TY - GEN A1 - Rathmann, Katharina A1 - Herke, Max A1 - Bilz, Ludwig A1 - Rimpelä, Arja A1 - Hurrelmann, Klaus A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Class-level school performance and life satisfaction: Differential sensitivity for low- and high-performing school-aged children T2 - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health N2 - This study investigates whether class-level school performance affects students’ life satisfaction and if there are differential effects for high- and low-performing students. Data were derived from the National Educational Panel Study, including n = 5196 students (49.6% girls), nested in 478 classes and 250 secondary schools. School performance in class was measured by aggregating individual grade point average in Mathematics and German. The study could not reveal the “big-fish-little-pond”-effect regarding students’ life satisfaction but found differential effects for high- vs. low performing students. There was no significant association for low-performing students attending classes with higher class-level performance However, low-performing students revealed the lowest life satisfaction. High-performing students placed in classes with higher average performance reported lower life satisfaction compared to high-performing students in classes with lower average performance. This study provides evidence for the impact of the learning environment in class on school-aged children’s life satisfaction, by highlighting the differential sensitivity of high-performing students when placed in classes with higher or lower average performance. KW - school performance KW - social comparision KW - life satisfaction KW - big-fish-little-pond-effect KW - multilevel analysis KW - National Educational Panel Study Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122750 SN - 1660-4601 SN - 1661-7827 VL - 15 IS - 12 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Herke, Max A1 - Reuter, Marvin A1 - Mayer, A. A1 - Spallek, Jacob A1 - Rattay, Petra A1 - Moor, Irene A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Wie wirkt sich die sozioökonomische Komposition der Schule auf Ungleichheiten im subjektiven Wohlbefinden von Schülerinnen und Schülern in Deutschland aus? T2 - Gesundheitswesen N2 - Einleitung Zielsetzung des Beitrags ist es, zu untersuchen, inwiefern die sozioökonomische Komposition von Schulen mit dem Wohlbefinden von Schülerinnen und Schülern in Deutschland assoziiert ist. Konkret wurden die Assoziationen der Bildung, des Einkommens und des beruflichen Status der Eltern auf Individualebene und aggregiert auf Schulebene sowie die Interaktionen zwischen diesen Ebenen auf das subjektive Wohlbefinden von Schülern der Sekundarstufe I untersucht. Methoden Es wurden Daten der Startkohorte „Klasse 5“ des Nationalen Bildungspanels (NEPS) herangezogen. Die Kohorte startete 2010 mit einer repräsentativen Stichprobe von Fünftklässlern in Deutschland, welche jährlich nachverfolgt wurden. Es wurden Erhebungswellen von der fünften bis zur neunten Klasse zusammengefasst. Damit konnten 14.265 Beobachtungen mit vollständigen Angaben von 3.977 Schülerinnen und Schülern in 218 Schulen in den Analysen berücksichtigt werden. Mit Mixed-Models wurde getestet, ob die sozioökonomische Position auf individueller und/oder schulischer Ebene und die ebenenübergreifende Interaktion dieser Indikatoren mit dem Wohlbefinden (adaptierter Personal Well-Being – School Children-Index) der Jugendlichen assoziiert ist. Es wurde für Alter, Geschlecht, Migrationshintergrund, Familienform, Schultyp und Notendurchschnitt kontrolliert. Ergebnisse Auf individueller Ebene war das elterliche Einkommen mit höherem Wohlbefinden verbunden. Der berufliche Status der Eltern zeigte keine signifikanten Assoziationen. Auf Schulebene fanden wir einen geringen, positiven Zusammenhang zwischen dem durchschnittlichen elterlichen Einkommen und dem individuellen Wohlbefinden, aber auch einen mäßig negativen Einfluss eines hohen Anteils hoch gebildeter Eltern auf das Wohlbefinden. In Sensitivitätsanalysen blieben diese Zusammenhänge auch bei separater Betrachtung dieser Indikatoren bestehen. Die Zusammenhänge auf Individualebene wurden nicht durch die sozioökonomische Komposition von Schulen moderiert, es konnten keine signifikanten ebenenübergreifende Interaktionen festgestellt werden. Schlussfolgerung Es wurde ein Zusammenhang der sozioökonomischen Zusammensetzung der Schule mit dem subjektiven Wohlbefinden der Jugendlichen gefunden. Internationale Befunde einer Moderation der Zusammenhänge auf individueller Ebene durch sozioökonomische Charakteristika auf Schulebene konnten jedoch nicht repliziert werden. Die Zusammenhänge zwischen individueller SEP und Wohlbefinden variieren somit nicht in Abhängigkeit von der SEP auf Schulebene. Es zeigen sich vielmehr in Teilen additive Effekte für die individuelle und schulische SEP. KW - sozioökonomische Komposition KW - Schule KW - subjektives Wohlbefinden KW - Ungleichheit Y1 - 2022 UR - https://www.thieme-connect.de/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-0042-1753867 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1753867 VL - 84 IS - 08/09 SP - 826 PB - Georg Thieme Verlag ER - TY - GEN A1 - Moor, Irene A1 - Herke, Max A1 - Markert, Jenny A1 - Böhm, Marie A1 - Reiß, Franziska A1 - Bilz, Ludwig A1 - Sudeck, Gorden A1 - Winter, Kristina T1 - Trends in health inequalities in childhood and adolescence in Germany: Results of the HBSC study 2009/10 – 2022 T2 - Journal of Health Monitoring N2 - Background: Many studies have identified health inequalities in childhood and adolescence. However, it is unclear how these have developed in recent years, particularly since the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Analyses are based on the German data from the international Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study from 2009/10 (n = 5,005), 2013/14 (n = 5,961), 2017/18 (n = 4,347), and 2022 (n = 6,475). A total of 21,788 students aged approximately between 11 and 15 years were included. Socioeconomic status (SES) was assessed using the Family Affluence Scale (FAS). Several health indicators were analysed stratified by gender using bivariate and multivariate analysis methods. Results: In 2022, there are clear socioeconomic inequalities in life satisfaction, self-rated health, fruit and vegetable consumption, and physical activity. These inequalities remained largely constant or increased between 2009/10 and 2022. Between 2017/18 and 2022, no significant changes in inequalities were found. Conclusions: Health inequalities are persistent and reduce the chances of growing up healthy. There is no evidence that inequalities in the analysed outcomes have changed during the pandemic period (between 2017/18 and 2022). Rather, the changes in the health indicators seem to affect all adolescents in a similar way. KW - Socioeconomic status KW - Self-rated health KW - Nutrition KW - Physical activity KW - Life satisfaction KW - Health equity KW - Children KW - Adolescents KW - Schools KW - HBSC KW - Survey KW - Germany Y1 - 2024 UR - https://www.rki.de/EN/Content/Health_Monitoring/Health_Reporting/GBEDownloadsJ/Focus_en/JHealthMonit_2024_01_Health_Inequalities.pdf U6 - https://doi.org/10.25646/11876 SN - 2511-2708 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 79 EP - 98 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Herr, Raphael A1 - De Bock, Freia A1 - Diehl, Katharina A1 - Wiedemann, Eva A1 - Sterdt, Elena A1 - Blume, Miriam A1 - Hoffmann, Stephanie A1 - Herke, Max A1 - Reuter, Marvin A1 - Iashchenko, Iryna A1 - Schneider, Sven T1 - Associations of individual factors and early childhood education and care (ECEC) centres characteristics with preschoolers’ BMI in Germany T2 - BMC Public Health N2 - Background The number of obese children is rising worldwide. Many studies have investigated single determinants of children’s body mass index (BMI), yet studies measuring determinants at different potential levels of influence are sparse. The aim of this study is to investigate the independent role of parental socioeconomic position (SEP), additional family factors at the micro level, as well as early childhood education and care (ECEC) centre characteristics at the meso level regarding BMI. Methods Analyses used the baseline data of the PReschool INtervention Study (PRINS) including up to 1,151 children from 53 ECEC centres. Multi-level models first estimated the associations of parental SEP indicators (parental school education, vocational training, and household income) with the children’s standard deviation scores for BMI (SDS BMI, standardised for age and gender). Second, structural (number of siblings), psychosocial (strained family relationships), and nutrition behavioural (soft-drink consumption, frequency of fast-food restaurant visits) family factors at the micro level were included. Third, characteristics of the ECEC centre at the meso level in terms of average group size, the ratio of overweight children in the group, ECEC centre type (all-day care), and the location of the ECEC centre (rural vs urban) were included. All analyses were stratified by gender and adjusted for age, migration background, and parental employment status. Results Estimates for boys and girls appeared to differ. In the full model, for boys the parental SEP indicators were not related to SDS BMI. Factors related to SDS BMI in boys were: two or more siblings; B = -.55; p = 0.045 [ref.: no sibling]), the characteristics of the ECEC centre in terms of average group size (20 – 25 children; B = -.54; p = 0.022 [ref.: < 20 children]), and the ratio of overweight children (more overweight children B = -1.39; p < 0.001 [ref.: few overweight children]). For girls the number of siblings (two and more siblings; B = .67; p = 0.027 [ref.: no sibling]) and average group size (> 25 children; B = -.52; p = 0.037 [ref.: < 20 children]) were related to SDS BMI. Conclusions The BMI of preschool children appears to be associated with determinants at the micro and meso level, however with some gender differences. The identified factors at the micro and meso level appear largely modifiable and can inform about possible interventions to reduce obesity in preschool children. KW - BMI KW - Obesity KW - Preschool children KW - ECEC centres KW - Kindergarten KW - Meso level KW - Socioeconomic position Y1 - 2022 UR - https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-13814-5 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13814-5 SN - 1471-2458 VL - 22 SP - 1 EP - 13 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rattay, Petra A1 - Blume, Miriam A1 - Spallek, Jacob A1 - Hoffmann, Stephanie A1 - Sander, Lydia A1 - Herr, Raphael A1 - Herke, Max A1 - Reuter, Marvin A1 - Novelli, Anna A1 - Hövener, Claudia T1 - Socioeconomic position and self-rated health among adolescents: the mediating role of the family T2 - European Journal of Public Health N2 - Background Although health inequalities in adolescence are well documented, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Few studies have examined the role of the family in explaining adolescents’ health inequalities. The study aimed to explore whether the association between socioeconomic position and self-rated health (SRH) was mediated by familial determinants. Methods Using data from wave 2 of the KiGGS study (1,838 female and 1,718 male 11- to 17-year-olds), linear regression analyses were conducted to decompose the total effects of parents’ education, occupation, income, socioeconomic position index, and adolescents’ subjective social status on SRH into direct effects and indirect effects through familial determinants (family cohesion, parenting styles, parental well-being, stress, obesity, smoking and sporting activity). Results A significant total effect of all socioeconomic position indicators on SRH was found, except for income in male adolescents. In female adolescents, more than 70% of the total effects of each socioeconomic position indicator were explained by familial mediators, whereas no significant direct effects remained. The most important mediator was parental well-being, followed by family cohesion, parental smoking and sporting activity. In male adolescents, the associations of parental education, the socioeconomic position index and subjective social status with SRH were also mediated by familial determinants (family cohesion, parental smoking and obesity). However, a significant direct effect of subjective social status remained. Conclusions The family appears to play an important role in explaining health inequalities, particularly in female adolescents. Reducing health inequalities in adolescence requires policy interventions, community-based strategies, as well as programs to improve parenting and family functioning. KW - Socioeconomic position KW - self-rated health KW - adolescents KW - family Y1 - 2022 UR - https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article/32/Supplement_3/ckac129.580/6765541?searchresult=1 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckac129.580 SN - 1101-1262 SN - 1464-360X VL - 32 IS - Supplement_3 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Matos Fialho, Paula M. A1 - Dragano, Nico A1 - Reuter, Marvin A1 - Metzendorf, Maria-Inti A1 - Richter, Bernd A1 - Hoffmann, Stephanie A1 - Diehl, Katharina A1 - Wachtler, Benjamin A1 - Sundmacher, Leonie A1 - Herke, Max A1 - Pischke, Claudia R. T1 - Mapping the evidence regarding school-to- work/ university transition and health inequalities among young adults: a scoping review protocol T2 - BMJ Open N2 - School-to-work/university transition is a sensitive period that can have a substantial impact on health and health behaviour over the life course. There is some indication that health and health behaviour is socially patterned in the age span of individuals in this transition (16–24 years) and that there are differences by socioeconomic position (SEP). However, evidence regarding this phenomenon has not been systematically mapped. In addition, little is known about the role of institutional characteristics (eg, of universities, workplaces) in the development of health and possible inequalities in health during this transition. Hence, the first objective of this scoping review is to systematically map the existing evidence regarding health and health behaviours (and possible health inequalities, for example, differences by SEP) in the age group of 16–24 years and during school-to-work transition noted in Germany and abroad. The second objective is to summarise the evidence on the potential effects of contextual and compositional characteristics of specific institutions entered during this life stage on health and health behaviours. Third, indicators and measures of these characteristics will be summarised.Methods and analysisWe will systematically map the evidence on health inequalities during school-to-work-transitions among young adults (aged 16–24 years), following the methodological framework proposed by Arksey and O’Malley. The literature search is performed in Ovid MEDLINE, Web of Science, International Labour Organization and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, using a predetermined search strategy. Articles published between January 2000 and February 2020 in English or German are considered for the review. The selection process follows a two-step approach: (1) screening of titles and abstracts, and (2) screening of full texts, both steps by two independent reviewers. Any discrepancies in the selection process are resolved by a third researcher. Data extraction will be performed using a customised data extraction sheet. The results will be presented in tabular and narrative form.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required for this scoping review. The results will be published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal and presented at international conferences and project workshops. KW - school-to-work transition KW - school-to-university transition KW - health inequalities KW - young adults KW - scoping review Y1 - 2020 UR - https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/12/e039831.info U6 - https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039831 SN - 2044-6055 VL - 10 IS - 12 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Moor, Irene A1 - Herke, Max A1 - Markert, Jenny A1 - Böhm, Marie A1 - Reiß, Franziska A1 - Bilz, Ludwig A1 - Sudeck, Gorden A1 - Winter, Kristina T1 - Die zeitliche Entwicklung gesundheitlicher Ungleichheit im Kindes- und Jugendalter in Deutschland: Ergebnisse der HBSC-Studie 2009/10 – 2022 T2 - Journal of Health Monitoring N2 - Hintergrund: Viele Studien berichten von gesundheitlichen Ungleichheiten im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Unklar ist, wie sich diese in den letzten Jahren, insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund der COVID-19-Pandemie, entwickelt haben. Methode: Die Analysen basieren auf den deutschen Daten der internationalen HBSC-Studie (Health Behaviour in Schoolaged Children) von 2009/10 (n = 5.005), 2013/14 (n = 5.961), 2017/18 (n = 4.347) und 2022 (n = 6.475). Insgesamt wurden 21.788 Schülerinnen und Schüler im Alter von ca. 11 bis 15 Jahren berücksichtigt. Der sozioökonomische Status (SES) wurde mithilfe der Family Affluence Scale (FAS) erhoben. Verschiedene Gesundheitsindikatoren wurden mittels bi- und multivariaten Analysemethoden stratifiziert nach Geschlecht ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: 2022 zeigen sich deutliche sozioökonomische Ungleichheiten in der Lebenszufriedenheit, der subjektiven Gesundheit, im Obst- und Gemüsekonsum sowie im Bewegungsverhalten. Diese Ungleichheiten sind im Zeitverlauf von 2009/10 bis 2022 überwiegend konstant geblieben oder haben sich vergrößert. Zwischen 2017/18 und 2022 sind keine signifikanten Änderungen bezüglich der betrachteten Ungleichheiten zu erkennen. Schlussfolgerungen: Gesundheitliche Ungleichheiten zeigen sich kontinuierlich und reduzieren die Chancen auf ein gesundes Aufwachsen. Es gibt keine Hinweise darauf, dass sich die Ungleichheiten während des Pandemie-Zeitraums (zwischen 2017/18 und 2022) verändert haben. Die Veränderungen in den betrachteten Gesundheitsindikatoren betreffen vielmehr alle Heranwachsende in ähnlicher Weise. Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.25646/11875 SN - 2511-2708 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 86 EP - 107 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rattay, Petra A1 - Blume, Miriam A1 - Wachtler, Benjamin A1 - Wollgast, Lina A1 - Spallek, Jacob A1 - Hoffmann, Stephanie A1 - Sander, Lydia A1 - Herr, Raphael A1 - Herke, Max A1 - Reuter, Marvin A1 - Novelli, Anna A1 - Hövener, Claudia T1 - Socioeconomic position and self-rated health among female and male adolescents: The role of familial determinants in explaining health inequalities. Results of the German KiGGS study T2 - PloS one N2 - Objective Although health inequalities in adolescence are well documented, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Few studies have examined the role of the family in explaining the association between the family’s socioeconomic position and adolescents’ self-rated health. The current study aimed to explore whether the association between socioeconomic position and self-rated health was mediated by familial determinants. Methods Using data from wave 2 of the”German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents” (KiGGS) (1,838 female and 1,718 male 11- to 17-year-olds), linear regression analyses were conducted to decompose the total effects of income, education, occupational status, socioeconomic position index and adolescents’ subjective social status on self-rated health into direct effects and indirect effects through familial determinants (family cohesion, parental well-being, parental stress, parenting styles, parental obesity, smoking and sporting activity). Results A significant total effect of all socioeconomic position indicators on self-rated health was found, except for income in male adolescents. In female adolescents, more than 70% of the total effects of each socioeconomic position indicator were explained by familial mediators, whereas no significant direct effects remained. The most important mediator was parental well-being, followed by family cohesion, parental smoking and sporting activity. In male adolescents, the associations between income, parental education, the socioeconomic position index and subjective social status were also mediated by familial determinants (family cohesion, parental smoking, obesity and living in a single-mother family). However, a significant direct effect of subjective social status remained. Conclusion The analysis revealed how a family’s position of socioeconomic disadvantage can lead to poorer health in adolescents through different family practices. The family appears to play an important role in explaining health inequalities, particularly in female adolescents. Reducing health inequalities in adolescence requires policy interventions (macro-level), community-based strategies (meso-level) and programs to improve parenting and family functioning (micro-level). KW - Socioeconomic position KW - self-rated health KW - adolescents KW - familial determinants KW - health inequalities Y1 - 2022 UR - https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0266463 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266463 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 17 IS - 4 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hoffmann, Stephanie A1 - Sander, Lydia A1 - Blume, Miriam A1 - Schneider, Sven A1 - Herke, Max A1 - Matos Fialho, Paula M. A1 - Pischke, Claudia R. A1 - Schüttig, Wiebke A1 - Lampert, Thomas A1 - Spallek, Jacob T1 - Do families have moderating or mediating effects on early health inequalities? A scoping review T2 - European Journal of Public Health N2 - Background During early childhood, families have a crucial impact on children's health behaviour, health, and development (bhd). However, a family's socioeconomic position (SEP) determines both the parental behaviour, living conditions, and child health. To understand how family characteristics may influence the development of health inequalities, this scoping review synthesised research on their mediating and moderating effects. Methods The review followed the guidelines of the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews. The search included German and English peer-reviewed articles published between January 1st, 2000 and December 19th, 2019. The search in PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus used both free text terms in the title/abstract and index terms within linked keyword blocks: (1) family characteristics, (2) inequalities, (3) income, education, occupation, (4) bhd, (5) newborn, infant, toddler, preschooler. Two researchers independently examined eligibility for inclusion in two rounds (title/abstract; full-text). Results Of 7,089 articles identified, ten sources were included that studied family characteristics and health inequalities among 0-6 years olds. Parental rules, stress, and screentime, and TV in bedroom showed mediating effects on inequalities in behaviour problems or children's screentime. Families' negativity, single parenthood, and the number of children in the household moderated differences in impairment, health, behaviour problems, development or breastfeeding initiation. Conclusions The effect of family characteristics on early health inequalities has been sparsely investigated. The evidence supported models of family stress and investment. Further research is needed to comprehensively understand this association. Key messages Family characteristics contribute to health inequalities. Taking families’ stress and investment into account could improve targeted prevention efforts aimed at reducing health inequalities. KW - Family KW - health inequalities KW - moderation KW - mediation KW - scoping review KW - early childhood Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckab165.506 VL - 31 IS - Supplement_3 PB - Oxford University Press ER - TY - GEN A1 - Herke, Max A1 - Moor, Irene A1 - Winter, Kristina A1 - Hoffmann, Stephanie A1 - Spallek, Jacob A1 - Hilger-Kolb, Jennifer A1 - Pischke, Claudia R. A1 - Dragano, Nico A1 - Novelli, Anna A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Role of contextual and compositional characteristics of schools for health inequalities in childhood and adolescence: protocol for a scoping review T2 - BMJ Open N2 - Introduction Childhood and adolescence are crucial life stages for health trajectories and the development of health inequalities in later life. The relevance of schools for health and well-being of children and adolescents has long been recognised, and there is some research regarding the association of contextual and compositional characteristics of schools and classes with health, health behaviour and well-being in this population. Little is known about the role of meso-level characteristics in relation to health inequalities. The aim of this scoping review is to retrieve and synthesise evidence about the mediating or moderating role of compositional or contextual characteristics of schools for the association between students’ socioeconomic position and health in primary and secondary education. Methods and analysis We will conduct a systematic search of electronic databases in PubMed/Medline, Web of Science and Education Resources Information Center. Studies must meet the following inclusion criteria: (1) The population must be students attending primary or secondary schools in developed economies. (2) The outcomes must include at least one indicator for individual health, health behaviour or well-being. (3) The study must include at least one contextual or compositional characteristic of the school context and one individual determinant of socioeconomic position. (4) The study must also examine the mediating or moderating role of the contextual or compositional characteristic of the school context for the associations between socioeconomic position and health, health behaviour or well-being. (5) The study must be published since 1 January 2000 in English or German language. We will provide a narrative synthesis of findings. Ethics and dissemination We will not collect primary data and only include secondary data derived from previously published studies. Therefore, ethical approval is not required. We intend to publish our findings in an international peer-reviewed journal and to present them at national and international conferences. KW - contextual characteristics KW - compositional characteristics KW - schools KW - health inequalities KW - childhood KW - adolescence KW - scoping review Y1 - 2020 UR - https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/12/e038999 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038999 SN - 2044-6055 VL - 10 IS - 12 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hoffmann, Stephanie A1 - Sander, Lydia A1 - Wachtler, Benjamin A1 - Blume, Miriam A1 - Schneider, Sven A1 - Herke, Max A1 - Pischke, Claudia R. A1 - Matos Fialho, Paula M. A1 - Schuettig, Wiebke A1 - Tallarek, Marie A1 - Lampert, Thomas A1 - Spallek, Jacob T1 - Moderating or mediating effects of family characteristics on socioeconomic inequalities in child health in high‑income countries – a scoping review T2 - BMC Public Health N2 - Background: By explaining the development of health inequalities, eco-social theories highlight the importance of social environments that children are embedded in. The most important environment during early childhood is the family, as it profoundly influences children’s health through various characteristics. These include family processes, family structure/size, and living conditions, and are closely linked to the socioeconomic position (SEP) of the family. Although it is known that the SEP contributes to health inequalities in early childhood, the effects of family characteristics on health inequalities remain unclear. The objective of this scoping review is to synthesise existing research on the mediating and moderating effects of family characteristics on socioeconomic health inequalities (HI) during early childhood in high-income countries. Methods: This review followed the methodology of “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews”. To identify German and English scientific peer-reviewed literature published from January 1st, 2000, to December 19th, 2019, the following search term blocks were linked with the logical operator “AND”: (1) family structure/size, processes, living conditions, (2) inequalities, disparities, diversities, (3) income, education, occupation, (4) health and (5) young children. The search covered the electronic databases PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus. Results: The search yielded 7,089 records. After title/abstract and full-text screening, only ten peer-reviewed articles were included in the synthesis, which analysed the effects of family characteristics on HI in early childhood. Family processes (i.e., rules /descriptive norms, stress, parental screen time, parent–child conflicts) are identified to have mediating or moderating effects. While families’ living conditions (i.e., TVs in children’s bedrooms) are suggested as mediating factors, family structure/size (i.e., single parenthood, number of children in the household) appear to moderate health inequalities. Conclusion: Family characteristics contribute to health inequalities in early childhood. The results provide overall support of models of family stress and family investment. However, knowledge gaps remain regarding the role of family health literacy, regarding a wide range of children’s health outcomes (e.g., oral health, inflammation parameters, weight, and height), and the development of health inequalities over the life course starting at birth. KW - Child KW - family KW - health KW - Health status disparities KW - infant KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Socioeconomic health inequalities Y1 - 2022 UR - https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-12603-4 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12603-4 SN - 1471-2458 VL - 22 SP - 1 EP - 14 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Herr, Raphael A1 - Diehl, Katharina A1 - Schneider, Sven A1 - Osenbruegge, Nina A1 - Memmer, Nicole A1 - Sachse, Steffi A1 - Hoffmann, Stephanie A1 - Wachtler, Benjamin A1 - Herke, Max A1 - Pischke, Claudia R. A1 - Novelli, Anna A1 - Hilger-Kolb, Jennifer T1 - Which Meso-Level Characteristics of Early Childhood Education and Care Centers Are Associated with Health, Health Behavior, and Well-Being of Young Children? Findings of a Scoping Review T2 - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health N2 - Characteristics of early childhood education and care (ECEC) centers might be relevant for children’s health. This scoping review aims to provide an overview of the association between meso-level characteristics (MLCs) of ECEC centers with children’s health, health behavior, and wellbeing. Five databases were searched for quantitative and qualitative research articles published in English or German since 1 January 2000 on health, health behavior, and wellbeing of children aged 0 to 6 years considering MLCs of ECEC centers. Two authors screened 10,396 potentially eligible manuscripts and identified 117 papers, including 3077 examinations of the association between MLCs and children’s health indicators (Kappas > 0.91). Five categories of MLCs were identified: (1) structural characteristics, (2) equipment/furnishings, (3) location, (4) facilities/environment, (5) culture/activities/policies/practices, and 6) staff. Only very few studies found an association of MLCs with body weight/obesity, and general health and wellbeing. Especially physical activity and mental health were related to MLCs. In general, the location (rural vs. urban, neighborhood status) seemed to be a relevant health aspect. MLCs of ECEC centers appeared relevant for child health indicators to different degrees. Future research should focus on these associations, in detail, to identify concrete ECEC indicators that can support health promotion in early childhood. KW - scoping review KW - early childhood education and care (ECEC) centers KW - kindergarten KW - young children KW - meso-level characteristics KW - health KW - health behavior KW - socioeconomic position KW - health inequalities Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/9/4973 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094973 VL - 18 IS - 9 SP - 4973 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Matos Fialho, Paula M. A1 - Dragano, Nico A1 - Reuter, Marvin A1 - Deindl, Christian A1 - Schleberger, Sarah A1 - Metzendorf, Maria-Inti A1 - Hoffmann, Stephanie A1 - Diehl, Katharina A1 - Wachtler, Benjamin A1 - Schüttig, Wiebke A1 - Herke, Max A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Pischke, Claudia R. T1 - School-to-work and school-to-university transition and health inequalities among young adults: a scoping review T2 - BMJ Open N2 - Objectives The main objective was to systematically map evidence regarding the emergence of health inequalities in individuals aged 16–24 years during school-to-work and school-to-university transition (STWT). Second, we aimed to summarise the evidence on potential effects of contextual and compositional characteristics of specific institutional contexts entered during STWT on health and health behaviours. Design Scoping review. Study selection Relevant literature was systematically searched following the methodological framework proposed by Arksey and O’Malley. Ovid MEDLINE and Web of Science, and websites of the International Labour Organization and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health were searched, using a predetermined search strategy. Articles in English or German published between 1 January 2000 and 3 February 2020 were considered. Data extraction To collect the main information from the selected studies, a data extraction spreadsheet was created. Data were summarised and grouped into five health outcomes and five institutional contexts (school, vocational training, university, work, unemployment). Results A total of 678 articles were screened for inclusion. To be able to draw a picture of the development of various health outcomes over time, we focused on longitudinal studies. Forty-six prospective studies mapping health-related outcomes during STWT were identified. Higher family socioeconomic position (SEP) was associated with higher levels of health behaviour and lower levels of health-damaging behaviour, but there was also some evidence pointing in the opposite direction. Disadvantaged family SEP negatively impacted on mental health and predicted an adverse weight development. There was limited evidence for the outcomes physical/somatic symptoms and self-rated health. Meso-level characteristics of the institutional contexts identified were not systematically assessed, only individual-level factors resulting from an exposure to these contexts, rendering an analysis of effects of contextual and compositional characteristics on health and health behaviours impossible. Conclusions This scoping review demonstrated a wide range of health inequalities during STWT for various health outcomes. However, knowledge on the role of the core institutional contexts regarding the development of health inequalities is limited. KW - School-to-work transition KW - school-to-university transition KW - health inequalities KW - young adults KW - scoping review Y1 - 2022 UR - https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/7/e058273 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058273 SN - 2044-6055 VL - 12 IS - 7 SP - e058273 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Reuter, Marvin A1 - Herke, Max A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Diehl, Katharina A1 - Hoffmann, Stephanie A1 - Pischke, Claudia R. A1 - Dragano, Nico T1 - Young people’s health and well-being during the school-to-work transition: a prospective cohort study comparing post-secondary pathways T2 - BMC Public Health N2 - Background: At the end of secondary education, young people can either start vocational training, enter university, directly transition to employment or become unemployed. Research assumes that post-secondary pathways have immediate and/or long-term impacts on health and well-being, but empirical investigations on this are scarce and restricted to few countries. Therefore, this study traced the development of health and well-being throughout the highly institutionalised school-to-work transition (STWT) in Germany. Methods: We used longitudinal data of the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS), a representative sample of 11,098 school-leavers (50.5% girls) repeatedly interviewed between 2011 and 2020. We estimated the effect of post-secondary transitions on self-rated health and subjective well-being by applying fixed-effects (FE) regression, elimi-nating bias resulting from time-constant confounding and self-selection into different pathways. A multiple-sample strategy was used to account for the increasing diversity of STWTs patterns. Models were controlled for age, as well as household and residential changes to minimise temporal heterogeneity. Results: Findings indicate that leaving school was good for health and well-being. Compared with participants who did not find a training position after school, direct transitions to vocational training or university were linked to higher absolute levels of health and well-being, but also to a lower relative decline over time. Furthermore, upward transi-tions (e.g. to programs leading to better education or from unemployment to employment) were associated with improvements in health and well-being, while downward transitions were followed by deteriorations. Conclusion: Findings suggest that school-leave is a sensitive period and that post-secondary pathways provide young people with different abilities to maintain health and well-being. Youth health interventions might benefit when setting a stronger focus on unsuccessful school-leavers. KW - School-to-work transition KW - Institutional context KW - Vocational training KW - Apprenticeship KW - University KW - Prevocational preparation KW - Self-rated health KW - Subjective well-being KW - National Educational Panel Study KW - NEPS Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14227-0 SN - 1471-2458 VL - 22 SP - 1 EP - 13 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Herke, Max A1 - Moor, Irene A1 - Winter, Kristina A1 - Hack, Miriam A1 - Hoffmann, Stephanie A1 - Spallek, Jacob A1 - Hilger-Kolb, Jennifer A1 - Herr, Raphael A1 - Pischke, Claudia R. A1 - Dragano, Nico A1 - Novelli, Anna A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Role of contextual and compositional characteristics of schools for health inequalities in childhood and adolescence: a scoping review T2 - BMJ Open N2 - Objectives: To synthesise the evidence on the role of compositional or contextual characteristics of schools in the association between students' socioeconomic position and their health in primary and secondary education in developed economies. Design: Scoping review. We included studies examining the role of at least one school or class characteristic on students' health inequalities and was published since 1 January 2000, in English or German. We searched PubMed/Medline, Web of Science and Education Resources Information Center. We provided a narrative synthesis and an overview of findings. School characteristics were grouped into five broad categories: school composition, school climate, school policies and organisation, food environment and facilities. Results: Of 8520 records identified, 26 studies were included. Twelve studies found a moderating and 3 a mediating effect. The strongest evidence came from studies examining the moderating effect of school composition, that is, the negative impact of a low individual socioeconomic position on mental health and well-being was aggravated by a low average socioeconomic position of schools. Evidence concerning the role of school climate, school stratification (eg, performance base tracking) and sponsorship, food environment and sport facilities and equipment was generally weak or very weak and mostly based on singular findings. Overall, favourable meso-level characteristics mitigated the negative impact of low individual socioeconomic position on health outcomes. Conclusions: School characteristics affect health inequalities in children and adolescents to some degree, but future research is necessary to strengthen the existing evidence and address under-represented aspects in school characteristics and health outcomes. KW - community child health KW - health policy KW - public health Y1 - 2022 UR - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35105578/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052925 SN - 2044-6055 VL - 12 IS - 2 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Hoffmann, Stephanie A1 - Wachtler, Benjamin A1 - Sander, Lydia A1 - Blume, Miriam A1 - Hilger-Kolb, Jennifer A1 - Herke, Max A1 - Matos Fialho, Paula M. A1 - Pischke, Claudia R. A1 - Novelli, Anna A1 - Lampert, Thomas A1 - Spallek, Jacob T1 - Health inequalities among infants and pre-school children: Protocol for a scoping review examining the moderating and mediating role of contextual and compositional family characteristics N2 - Background: Although early childhood is a life period of overall good health, research shows that families’ socioeconomic position (SEP) is affecting children’s health from pregnancy on, ultimately leading to health inequalities. Little is currently known about the pathways by which family SEP is influencing child health and health-related behaviour, and which role family characteristics play. The scoping review therefore aims to screen the international literature on the mediating and moderating effects of contextual and compositional family characteristics on socioeconomic health risks of pre-school children in developed countries. Methods: Following the PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews, three online databases (Pubmed, PsycINFO, and Scopus) will be searched for literature in English or German published after year 2000. The two-step data screening approach and the subsequent data extraction will be conducted independently by two researchers in consideration of specific criteria and a previously tested standardized data extraction form. Due to the broad research question at hand, various study designs (e.g. cross-sectional, intervention, cohort studies, and qualitative studies), SEP measures (e.g. education, income) and compositional (e.g. family size, migration) or contextual (e.g. parenting, housing) family characteristics influencing children ́s health will be included. Since diverse definitions and reporting formats of subjective health, health behaviour, well-being, and diseases will be considered, a substantial heterogeneity in outcome measures focusing on the age group of 0-6 years is expected. Thus, a narrative synthesis of the findings will be performed according to the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination framework. Ethics and dissemination: Because no primary data will be collected, ethical clearance will not be required. Dissemination will include peer-reviewed publications and conferences. KW - Health inequalities KW - family institutional characteristics KW - family context KW - pre-school children KW - infants KW - health KW - health behaviour KW - compositional characteristics KW - contextual characteristics KW - socioeconomic position Y1 - 2020 UR - https://osf.io/k2phw/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/3U4ST PB - Open Science Framework ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hilger-Kolb, Jennifer A1 - Schneider, Sven A1 - Herr, Raphael A1 - Osenbruegge, Nina A1 - Hoffmann, Stephanie A1 - Herke, Max A1 - Pischke, Claudia R. A1 - Sundmacher, Leonie A1 - Diehl, Katharina T1 - Associations between contextual and compositional characteristics of early childcare facilities with health, health behaviours and well-being among young children aged 06 years: protocol for a scoping review T2 - BMJ Open N2 - Introduction: Early childhood is an important life stage which is crucial for determining health and health inequalities in later life. At the meso-level (institutional-level), early childcare facilities (eg, kindergartens, preschools) are the most important agent of socialisation next to families in young children aged 06 years. In recent years, an increasing amount of studies has focused on contextual and compositional characteristics of early childcare facilities and their association with health (eg, self-rated health), health behaviour (eg, physical activity) and well-being (eg, emotional well-being) in this age group. However, as currently no overview of the available literature on this topic exists, we will conduct a scoping review including various study designs (eg, cross-sectional studies, prospective studies, qualitative studies). Methods and analysis: We will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. A systematic search of the following scientific databases will be conducted: PubMed/Medline, PsycInfo, Sociological Abstracts, Education Resources Information Center and The Cochrane Library. During the selection process, we will follow a two-step process. First, two reviewers will independently screen titles/abstracts of all potentially eligible articles by applying a set of previously defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. After the completion of the title/abstract screening, full texts of the remaining articles will be screened following the same procedure. To determine inter-rater agreement between reviewers, we will calculate Cohen’s Kappa after both steps. Key characteristics (eg, country of origin, sample size, study design) of included articles will be extracted. We will map the evidence available by providing a summary table on the key characteristics extracted and by presenting the associations using various types of illustrations. Ethics and dissemination: Since no primary data will be collected for this review, ethical approval is not required. Our findings will be published in an international peer-reviewed journal and presented at national and international conferences. KW - childcare facilities KW - health KW - health behaviour KW - well-being KW - children KW - scoping review Y1 - 2020 UR - https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/9/e037038 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037038 SN - 2044-6055 VL - 10 IS - 9 ER -