenko, Andrey A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Zharnikov, Michael T1 - Monomolecular films of phthalocyanines: formation, characterisation and expelling by alkanethiols T2 - Langmuir N2 - Adsorption of aluminum-2,3-naphthalocyanine (Al-PC) onto gold (111) substrate from the pure and mixed (with alkanethiols) solutions of the target molecules in ethanol was studied. The resulting films were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. The adsorption from the pure solution resulted in formation of an Al-PC monolayer composed of the strongly inclined molecules. However, a presence of only one molar percent of a thiolated compound (alkanethiol) in the primary solution led to the complete expelling of the Al-PC molecules from the substrate and formation of a one-component alkylthiolate monolayer. The results indicate that an equilibrium formation of mixed monolayers of rodlike thiolated molecules and relatively large planar-geometry molecules, whose interaction with the metal surface is mainly provided by the π-electron system, is difficult to achieve or is in most cases even impossible under equilibrium conditions and requires an introduction of additional anchor moieties (e.g., thiols) into these molecules, as has been demonstrated by successful coadsorption of hexadecanethiol and thiolated tetraphenylporphyrin. Y1 - 2007 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/la0634239 SN - 0743-7463 SN - 1520-5827 VL - 23 IS - 8 SP - 4373 EP - 4377 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Cao, Limin A1 - Lin, Hong A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - DNA-based surface plasmon resonance biosensor for enrofloxacin T2 - Analytica Chimica Acta N2 - A DNA-based surface plasmon resonance biosensor for enrofloxacin was developed. Heating denatured DNA immobilized on the gold-coated glass surface was exploited. The immobilization was performed by a layer-by-layer co-deposition with a cationic polymer. The sensor performance was tested with real biological probes. Direct and simple determination of enrofloxacin in milk samples was demonstrated. The sensor response obeys Langmuir binding isotherm being almost linear until about 20 µg per mL. The detection limit in milk samples was estimated to be 3 µg per mL. KW - Surface plasmon resonance KW - Nucleic acid KW - Biosensor KW - Enrofloxacin KW - Fluoroquinolones KW - Layer-by-layer deposition Y1 - 2007 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2007.02.034 SN - 0003-2670 VL - 589 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 5 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Cao, Limin A1 - Lin, Hong A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Detection of antibiotics in food: Extraction of fluoroquinolones by DNA T2 - Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry N2 - The ability of DNA to extract fluoroquinolones from model solutions and real probes of food was demonstrated and investigated quantitatively. The interaction between fluoroquinolones and different types of DNA was studied by equilibrium dialysis. The first application of this direct approach allowed us to determine binding constants and binding stoichiometries in different conditions. The binding of enrofloxacin to heat-denatured DNA (d-DNA) from herring sperm is pH- and magnesium-dependent; the highest fraction of bound drugs was found at pH 7 and a magnesium concentration of 0.5–1 mM. Results for three types of DNA: d-DNA, double-stranded DNA and single-stranded DNA were compared. The unwound DNA showed almost doubled binding constants and stoichiometries, thus indicating preferable interaction of enrofloxacin with single-strand regions of DNA. The binding of other fluoroquinolones (lomefloxacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, danofloxacin and sarafloxacin) with d-DNA is very similar to that of enrofloxacin: the binding constants are in the range from 0.94 × 105 to 2.40 × 105 M−1, and the stoichiometries range from 4.1 to 6.9 fluoroquinolone molecules per 100 DNA bases. The binding properties were quantitatively the same for extraction of fluoroquinolones from model aqueous solutions and from liquid food (milk). The results indicate the efficiency of DNA for selective extraction of fluoroquinolones from real samples for further analysis. This selective binding also allows us to consider DNA as a natural receptor for development of analytical techniques for fluoroquinolones. KW - Fluoroquinolone KW - DNAExtraction KW - Binding constant KW - Binding stoichiometry Y1 - 2007 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-007-1191-5 SN - 1618-2642 SN - 1618-2650 VL - 388 IS - 1 SP - 253 EP - 258 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Vasjari, Majlinda A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. ED - Alegret, Salvador ED - Merkoci, Arben T1 - Chemoresistor for determination of mercury vapor T2 - Electrochemical Sensor Analysis N2 - This chapter presents a procedure to prepare and calibrate chemical sensor for mercury vapor and discusses application of the sensor for measurements of mercury vapor. The sensor is based on high affinity of gold to mercury and on chemoresistive properties of ultrathin gold layers: adsorption of mercury leads to increase in the surface resistance. However, this effect is not selective: similar changes are caused by adsorption of water vapor and sulfuric compounds. The use of monomolecular layer of alkylthiols as a filter excludes this interference completely. Sensor calibration is performed by thermoinjection of nanogram-amount of mercury quantitatively deposited by electrochemical reduction. It is found that the sensors display no sensitivity to such typical interferents of mercury chemoresistors based on uncoated gold as volatile thiols and water. Preliminary data demonstrate a possibility to measure Hg(0) even in aqueous solutions. Y1 - 2007 SN - 978-0-444-53053-0 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-526X(06)49058-9 SP - 105 EP - 109 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Vasjari, Majlinda ED - Alegret, Salvador ED - Merkoci, Arben T1 - Chemical sensors for mercury vapour T2 - Electrochemical Sensor Analysis N2 - A number of analytical methods were developed for determination of elemental mercury. They include traditional analytical techniques, such as atomic adsorption spectroscopy (AAS), atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS), and atomic emission spectroscopy (AES). Other analytical methods include neutron-activation analysis and laser photo-acoustic spectroscopy (detection limit about 5 μg/l). To increase sensitivity and selectivity of these methods, a preconcentration of mercury is widely performed. This can be realized by exploring high affinity of mercury to gold. Mercury and its volatile compounds can easily be adsorbed on gold at normal temperatures and can be released quantitatively upon heating. Hence, gold has been used as an adsorbent for the accumulation of mercury to a concentration sufficient for further spectroscopic analyses. The main disadvantage of mercury sensors based on bare gold layers is their poor selectivity and applications of such sensors for real probes and makes necessary a pre-treatment of probes. Mercury sensors based on thin gold layers require regular calibrations. In ideal cases, the calibration should be performed before each measurement. Therefore, a calibration technique should be compatible with design and concept of the mercury vapor sensor. Y1 - 2007 SN - 978-0-444-53053-0 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-526X(06)49012-7 SP - 235 EP - 251 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - GEN A1 - Roznyatovskaya, Nataliya V. A1 - Laurinavichyute, Veronika K. A1 - Tsirlina, Galina A. A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Electrochemistry and catalytic behavior of immobilized binuclear complexes of copper(II) and nickel(II) with Robson type ligand T2 - Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry N2 - Various systems containing immobilized binuclear copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes with Robson type ligand ([M2L]Cl2) are studied and compared in relation to catalysis of hydrogen peroxide reduction. Molecular complexes adsorbed on mercury and gold, crystalline complexes immobilized in the carbon paste electrode, and complex species entrapped into polyphenol-modified gold electrodes are considered. Electrocatalysis is assumed to result from the formation of H2O2–[M2L]Cl2 adduct, not from mediating redox transformations. Possible geometry of the formed reaction layers supporting adduct formation is discussed. KW - Binuclear copper macrocyclic complex KW - Cyclic voltammetry KW - Adsorption KW - Carbon paste electrodes KW - Electroreduction Y1 - 2007 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-006-0235-7 SN - 1432-8488 SN - 1433-0768 VL - 11 IS - 7 SP - 981 EP - 992 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hao, Qingli A1 - Wang, Xin A1 - Lu, Lude A1 - Yang, Xujie A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Electropolymerized multilayer conducting polymers with response to gaseous hydrogen chloride T2 - Macromolecular Rapid Communications N2 - A step-by-step ‘all-electrochemical’ approach has been presented to develop a multilayer structure of conducting polymers for gas sensors. The integrated structure includes a sensitive layer (polyaniline, PANI) and a conductive bridge consisting of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). Good sensitivity, stability, and response of the multilayer material to gaseous HCl indicate a possible application of conductive polymers to provide a binding of sensitive elements in sensors or other fields. The conducting multilayer material, Au/pATP/PANI/PEDOT, was synthesized electrochemically. Y1 - 2005 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.200500114 SN - 1521-3927 VL - 26 IS - 13 SP - 1099 EP - 1103 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Kulikov, Valentin A1 - Wolfbeis, Otto S. T1 - Complete system for combinatorial synthesis and functional investigation of conductive polymers T2 - American Chemical Society PMSE Preprints N2 - Complete system for combinatorial electrochemical synthesis and functional characterization of combinatorial libraries formed by different polymers and polymeric structures will be presented. Control of electrical potential of single electrode groups consisting of four electrodes (designed for 4-point measurements ) on the array comprising 96 such electrode groups provides addressable electrochemical polymer synthesis on the defined electrodes. After polymerization, electrical characteristics of polymers or/and polymer/electrode contacts and influence of potential analytes on these characteristic are measured. Final data analysis provides complete analytically relevant information on the investigated thin polymer layers or multilayer polymer structures: absolute and relative sensitivity, response time, reversibility, reproducibility, regeneration kinetics, linearity or binding constant. Examples of applications for the development of gas-sensitive (co)polymers and optimization of their sensitive properties and polymer/metal contacts will be presented. Y1 - 2005 VL - 93 SP - 1053 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hirsch, Thomas A1 - Zharnikov, Michael A1 - Shaporenko, Andrey A1 - Stahl, Joachim A1 - Weiss, Dieter A1 - Wolfbeis, Otto S. A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Size-controlled electrochemical synthesis of metallic nanoparticles on molecular templates T2 - Angewandte Chemie International Edition N2 - Reduction on the spot: Planarly adsorbed thiolated porphyrin molecules (purple) incorporated in an insulating alkanethiol monolayer (blue) function as nanoelectrodes for the local reduction of metals (gray). This approach was applied for the in situ synthesis of nanoparticles of a predetermined size. Y1 - 2005 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200500912 SN - 1521-3773 VL - 44 IS - 41 SP - 6775 EP - 6778 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zybin, Alexander A1 - Grunwald, Christian A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Kuhlmann, Jürgen A1 - Wolfbeis, Otto S. A1 - Niemax, Kay T1 - Double-wavelength technique for surface plasmon resonance measurements: basic concept and applications for single sensors and two-dimensional sensor arrays T2 - Analytical Chemistry N2 - A new technique for on-line monitoring of analyte binding to sensor surfaces by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) detection is described. It is based on differential measurements using two wavelengths provided by two diode lasers. The technique is as simple and robust as the conventional SPR detection measuring the reflected radiation at fixed incidence angle, but it has the advantage of being nonsensitive to variations of the resonance width and providing essentially higher signal/noise ratios. The paper presents the first four channel prototype system for parallel 2D-monitoring at four different spots. One channel is always used as a reference to compensate temperature fluctuations and nonspecific adsorptions. Calibration with sucrose solutions revealed an absolute sensitivity of Δn ∼ 5 × 10-6. The new technique is tested with a biotin−streptavidin binding and with hybridization/denaturation of DNA. Biotin binding to a streptavidin monolayer is detected with a signal/noise ratio of about 5, which demonstrates the high potential of the new technique for applications in drug discovery. Applications to gene analysis are tested with short oligonucleotides of the sequences used for genotyping human hepatitis C viruses. A selective response to complementary oligonucleotides is observed. The high reproducibility in subsequent cycles of hybridization/denaturation (by formamide or by heating) points out potential applications of the technique in medical diagnostics, food industry, genomics, and proteomics too. Y1 - 2005 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/ac048156v SN - 0003-2700 SN - 1520-6882 VL - 77 IS - 8 SP - 2393 EP - 2399 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Kulikov, Valentin A1 - Hao, Qingli A1 - Wolfbeis, Otto S. T1 - Application of combinatorial electropolymerization to the development of chemical Sensors T2 - Combinatorial and artificial intelligence methods in materials science II, symposium held December 1 - 4, 2003, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. N2 - Combinatorial electropolymerization with electrical addressing was realized on the array of 96 electrode groups, each from four electrodes. The polymer synthesis was combined with subsequent high-throughput investigation of analytical properties of synthesized polymers. Two-and four-point techniques were applied simultaneously to measure electrical properties of synthesized polymers and contact resistances between electrodes and polymers and modifications of these parameters on addition of analyte. The system was used for development of sensitive materials for detection of gaseous hydrogen chloride. Y1 - 2004 SN - 1-55899-742-3 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1557/PROC-804-JJ4.1 SP - 111 EP - 116 PB - Materials Research Society CY - Warrendale, Pa. ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kurniawan, Fredy A1 - Tsakova, Vessela T. A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Gold nanoparticles in non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of sugars T2 - Electroanalysis N2 - A nonenzymatic electrochemical sensor for detection of sugars was prepared by layer-by-layer deposition of gold nanoparticles on thin gold electrodes. The deposition was optimized by using of surface plasmon resonance. Voltammetric investigation and impedance spectroscopy of the sensor was performed. Electrical currents caused by glucose on bare gold electrodes and on gold electrodes coated by immobilized gold nanoparticles were compared. The electrodes with nanoparticles display much higher current of glucose oxidation. The oxidation becomes blocked when the swept electrode potential exceeded +0.25 V, during the back scan an oxidation peak is observed again but at less positive potential. The magnitudes of these current peaks are linearly dependent on the glucose concentration; this dependence can be used as calibration for analytical applications. The limit of detection for glucose is below 0.5 mM, the sensitivity (normalized to the macroscopic electrode surface) is about 160 μA cm-2 mM-1. The sensor response is linear till at least 8 mM of glucose concentration. KW - Gold nanoparticles KW - Electrochemical KW - Glucose detection Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.200603607 SN - 1521-4109 VL - 18 IS - 19-20 SP - 1937 EP - 1942 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Neue Technologie angewandter Polymerforschung. Hundert mal schneller zu neuen Sensormaterialien T2 - Aktuelle Wochenschau : HighChem hautnah. Aktuelles aus der analytischen Chemie Y1 - 2005 VL - 48 SP - 98 EP - 99 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ivanov, Svetlozar D. A1 - Tsakova, Vessela T. A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Conductometric transducing in electrocatalytical sensors: Detection of ascorbic acid T2 - Electrochemistry Communications N2 - Conductometric transducing is suggested for electrocatalytic chemical sensors based on conductive polymers. Lateral conductivity of the polymer layers was measured by two- and four-point techniques. The approach was applied for electroanalytical detection of ascorbic acid on the electrocatalytically active polyaniline and poly-ortho-methoxyaniline electrodes. Both polymers displayed a monotonous concentration dependence of their conductance in the analytically important sub-millimolar concentration range of ascorbic acid. The approach was tested in model solutions of ascorbic acid in buffer and applied for detection of ascorbic acid in orange juice. KW - Chemical sensor KW - Conductometric sensor KW - Ascorbic acid KW - Electrocatalytical sensor KW - Electroactive polymers KW - Polyaniline KW - Poly-ortho-methoxyaniline Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2006.02.006 SN - 1388-2481 VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - 643 EP - 646 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhi, Zheng-liang A1 - Drazan, Viktor A1 - Wolfbeis, Otto S. A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Electrocatalytic activity of DNA on electrodes as an indication of hybridization T2 - Bioelectrochemistry N2 - Electron transfer between metal electrodes and ferro/ferricyanide is completely suppressed at low ionic concentration. We describe here a new phenomenon related to this reaction: an immobilisation of thiolated single-stranded DNA on gold electrodes retains this activity at low ionic strength up to the level corresponding to the high ionic strength. In contrast, a hybridisation of the complementary DNAwith the thiolated single-stranded DNA followed by a binding onto the electrodes, attenuated the electrocatalytic effect. These effects can be used for discrimination between single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA and for semi-quantitative measurement of complementary DNA in a sample. KW - DNA KW - DNA-sensor KW - Biosensor KW - Electrocatalysi KW - Hybridisation KW - Oligonucleotide KW - Gene analysis Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2005.02.006 SN - 1567-5394 VL - 68 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 6 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krondak, Martin A1 - Broncová, Gabriela A1 - Anikin, Sergey A1 - Merz, Andreas A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Chemosensitive properties of poly-4,4'-dialkoxy2,2’-bipyrroles T2 - Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry N2 - Chemosensitive properties of 4,4′-dimethoxy-2,2′-bipyrrole and 4,4′-dibuthoxy-2,2′-bipyrrole were investigated. These new conductive polymers were polymerized by cyclic voltammetry on the platinum and gold interdigitated electrodes designed for 2- and 4-point measurement of lateral conductivity. Thus, obtained polymers demonstrated high sensitivity to HCl in the parts per million concentration range. Kinetics of the gaseous HCl influence on the ratios of conductivities measured by 2- and 4-point techniques was analyzed. Some response of the polymers conductance towards NH3, NO and oxygen was also observed, but with much lower sensitivity than towards HCl. In aqueous solutions, the polymer conductivity was pH dependent; in comparison with 4,4′-dibuthoxy-2,2′-bipyrrole, the conductivity range of the methoxy derivative was shifted to acidic range for about two pH units. A possibility to use the pH dependence for the development of enzymatic biosensors with pH transducing was demonstrated. KW - Conductive polymer KW - Sensor KW - Conductivity KW - HCI KW - Alkoxybipyrroles Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-005-0069-8 SN - 1432-8488 SN - 1433-0768 VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - 185 EP - 191 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Kulikov, Valentin A1 - Hao, Qingli A1 - Wolfbeis, Otto S. T1 - Multiparameter High Throughput Characterization of Combinatorial Chemical Microarrays of Chemosensitive Polymers T2 - Macromolecular Rapid Communications N2 - High throughput characterization of combinatorial libraries demands a compromise between completeness of the study and reasonable investigation time. This compromise can be found by the development of test protocols consisting of the minimal number of the most informative measurements. Multiparameter high throughput characterization of sensitive materials is described. The parameters include response time, regeneration time, reversibility, reproducibility, sensitivity, linearity. The approach was applied for characterization of conductometric gas-sensitive polymer materials. Chemical microarrays prepared by electrochemical synthesis of polymers on platinum electrodes. Y1 - 2004 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.200300210 SN - 1521-3927 VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 253 EP - 258 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kulikov, Valentin A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Equipment for combinatorial electrochemical polymerization and high-throughput investigation of electrical properties of the synthesized polymers T2 - Measurement Science and Technology N2 - The first automated system for combinatorial synthesis and high throughput investigation of electrical properties of conductive polymers is described. The equipment provides a polymerization of defined mixtures of monomers into a thin layer on the addressed electrodes of an electrode array followed by measurements of current–voltage characteristics. The electrodes have an interdigital configuration, specially designed for four-point measurements. A programmed addition of gases or liquids provides automated investigation of the influence of different substances on the synthesized polymers. The results of an experimental test of the system are presented. This equipment can be used for synthesis and electrical characterization of conductive polymers and multilayer polymer structures, for development of chemical sensors, organic electronic devices and other thin film functional structures. KW - elect ropolymerization KW - chemical sensors KW - biological sensors KW - organic semiconductors KW - combinatorial approach KW - high-throughput screening Y1 - 2004 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/15/1/007 SN - 1361-6501 SN - 0957-0233 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 49 EP - 54 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sokolov, Valeri S. A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. ED - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Electrostatic potentials of bilayer lipid membranes: basic principles and analytical applications T2 - Ultrathin Electrochemical Chemo- and Biosensors: Technology and Performance Y1 - 2004 SN - 978-3-642-05961-2 SN - 978-3-662-05204-4 SP - 255 EP - 291 PB - Springer Science + Business Medi CY - Heidelberg, London, New York ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kulikov, Valentin A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Delaney, Tetyana L. A1 - Donoval, Daniel A1 - Koch, Alexander W. A1 - Wolfbeis, Otto S. T1 - High-throughput analysis of bulk and contact conductance of polymer layers prepared by combinatorial electropolymerization T2 - Measurement Science and Technology N2 - An approach for high-throughput analysis of bulk and contact conductance of polymer layers is described and evaluated. The approach, based on s24-technique (simultaneous two- and four-point conductance measurements), was realized as a high-throughput method and applied for investigation of conductive polymers on an array of interdigital platinum electrodes. Several examples demonstrate distinctive influence of combinatorially varied conditions of polymer synthesis (polymerization charge, content of copolymers) as well as chemical treatment of the synthesized polymers in bulk and contact resistance of metal/polymer/metal systems. The developed high-throughput s24-technique can be widely applied to material research for investigation of bulk and contact electrical properties. Y1 - 2005 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/16/1/013 SN - 1361-6501 SN - 0957-0233 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 95 EP - 99 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ando, Masanori A1 - Swart, Claudia A1 - Pringsheim, Erika A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Wolfbeis, Otto S. T1 - Optical ozone sensing properties of poly(2-chloroaniline), poly(N-methylaniline) and polyaniline films T2 - Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical N2 - The ozone-sensitive visible/near-IR absorbance changes of poly(2-chloroaniline) (P(2ClANI)), poly(N-methylaniline) (P(NMeANI)) and polyaniline (PANI) films were investigated. These three polymer films, which were assumed to be present partially in a protonated form and partially in a reduced form, were prepared by chemical oxidation of the monomers followed by treatment with the reducing agent disodium disulfite. The P(2ClANI) film was sensitive to ozone at concentrations of down to 2.5 ppm, but saturation of sensitivity started to appear above 50 ppm. By contrast, the PANI and P(NMeANI) films were sensitive to ozone in a concentration range of 50–100 ppm without showing saturation of sensitivity. KW - Optical ozone sensing KW - Poly(2-chloroaniline) film KW - Poly(N-methylaniline) film KW - Polyaniline film KW - Visible/near-IR absorbance change Y1 - 2005 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2004.12.083 SN - 0925-4005 VL - 108 IS - 1-2 SP - 528 EP - 534 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ando, Masanori A1 - Swart, Claudia A1 - Pringsheim, Erika A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Wolfbeis, Otto S. T1 - Ozone sensing properties of polyaniline derivatives T2 - Chemical Sensors (Suppl. B) Y1 - 2004 VL - 20 SP - 534 EP - 535 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hao, Qingli A1 - Kulikov, Valentin A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Investigation of contact and bulk resistance of conductive polymers by simultaneous two- and four-point technique T2 - Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical N2 - A conventional resistance measured by two-point technique includes bulk and contact components. The contact resistance can be excluded by a four-point technique. A simultaneous use of the two- and four-point techniques allows to separate the total resistance between two electrodes for the contact and bulk parts. This approach has been used to analyze electrical coupling between metal electrodes of interdigitated structures and chemically sensitive coating formed by polyaniline (PANI). The polymer layers were deposited by electropolymerization on bare gold and platinum electrodes as well as on gold electrodes precoated by a self-assembled monolayer of 4-aminothiophenol. An exposure of the PANI films formed on interdigitated structures to gaseous HCl displays proportional changes of resistance measured by the two- and four- point techniques for platinum electrodes and for the precoated gold electrode, while a strong deviation from this proportionality was observed for the gold electrodes without precoating. The results demonstrate a high contribution of the contact resistance between PANI and bare gold electrodes into the resistance measured by the two-point technique. This contribution is small and therefore not measurable for bare platinum electrodes or for gold electrodes coated by 4-aminothiophenol. KW - Chemoresistor KW - Conductometric chemosensor KW - Electropolymerization KW - Four-point technique KW - Gas sensor Y1 - 2003 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(03)00456-8 SN - 0925-4005 VL - 94 IS - 3 SP - 352 EP - 357 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hao, Qingli A1 - Rahm, Michael A1 - Weiss, Dieter A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Morphology of electropolymerized poly (N-methylaniline) films T2 - Microchimica Acta N2 - The influence of polymerization conditionson the morphology of thin films of poly-(N-methylani-line) (PNMA) was studied. The films were prepared byelectropolymerization on gold and platinum electrodesand studied by optical and electron microscopy. It wasdemonstrated that the film morphology does notdepend on the polymerization rate or on the electrodemetal.However,itissensitivetothekindofcounterionofPNMA.Thepolymerscontainingacetate orchloridedo not form stable films. Polymer films containingphosphate or sulfate display inhomogeneous struc-tures. A formation of sprouts and ‘‘nanotubes’’ wasobserved for PNMA sulfate. The films formed byPNMA perchlorate are smooth and transparent(glass-likestructure).Asublayerof4-aminothiophenolincreases the adhesion of polymers to the gold surface. KW - Poly-(N-methylaniline) KW - polyaniline derivatives KW - electropolymerization KW - film morphology Y1 - 2003 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-003-0063-8 SN - 0026-3672 SN - 1436-5073 VL - 143 IS - 2 SP - 147 EP - 153 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wrobel, Nadia A1 - Deininger, Werner A1 - Hegemann, Peter A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Covalent immobilization of oligonucleotides on electrodes T2 - Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces N2 - 32P-labeled DNA oligomers were immobilized onto self-assembled monolayers formed by carboxy-modified alkylthiols on gold electrodes. The optimal conditions were evaluated by comparing of surface density of oligonucleotides measured for different immobilization conditions before and after desorption of physically adsorbed nucleotides. The results demonstrate that the physical adsorption depends strongly on immobilization conditions being typically 10 times higher than the chemical immobilization. Under optimal immobilization conditions, the surface density of oligonucleotides was more than 20% of the value calculated for a densely packed monolayer. KW - DNA KW - DNA immobilization KW - DNA sensor KW - Biosensor KW - Hybridization Y1 - 2003 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7765(03)00155-3 SN - 0927-7765 VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 157 EP - 162 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Prodramidis, Mamas I. A1 - Hirsch, Thomas A1 - Wolfbeis, Otto S. A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Enantioselective chemosensors based on spreader-bar structures T2 - Electroanalysis N2 - Chiroselective binding sites have been created on thin gold films by application of the spreader-bar approach. Impedometric techniques and surface plasmon resonance were applied to detect binding. (R)-(+)-1,1 '-Binaphthyl-2,2 '-diol (R-BNOH) and (S)-(-)-1,1 '-binaphthyl-2,2'-diol (S-BNOH) were used as model analytes. The artificial receptors were prepared by co-adsorption of 16-mercaptohexadecane (matrix) with a thiol-modified chiral selector (template). The conjugates of d, l-thioctic acid and (R)-(+)- or (S)-(-)-1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-diamine were used as templates. Different concentration ratios of the matrix and template were tested. No chiral selectivity of surfaces formed by either the matrix or the template alone was observed. The use of alkylthiols shorter than 16-mercaptohexadecane led to the formation of surfaces with no chiral selectivity. The gold electrodes coated by the spreader-bar technique displayed an enantioselectivity of up to 4.76 or up to 2.55 as measured by the capacitive and SPR methods, espectively. KW - Enantioselective artificial receptors KW - Spreader-bar technique KW - Capacitive chemosensor KW - Surface plasmon resonance Y1 - 2003 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.200302756 SN - 1521-4109 VL - 15 IS - 22 SP - 1795 EP - 1798 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Kulikov, Valentin ED - Potyrailo, Radislav A. ED - Amis, Eric J. T1 - Combinatorial electropolymerization: concept, equipment and applications T2 - High Throughput Analysis: A Tool for Combinatorial Materials Science Y1 - 2003 SN - 0-306-47758-0 SP - 431 EP - 446 PB - Kluwer Academic Publishers CY - New York ER - TY - GEN A1 - Panasyuk-Delaney, Tanya A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Wolfbeis, Otto S. T1 - Capacitive sensors based on photografted molecularly imprinted polymers T2 - Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering N2 - The reversible chemosensors to creatinine and desmetryn based on artificial chemoreceptors are described. A grafted photopolymerization combined with a technique of molecular imprinting was used for the receptor layer preparation. After polymer deposition and intensive washing from templates, the electrodes were investigated by impedance spectrometry. Creatinine and desmetryn binding were detected as a decrease in the electrode capacitance. Sensor response to creatining was highly selective. No response to the addition of sodium chloride, creatine, urea or glucose were observed. The electrodes coated with the molecularly imprinted polymers selective to desmetryn displayed specific binding of this herbicide: only small capacitive effects were observed to addition of terbumeton or atrazine, while metribuzine displayed capacitance decrease similar to desmetryn. KW - capacitive sensor KW - creatinine KW - atrazine KW - chemical sensor KW - photografted polymerization Y1 - 2001 SN - 0208-5216 VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 43 EP - 54 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Panasyuk-Delaney, Tanya A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Ulbricht, Mathias A1 - Wolfbeis, Otto S. T1 - Impedometric herbicide chemosensors based on molecularly imprinted polymers T2 - Analytica Chimica Acta N2 - The technique of grafting polymerization has been used for preparation of thin films of molecularly imprinting polymers on the surface of polypropylene membranes and on hydrophobized gold electrodes. The herbicide desmetryn was used as a template. The solid supports used were hydrophobic, while the polymer was hydrophilic. The adsorbed layer of benzophenone, irradiated by UV-light, initiated a radical polymerization near the surface. Polymer films were characterized by weighing, contact angle measurements and impedance spectroscopy. The electrodes coated with the molecularly imprinted polymers displayed fairly specific binding of desmetryn, as detected by the decrease in the capacitance of the electrode. Only small capacitive effects were observed on addition of terbumeton or atrazine, while metribuzine displayed capacitance decrease similar to desmetryn. KW - Molecular imprinting KW - Capacitive sensor KW - Chemical sensor KW - Grafting polymerization KW - Photopolymerization Y1 - 2001 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)01280-0 SN - 0003-2670 VL - 435 IS - 1 SP - 157 EP - 162 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Vasjari, Majlinda A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Calibrated nanoinjections of mercury vapor T2 - Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry N2 - A simple technique for the calibration of mercury vapor chemosensors is described. It is based on a reductive deposition of a well-defined quantity of mercury (0) onto gold wire followed by thermal evaporation of the mercury into the sensor cell. The quantity of mercury on the gold wire was measured electrochemically by oxidation before and after heating, as well as after storage under different conditions. It is shown that the technique can be used for calibrated injections of nanogram quantities of mercury. The approach was applied to test the performance of ultrasensitive mercury chemoresistors. Y1 - 2000 SN - 1618-2642 SN - 1618-2650 VL - 368 IS - 7 SP - 727 EP - 729 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Wrobel, Nadia A1 - Riepl, Michael A1 - Hirsch, Thomas A1 - Wolfbeis, Otto S. T1 - Intelligente Nanostrukturen für Biosensoren und Sensor-Arrays T2 - BioTec: Zeitschrift für Biotechnologie Y1 - 1999 SN - 0937-2725 VL - 10 SP - 28 EP - 32 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wrobel, Nadia A1 - Riepl, Michael A1 - Schinkinger, Manfred A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Wolfbeis, Otto S. T1 - Capacitive thin film biosensors for bacteriophages and nucleic acids T2 - Proceedings, EMBEC ’99, November 4 - 7, 1999, Vienna, Austria Y1 - 1999 SP - 362 EP - 363 PB - IFMBE CY - Stevenage ER - TY - GEN A1 - Panasyuk-Delaney, Tanya A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Piletsky, Sergey A. A1 - Wolfbeis, Otto S. T1 - Electropolymerized molecularly imprinted polymers as receptor layers in capacitive chemical sensors T2 - Analytical Chemistry N2 - The first application of molecularly imprinted polymers to chemical sensors with capacitive detection is described. The sensitive layer was prepared by electropolymerization of phenol on gold electrodes in the presence of the template (phenylalanine). The insulating properties of the polymer layer were studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Electrical leakages through the polymer layer were suppressed by deposition of a self-assembled monolayer of mercaptophenol before polymerization and of alkanethiol after polymerization. At the final stage of sensor preparation, the template was removed. The multilayer system obtained displayed a decrease in electrical capacitance on addition of phenylalanine. Only a low response was observed toward other amino acids and phenol. Y1 - 1999 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/ac9903196 SN - 0003-2700 SN - 1520-6882 VL - 71 IS - 20 SP - 4609 EP - 4613 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hirsch, Thomas A1 - Kettenberger, Hubert A1 - Wolfbeis, Otto S. A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - A simple strategy for preparation of sensor arrays: Nanostructured monolayers as recognition elements T2 - Chemical Communications N2 - The spreader-bar approach is a simple method for producing a huge variety of receptors with different selectivities. A sensor-array consisting of five such receptors is presented. A pattern recognition provides selective detection of different purines and pyrimidines. Y1 - 2003 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/b210554c SN - 1359-7345 SN - 1364-548X IS - 3 SP - 432 EP - 433 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Hirsch, Thomas A1 - Panasyuk, Tatiana L. A1 - Piletsky, Sergey A. A1 - Wolfbeis, Otto S. T1 - Two- and three-dimensional artificial chemoreceptors: molecular spreader-bar vs. molecular imprinting T2 - Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing Y1 - 1999 SN - 0140-0118 SN - 1741-0444 VL - 37 IS - suppl.2 SP - 344 EP - 345 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Hirsch, Thomas A1 - Piletsky, Sergey A. A1 - Wolfbeis, Otto S. T1 - A spreader-bar approach to molecular architecture: formation of stable artificial chemoreceptors T2 - Angewandte Chemie International Edition N2 - The destructive influence of lateral diffusion on nanostructured monolayers can be prevented by using the spreader-bar technique. This approach allows the formation of stable artificial receptors for barbituric acid by lateral structuring of a dodecanethiol monolayer with molecular spreader-bars from thiobarbituric acid without chemical polymerization (see schematic representation). The new technique may have applications in chemosensors, affinity chromatography, stereoselective catalysis, and molecular electronics. KW - Molecular architecture KW - Molecular recognition KW - Monolayers KW - Nanostructures KW - Sensors Y1 - 1999 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990419)38:8<1108::AID-ANIE1108>3.0.CO;2-C SN - 1521-3773 VL - 38 IS - 8 SP - 1108 EP - 1110 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Riepl, Michael A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Wolfbeis, Otto S. T1 - Electrical control of alkanethiols self-assembly on a gold surface as an approach for preparation of microelectrode arrays T2 - Microchimica Acta N2 - It is shown by capacitive monitoring that the self-assembly of alkanethiols on gold electrodes and desorption of these self-assembled monolayers from the electrodes are controlled by the electrode potential. At neutral pH, chemical adsorption of alkanethiols was observed at an electrode potential of +300 mV vs SCE, but only physical adsorption was detected when the electrode potential was −1400 mV vs SCE. At electrode potentials between these values (−300 mV, −600 mV), chemical adsorption of alkanethiols occurred, but the alkanethiol monolayers were not stable in the absence of the alkanethiol in the bulk solution and were desorbed from the gold electrode. The desorption rate was higher at more negative electrode potentials. These results can be used in designing methods for electrically addressable immobilization of different receptors on (micro)electrode arrays. This has been demonstrated by deposition of two different types of alkanethiols onto a two-electrode array. KW - self-assembly KW - electrical control KW - electrode capacitance KW - addressable immobilization KW - (bio)sensor array Y1 - 1999 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s006040050006 SN - 0026-3672 SN - 1436-5073 VL - 131 IS - 1 SP - 29 EP - 34 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schweiß, Rüdiger A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Wolfbeis, Otto S. T1 - Capacitive study of self-assembled alkylthiol monolayers: surface charge effects and kinetics of surfactants adsorption T2 - Materials Science Forum Y1 - 1998 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.287-288.427 SN - 1662-9752 SN - 0255-5476 VL - 287-288 SP - 427 EP - 430 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ando, Masanori A1 - Swart, Claudia A1 - Pringsheim, Erika A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Wolfbeis, Otto S. T1 - Optical ozone detection by use of polyaniline film T2 - Solid State Ionics N2 - We report on the optical ozone sensitivity of a polyaniline (PANI) film prepared on the inner wall of a polystyrene cuvette by chemical oxidation of aniline from aqueous solution. The PANI film showed changes of optical absorbance in the presence of 50–100 ppm ozone in air at room temperature. The absorbance change was largest at wavelengths in the range of 500–800 nm. The absorbance changes brought about by ozone was partially reversible after removal of ozone from the atmosphere. These results suggest that PANI is a potential material for optical ozone detection. KW - Optical ozone detection KW - Polyaniline film KW - Visible near-IR absorption Y1 - 2002 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2738(02)00338-7 SN - 0167-2738 VL - 152-153 SP - 819 EP - 822 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - New applications of self-assembled monolayers (Invited review) T2 - Trends in Analytical Chemistry N2 - New applications of self-assembled monolayers of thiol compounds on gold electrodes are reviewed. They include: (i) exploitation of electrical control of self-assembly of thiol compounds for electrically- addressable immobilization of receptor molecules onto sensor arrays; (ii) a spreader-bar technique for formation of stable nanostructures; and, (iii) use of self-assembled monolayers as selective filters for chemical sensors. Y1 - 2002 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-9936(02)00601-5 SN - 0165-9936 VL - 21 IS - 6-7 SP - 439 EP - 450 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wrobel, Nadia A1 - Schinkinger, Manfred A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - A novel ultraviolet assay for testing side reactions of carbodiimides T2 - Analytical Biochemistry N2 - Carbodiimides possess considerable absorbance in the ultraviolet region; the extinction coefficient of 1-ethyl-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) in water is ϵ214 = 6.3 · 103 L mol−1 cm−1. It provides a very simple method for testing possible side reactions of carbodiimides. This technique was used to study effects of pH, different buffers, and other components typically present in biological samples on EDC stability. It was shown that the hydrolysis rate in pure water increased from 1.5 · 10−5 to 5 · 10−4 s−1 by pH decreasing from 7 to 4. A strong increase of the rate of EDC loss was observed in the presence of different components. This effect can be described by the following row of hydrolysis rates: citrate ⪢ acetate ≈ phosphate ⪢ SDS. The results can be used to optimize carbodiimide-mediated reactions of peptide bond formation in organic chemistry or peptide synthesis or during immobilization or cross-linking of biological molecules. Y1 - 2002 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.2002.5646 SN - 0003-2697 VL - 305 IS - 2 SP - 135 EP - 138 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Panasyuk-Delaney, Tanya A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Wolfbeis, Otto S. T1 - Capacitive creatinine sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymer T2 - Electroanalysis N2 - The first reversible chemosensor to creatinine based on artificial chemoreceptors is described. The receptor layer was prepared by molecularly imprinted photopolymerization of acrylamidomethylpropanesulfonic acid and methylenediacrylamide. The polymer layer was grafted onto the surface of gold electrodes coated with an alkanethiol monolayer. Creatinine binding was detected by a decrease in the electrode capacitance. The sensor response is reversible and highly selective: no response to addition of sodium chloride, creatine, urea or glucose were observed. The detection limit for creatinine is 10 μM which is optimal for medical applications. KW - Capacitive sensor KW - Creatinine KW - Molecularly imprinted polymer KW - Chemical sensor KW - Photografted polymerization Y1 - 2002 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4109(200202)14:3<221::AID-ELAN221>3.0.CO;2-Y SN - 1521-4109 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - 221 EP - 224 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Affinity sensors in non-equilibrium conditions: a highly selective chemosensing by means of low selective chemosensors T2 - Sensors N2 - The selectivity of measurements by means of affinity sensors in (quasi)equilibrium conditions and in non-equilibrium conditions was compared. The results show that the measurements in non-equilibrium conditions can reduce or even eliminate a relative contribution of interferents to a sensor signal. KW - affinity sensors KW - kinetics KW - selectivity Y1 - 2001 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/s10100013 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - 13 EP - 17 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wu, Meng A1 - Lin, Zhihong A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Wolfbeis, Otto S. ED - Zhou, Yikai T1 - Detection of DNA hybridization with surface plasmon resonance biosensor: comparison of immobilization of oligonucleotides by ssDNA and dsDNA T2 - Proceedings, International Conference on Sensor Technology (ISTC 2001), 10 - 12 October 2001, Wuhan, China N2 - In this research, a surface-plasmon resonance biosensor for nucleic acid detection was constructed, optimized and characterized. The kinetic response on hybridization was also studied. The biosensor was use as a platform for the study of the surface coverage control by single-strand or double-strand oligonucleotide immobilization. The dsDNA immobilization and offers a new way to surface coverage control for the nucleic acid biosensor construction. Y1 - 2001 SN - 0-8194-4119-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.440180 SP - 23 EP - 26 PB - SPIE CY - Bellingham, Wash. ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Panasyuk-Delaney, Tanya A1 - Wolfbeis, Otto S. T1 - Chemical sensors based on ultrathin membranes from molecularly imprinted polymers T2 - Membrane & cell biology Y1 - 2001 VL - 18 IS - 6 SP - 496 EP - 501 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Lin, Zhihong A1 - Wu, Meng A1 - Ren, Shu A1 - Arbter, Michaela A1 - Boehmer, Martin A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Wolfbeis, Otto S. ED - Zhou, Yikai T1 - Study of single and dual NIR fluorescently labeled nucleic acid conjugates for nucleic acid detection T2 - Proceedings, International Conference on Sensor Technology (ISTC 2001), 10 - 12 October 2001, Wuhan, China N2 - In this research, a near-IR fluorescent labeled nucleic acid conjugate for the nucleic acid detection was synthesized, and characterized preliminarily for the detection of the nucleic acid. Th conjugate combines the molecular recognition properties of the oligonucleotides with the near-IR fluorescence label PR646. Both single- and dual- labeled conjugates were studied for their hybridization with the complementary nucleic acid. The dual labeled conjugate has indicated that the self-quenching effect exists in ssDNA form while the fluorescence increases greatly after hybridization with the complementary nucleic acids. The time-resolved fluorescence was also studied. KW - Near infrared KW - luminescence Y1 - 2001 SN - 0-8194-4119-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.440165 SP - 111 EP - 114 PB - SPIE CY - Bellingham, Wash. ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Riepl, Michael A1 - Mass, Markus A1 - Hirsch, T. A1 - Schweiss, R. A1 - Wolfbeis, Otto S. ED - Vincenzini, Pietro ED - Dori, L. T1 - Capacitive detection of analyte binding in thin film chemo- and biosensors T2 - Solid State Chemical and Biochemical Sensors Y1 - 1999 SN - 88-86538-27-8 SP - 441 EP - 448 PB - Techna CY - Faenza ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Mass, Markus A1 - Krause, Christian A1 - Wolfbeis, Otto S. T1 - Capacitive approach to determine phospholipase A2 activity towards artificial and natural substrates T2 - Analytical Chemistry N2 - A capacitive approach has been employed to develop a novel method to determine phospholipase activity. The sensing electrodes have a structure like Au/S(CH₂)₁₇CH₃/substrate/electrolyte. Hydrolysis of the substrate, mediated by phospholipase A₂, leads to the formation of water-soluble products from the insoluble substrate. This results in desorption of these products into aqueous phase and corresponding increase of the electrode capacitance. The requirement of high water solubility of the reaction products can be achieved in two ways. In the first, short-chain phospholipids are used as the substrate, in which case, water-soluble products are formed and no additional reagents are required to promote desorption of these products. The sensors prepared by this strategy provide sensitive qualitative detection of phospholipases. The second way is based on the use of a water-soluble acceptor (for example, β-cyclodextrin) to solubilize the products of hydrolysis. It allows semiquantitative detection of phospholipase activity toward long-chain natural substrates. The reaction kinetics for this case was found to be monoexponential and linearly dependent on the phospholipase concentration. The detection limit of this method, as tested with phospholipase A₂ from bee venom and soy bean lecithin as the substrate, is ∼0.5 ng/mL (500 μunits/mL). Y1 - 1998 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/ac980102w SN - 0003-2700 SN - 1520-6882 VL - 70 IS - 17 SP - 3674 EP - 3678 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Riepl, Michael A1 - Wolfbeis, Otto S. T1 - Capacitive monitoring of protein immobilization and antigen-antibody reaction on the monomolecular films of alkylthiols adsorbed on gold electrodes T2 - Biosensors and Bioelectronics N2 - Self-assembled monolayers of omega-mercaptohexadecanoic acid and omega-mercaptohexadecylamine on gold electrodes are stable at neutral pH and display pure capacitive behavior at frequencies around 20 Hz. Different methods of covalent immobilization of proteins on these monolayers are compared. Various reagents including succinimides, thionylchloride, p-nitrophenol and carbodiimides were used to activate the carboxy groups of the adsorbed monolayer of omega-mercaptohexadecanoic acid. Glutaraldehyde, cyanuric chloride and phenylene diisocyanate were used to activate the amino groups of the monolayer of omega-mercaptohexadecylamine. The immobilization of albumin on the activated surface was studied by capacitive measurements. The N-hydroxysuccinimide and carbodiimide methods were identified as most suitable for protein immobilization in that they did not compromise the insulating properties of the alkylthiol layer and led to maximal increase of its dielectric thickness. These approaches were used for a layer-by-layer preparation of a capacitive immunosensor. Specifically, antibodies to human serum albumin were immobilized on the alkylthiol mono-layer. Binding of the antigen led to a decrease of the electrode capacitance. The detection limit of the immunosensor is as low as 15 nM (1 mg/l). Y1 - 1997 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-5663(97)00053-5 SN - 0956-5663 VL - 12 IS - 9-10 SP - 977 EP - 989 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Krause, Christian A1 - Heckmann, Klaus Dietrich T1 - Capacitive detection of adsorption/desorption on hydrophobized gold electrodes: an application for surfactants adsorption and phospholipase assay T2 - Chimica Chronica, New Series Y1 - 1996 VL - 25 SP - 179 EP - 194 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krause, Christian A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Heckmann, Klaus Dietrich T1 - Capacitive detection of surfactant adsorption on hydrophobized gold electrodes T2 - Langmuir N2 - Nonspecific adsorption of surfactants on polycrystalline gold electrodes, covered by a chemically adsorbed monomolecular layer of octadecanethiol, was studied by means of capacitive measurements. Homologous series of fatty acids (from decane to tetradecane acids) and dodecanepyridinium chloride were used as surfactants. The behavior of the electrode was completely different in the first and subsequent cycles of adsorption/desorption. In the first adsorption cycle, an initial capacitance jump at low concentrations (<10 μM) occurs, while later the curves show the usual saturation behavior. The first surfactant layer could not be completely desorbed; only the electrode capacitance shown after the jump was reached. Subsequent cycles do not reveal any capacitance jumps and were completely reversible. Adsorption curves in the series of monoalkyl acids are shifted according to the Traube rule. A comparison with the surfactant adsorption at the air/water interface has been done. Y1 - 1996 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/la9601869 SN - 0743-7463 VL - 12 IS - 25 SP - 6059 EP - 6064 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Krause, Christian A1 - Heckmann, Klaus Dietrich T1 - Capacitive sensor for lipolytic enzymes T2 - Thin Solid Films N2 - The preparation of the capacitive biosensor for monitoring the activity of enzymes (lipases, phospholipases, etc.) hydrolysing waterinsoluble substrates into water-soluble products is described. The sensor is based on a sandwich-like structure: Au/S(CH₂)₁₇CH₁/substrate/electrolyte. Hydrolysis of the substrate leads to the formation of water-soluble products and desorption of these compounds from the electrode. When the product formation is the rate-limiting step of this process, the desorption rate is determined by the enzyme activity. The desorption can be easily monitored as an increase of the electrode capacitance. By following this principle it was possible to develop a sensor monitoring phospholipase A₂ activity even at the 50 pg ml-1 level. KW - Phospholipase AZ KW - Enzyme assay KW - Capacitive sensor KW - Self-assembly layer Y1 - 1996 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(95)08485-1 SN - 0040-6090 VL - 284-285 SP - 939 EP - 941 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hayessen, R. A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Heckmann, Klaus Dietrich T1 - Anion-sensitive properties of alkylguanidines in the membrane electrodes and monomolecular layers T2 - Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical N2 - Water-insoluble alkylguanidines and cycloguanidines (triphenyl-, tricyclohexyl- and tribenzylguanidines) have been synthesized and studied as potential nitrate ligands. Anion-dependent expansion of dialkylguanidinium monolayers at the water/air interface is observed; the area per guanidinium molecule in the monolayer increases according to the series I−>NO3−>Cl−. Membranes for nitrate-sensitive electrodes are prepared by immobilization of alkyl- and cycloguanidiniums into a plasticized polyvinylchloride matrix. Nernst-type dependence of the electrode potential on the nitrate concentration is observed for the electrodes prepared with long-chain alkylguanidines, and only a small response is observed for electrodes based on the cycloguanidines. The selectivity qualitatively follows the Hofmeister series: I−>NO3−>Br−>F−. The effect of plasticizers on the dielectric constant of the membranes has been studied, and variations from 6.5 (dibutylphthalate) to 16 (tributylphosphate) are obtained. In spite of some quantitative variations of the electrode selectivity, the Hofmeister series is qualitatively valid for all the electrodes. No correlation between dielectric constant of the electrode membrane and electrode selectivity is observed. KW - Alklyguanidines KW - Anion selectivity KW - Cycloguanidines KW - Membrane electrodes KW - Monomolecular layers Y1 - 1996 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(97)80032-9 SN - 0925-4005 VL - 32 IS - 3 SP - 215 EP - 220 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Fatty acids effect on the phospholipase A: electrostatical mechanism of activation T2 - Membrane and Cell Biology Y1 - 1995 SN - 1023-6597 VL - 9 SP - 175 EP - 184 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hayessen, R. A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Heckmann, Klaus Dietrich T1 - Alkylguanidines as a base for nitrate ion sensors T2 - Sensor-95, Kongress-Band, 7. Internationale Fachmesse mit Kongreß für Sensoren, Meßaufnehmer & Systeme, 9. - 11. Mai, Nürnberg Y1 - 1995 SP - 841 EP - 844 PB - ACS CY - Wunstorf-Steinhude ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - An effect of the lipid hydrolysis products on the phospholipase A₂ action towards lipid monolayer T2 - Physics and Chemistry of Lipids N2 - The effect of lauric acid (LA) and lysolauroyllecithin (LLL) on the hydrolysis of lipid in monolayer by phospholipase A₂ from Bee venom was studied. It was found that LLL inhibits phospholipase action under both high (39 mN/m) and low (25 mN/m) surface pressure. On the other hand, LA inhibits phospholipase action under the low surface pressure (15 mN/m or 25 mN/m), but increases enzyme activity under high surface pressure (39 mN/m). This activating effect can be suppressed by high ionic strength of the aqueous subphase. It is suggested that an increase of the negative surface charge of the lipid monolayer, followed by an increase of the local concentrations of the positively charged enzyme and calcium near the monolayer is a coupling factor between fatty acid accumulation and phospholipase activation. Such an autocatalytic process can only occur when the substrate is organised into monolayer, bilayer or micelles, therefore it can be considered as a reason for the substrate activation and induction time before lipid hydrolysis. Y1 - 1994 SN - 0009-3084 VL - 70 IS - 1 SP - 75 EP - 81 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Stozhkova, I. N. A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Sokolov, Valeri S. T1 - Stoichiometry of the photochemical reaction leading to the damage of BLM in the presence of hematoporphyrin T2 - Biological membranes Y1 - 1993 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 44 EP - 49 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Stozhkova, I. N. A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Kayushina, R. L. A1 - Erokhin, V. V. A1 - Mironov, A. F. T1 - An interaction of hematoporphyrin dimethylether with model lipid membranes T2 - Biological membranes Y1 - 1992 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 74 EP - 79 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Stozhkova, I. N. A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Szito, T. T1 - Photosensitized by hematoporphyrin dimethylether damage of bilayer lipid membrane T2 - Biological membranes Y1 - 1991 SN - 0748-8653 VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - 412 EP - 418 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Stozhkova, I. N. A1 - Szito, T. T1 - Photosensitized damage of bilayer lipid membrane in the presence of hematoporphyrin dimethylether T2 - Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology. B, Biology N2 - The variations in electrical conductivity and surface tension of planar bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs) sensitized by a haematoporphyrin dimethylether (HpDME) on visible light irradiation are reported. The irradiation of BLMs immediately leads to a decrease in membrane surface tension. On irradiation the conductivity of BLMs remains constant for a certain period of time (induction time), followed by an increase, terminated by membrane breakage. The induction time is not dependent on stirring of the solution, the addition of azide or ferricyanide to the solution, the addition of antioxidant to the lipid or substitution of air for argon in the cell. The induction time decreases for repeated irradiations or for any new BLM formed in the same cell immediately after the previous membrane has been broken. The conductivity shift consists of reversible and irreversible components. These results suggest that the irradiation of BLMs sensitized by HpDME leads to an accumulation of photoproducts in the membrane which induce pore formation and to a decrease in BLM stability when the concentration of the photoproducts exceeds a critical level. Y1 - 1991 SN - 1011-1344 VL - 8 IS - 3 SP - 315 EP - 324 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Portnov, V. I. A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Markin, Vladislav S. T1 - Bacteriorhodopsin: current-voltage dependence T2 - Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics N2 - Current-voltage dependences for different tentative bacteriorhodopsin models were studied in order to explain the linearity of this dependence observed in our previous experiments. It is proved that the best correspondence with experiment occurs when the passive proton transport path is assumed to contain many binding sites and the thickness of the widest barrier separating these sites is not more than 1 nm. One of the following two conditions is necessary: (1) electrostatic repulsion of protons in the channel is so strong that not more than one proton can be in the channel at a time; the potential energy of a proton in this channel decreases linearly towards the active site. (2) Electrostatic repulsion between protons in the channel is moderate, and the binding energy of a proton at all channel sites is equal. Under conditions of high channel occupation, single-file effects lead to non-linearity of the current-voltage characteristics if there is no electrostatic repulsion. Y1 - 1990 SN - 0302-4598 VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - 45 EP - 63 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Stozhkova, I. N. A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Simulation of photoradiation therapy: photosensitized effect of hematoporphyrin dimethylether on planar bilayer lipid membrane T2 - Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine Y1 - 1990 SN - 0007-4888 SN - 1573-8221 VL - 110 IS - 1 SP - 898 EP - 900 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sokolov, Valeri S. A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Toth-Boconadi, R. A1 - Markin, Vladislav S. A1 - Kesthelyi, L. T1 - Bacteriorhodopsin photocycle in decane T2 - Biological membranes Y1 - 1988 SN - 0233-4755 VL - 5 SP - 595 EP - 599 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Portnov, V. I. A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Markin, Vladislav S. T1 - Current-voltage characteristic of bacteriorhodopsin T2 - Biological membranes Y1 - 1988 SN - 0233-4755 VL - 5 SP - 198 EP - 216 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Markin, Vladislav S. A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Chizmadzhev, Y. A. ED - Ovchinnikov, Yurij A. ED - Hucho, F. T1 - Photoelectrical activity of bacteriorhodopsin in planar lipid bilayer T2 - Receptors and Ion Channels, proceedings of the Symposium on Receptors and Ion Channels, Tashkent, USSR, Oct. 2 - 5, 1986 Y1 - 1987 SN - 3-11-010346-X SP - 247 EP - 254 PB - de Gruyter CY - Berlin [u.a.] ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sokolov, Valeri S. A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Markin, Vladislav S. A1 - Kazarinov, V. E. T1 - Automatization of bioelectrochemical experiment T2 - Soviet electrochemistry Y1 - 1986 VL - 22 SP - 959 EP - 966 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Sokolov, Valeri S. A1 - Markin, Vladislav S. A1 - Chekulaeva, L. N. T1 - Bilayer lipid membrane formation from bacteriorhodopsin suspension in lipid solution T2 - Biological membranes Y1 - 1984 SN - 0233-4755 VL - 1 SP - 1143 EP - 1150 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Sokolov, Valeri S. A1 - Markin, Vladislav S. T1 - Reconstitution of bacteriorhodopsin in bilayer lipid membrane by monolayer method T2 - Soviet electrochemistry Y1 - 1984 VL - 20 SP - 876 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Sokolov, Valeri S. A1 - Melnik, E. I. A1 - Diukova, T. V. T1 - A study of incorporation of bacteriorhodopsin into bimolecular lipid membranes T2 - Biophysics Y1 - 1984 SN - 0006-3029 VL - 29 SP - 250 EP - 253 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Sokolov, Valeri S. T1 - Criteria of bacteriorhodopsin incorporation into bimolecular lipid membrane T2 - Biophysics Y1 - 1984 SN - 0006-3029 VL - 29 SP - 246 EP - 249 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. A1 - Sokolov, Valeri S. A1 - Diukova, T. V. A1 - Melnik, E. I. T1 - A study of bacteriorhodopsin-containing proteoliposome incorporation into bimolecular lipid membranes T2 - Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics N2 - The photoresponses of planar bimolecular lipid membranes (BLM) modified with liposomes containing bacteriorhodopsin (BR) were investigated in the presence of Ca 2+ cations. Short-circuit currents during switch-on and switch-off of the light were measured within a time scale exceeding the BR photocycle, and the dependence of the currents on external field and membrane conductance was studied. A comparison of the experimental data with computed values indicates that the photoresponses observed are due not only to BR contained in the proteoliposomes adhered to the BLM, as generally believed, but also to BR in BLM itself. The transfer of BR to BLM may result from the complete fusion of liposomes with the planar membrane. The existence of such a transfer is indicative of the possibility of obtaining the most convenient model system for BR studies: a planar bimolecular lipid membrane containing incorporated BR. Y1 - 1983 SN - 0302-4598 VL - 11 IS - 4-6 SP - 327 EP - 346 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Efremenko, Yulia A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Virtual sensor array consisting of a single sensor element with variable affinity: an application for analysis of fish freshness T2 - Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical N2 - Recently reported concept of electrical control of sensor affinity was applied for formation of a virtual sensor array based on the single sensing element. Affinity properties of this element were modulated by electrically controlled conversion of chemosensitive material between its different redox states possessing different affinity. The sensor was realized on the basis of electrochemical chemotransistor in which a low temperature ionic liquid containing chloride was used to connect the chemosensitive material to the Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The concept of virtual array was proved by its application for monitoring of fish headspace. Using three characteristics of the sensor response measured at three different redox states of the same sensor material, we have obtained signals from a virtual sensor array consisting of nine chemosensitive elements. The sensor displays systematic changes of its nine signals during fish degradation and allows us to make quantitative analysis of its freshness defined as the after the catch. The level of detection is far below the level of organoleptic detection. KW - Chemical sensor KW - Sensor arrays KW - Affinity KW - Chemotransistor KW - Conductometric sensor KW - Conducting polymer KW - Fish freshness Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.10.126 SN - 0925-4005 VL - 241 SP - 652 EP - 657 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Nizamov, Shavkat A1 - Scherbahn, Vitali A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Ionic referencing in surface plasmon microscopy: visualization of the difference in surface properties of patterned monomolecular layers T2 - Analytical Chemistry N2 - An approach for visualization of patterned monomolecular layers in surface plasmon microscopy (SPM) is suggested. The development of hidden image in SPM is achieved by referencing of images obtained in the presence of electrolytes with a high molar refraction of either anions or cations. A formation of diffuse layer near the charged surface areas leads to the redistribution of ions. The ratio of SPM images allows one to visualize this redistribution and to distinguish surface areas with different properties. The approach is unobtrusive and robust; it can be used with most SPR imaging instruments. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00251 SN - 0003-2700 SN - 1520-6882 VL - 89 IS - 7 SP - 3873 EP - 3878 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Nizamov, Shavkat A1 - Scherbahn, Vitali A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Advanced wide-field surface plasmon microscopy of single adsorbing nanoparticles T2 - Optical Sensors 2017, 24–27 April 2017 Prague, Czech Republic N2 - In-situ detection and characterization of nanoparticles in biological media as well as in food or other complex samples is still a big challenge for existing analytical methods. Here we describe a label-free and cost-effective analytical method for detection of nanoparticles in the concentration range 106 -1010 NPs/ml. The proposed method is based on the surface plasmon resonance microscopy (SPRM) with a large field of view (~1.3mm2 ). It is able to detect and count adsorbing nanoparticles individually, totally up to the hundreds of thousands of NPs on the sensor surface. At constant diffusion conditions the detection rate is proportional to the number concentration of NPs, this provides an approach to determine the NPs concentration. The adsorption of nanoparticle can be manipulated by the surface functionalization, pH and electrolyte concentration of suspensions. Images of detected nanoparticles can be quantified in order to characterize them individually. The image intensity grows quasi-linearly with nanoparticle size for the given material. However, the size and material of nanoparticle cannot be resolved directly from the image. For determination of chemical composition, SPRM can be assisted by electrochemical analysis. In this case, the gold sensor surface is used both as a resonant media for plasmon microscopy and as a working electrode. Under potential sweep, the adsorbed NPs can be subjected to electrochemical dissolution, which is detected optically. The potential of this conversion characterizes the material of NPs. Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-1-5106-0963-1 SN - 978-1-5106-0964-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2267144 PB - SPIE CY - Bellingham, Washington ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Nizamov, Shavkat A1 - Scherbahn, Vitali A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - Wide-field surface plasmon microscopy of nano- and microparticles: features, benchmarking, limitations, and bioanalytical applications T2 - Optical Sensors 2017, 24-27 April 2017, Prague, Czech Republic N2 - Detection of nano- and micro-particles is an important task for chemical analytics, food industry, biotechnology, environmental monitoring and many other fields of science and industry. For this purpose, a method based on the detection and analysis of minute signals in surface plasmon resonance images due to adsorption of single nanopartciles was developed. This new technology allows one a real-time detection of interaction of single nano- and micro-particles with sensor surface. Adsorption of each nanoparticle leads to characteristic diffraction image whose intensity depends on the size and chemical composition of the particle. The adsorption rate characterizes volume concentration of nano- and micro-particles. Large monitored surface area of sensor enables a high dynamic range of counting and to a correspondingly high dynamic range in concentration scale. Depending on the type of particles and experimental conditions, the detection limit for aqueous samples can be below 1000 particles per microliter. For application of method in complex media, nanoparticle images are discriminated from image perturbations due to matrix components. First, the characteristic SPRM images of nanoparticles (templates) are collected in aqueous suspensions or spiked real samples. Then, the detection of nanoparticles in complex media using template matching is performed. The detection of various NPs in consumer products like cosmetics, mineral water, juices, and wines was shown at sub-ppb level. The method can be applied for ultrasensitive detection and analysis of nano- and micro-particles of biological (bacteria, viruses, endosomes), biotechnological (liposomes, protein nanoparticles for drug delivery) or technical origin. Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-1-5106-0963-1 SN - 978-1-5106-0964-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2267158 PB - SPIE CY - Bellingham, Washington, USA ER - TY - GEN A1 - Laurinavichyute, Veronika K. A1 - Nizamov, Shavkat A1 - Mirsky, Vladimir M. T1 - The Role of Anion Adsorption in the Effect of Electrode Potential on Surface Plasmon Resonance Response T2 - ChemPhysChem : a European journal of physical chemistry and chemical physics N2 - Surface plasmon resonance, being widely used in bioanalytics and biotechnology, is influenced by the electrical potential of the resonant gold layer. To evaluate the mechanism of this effect, we have studied it in solutions of various inorganic electrolytes. The magnitude of the effect decreases according to the series: KBr>KCl>KF>NaClO4. The data were treated by using different models of the interface. A quantitative description was obtained for the model, which takes into account the local dielectric function of gold being affected by the free electron charge, diffuse ionic layer near the gold/water interface, and specific adsorption of halides to the gold surface with partial charge transfer. Taking into account that most biological experiments are performed in chloride-containing solutions, detailed analysis of the model at these conditions was performed. The results indicate that the chloride adsorption is the main mechanism for the influence of potential on the surface plasmon resonance. The dependencies of surface concentration and residual charge of chloride on the applied potential were determined. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201601288 SN - 1439-7641 SN - 1439-4235 VL - 18 IS - 12 SP - 1552 EP - 1560 ER -