TY - CHAP A1 - Matrisciano, Andrea A1 - Seidel, Lars A1 - Klauer, Christian A1 - Lehtiniemi, Harry A1 - Mauß, Fabian T1 - An a priori thermodynamic data analysis based chemical lumping method for the reduction of large and multi-component chemical kinetic mechanisms T2 - 5th International Workshop on Model Reduction in Reacting Flows, Lübbenau, 2015 N2 - A chemical species lumping approach for reduction of large hydrocarbons and oxygenated fuels is presented. The methodology is based on an a priori analysis of the Gibbs free energy of the isomer species which is then used as main criteria for the evaluation of lumped group. Isomers with similar Gibbs free energy are lumped assuming they present equal concentrations when applied to standard reactor conditions. Unlike several lumping approaches found in literature, no calculation results from the primary mechanism have been employed prior to the application of our chemical lumping strategy. KW - Combustion, Mechanism Reduction Y1 - 2015 UR - www.modelreduction.net UR - http://modelreduction.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/5th_IWMRRF_2015.pdf ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Seidel, Lars A1 - Klauer, Christian A1 - Pasternak, Michal A1 - Matrisciano, Andrea A1 - Netzer, Corinna A1 - Hilbig, Martin A1 - Mauß, Fabian T1 - Systematic Mechanism Reduction for Engine Applications T2 - 5th International Workshop on Model Reduction in Reacting Flows, Lübbenau, 2015 N2 - In this work we apply various concepts of mechanism reduction with a PDF based method for species profile conservation. The reduction process is kept time efficient by only using 0D and 1D reactors. To account for the expansion phase in internal combustion engines a stochastic engine tool is used to validate the reduction steps. KW - Combustion, Mechanism Reduction Y1 - 2015 UR - www.modelreduction.net UR - http://modelreduction.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/5th_IWMRRF_2015.pdf ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Seidel, Lars A1 - Perlman, Cathleen A1 - Fröjd, Karin A1 - Klaus, Anna-Katharina A1 - Laska, Timothy A1 - Jalving, J. A1 - Mauß, Fabian ED - Seidel, Lars T1 - CPU Efficient Modelling of Biomass Gasification Using a Stochastic Reactor Approach and Chemistry Guided Reduction T2 - 22nd European Biomass Conference and Exhibition KW - Biomass Y1 - 2014 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Seidel, Lars A1 - Perlman, Cathleen A1 - Fröjd, Karin A1 - Klaus, Anna-Katharina A1 - Laska, Timothy A1 - Jalving, T. A1 - Mauß, Fabian T1 - CPU Efficient Modelling of Biomass Gasification Using a Stochastic Reactor Approach and Chemistry Guided Reduction KW - CPU Efficient Modelling Y1 - 2014 UR - http://www.loge.se/pdf/poster_BiomassConferenceBCE2014.pdf N1 - 1st International Workshop on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and biomass thermochemical Conversion SP - 1 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rodriguez Henriquez, Jose Juan A1 - Seidel, Lars A1 - Mauß, Fabian T1 - Plug Flow Reactor Set-up evaluation with methane decomposition at mild conditions and overpressure T2 - Abstract book, 7th European Combustion Meeting (ECM), Budapest, Hungary, March 30-April 2 Y1 - 2015 SN - 978-963-12-1257-0 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Matrisciano, Andrea A1 - Seidel, Lars A1 - Klauer, Christian A1 - Mauß, Fabian A1 - Lehtiniemi, Harry T1 - An a priori thermodynamic data analysis based on chemical lumping method for the reduction of large and multi-component chemical kinetic mechanisms T2 - 5th Annual Internation Workshop on Model Reduction in Reaction Flows (IWMRRF) Lübbenau, 28.06-01.07.2015, proceedings Y1 - 2015 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Lehtiniemi, Harry A1 - Borg, Andreas A1 - Mauß, Fabian ED - Sens, Marc ED - Baar, Roland T1 - Modeling of Spray Combustion under Diesel Engine Conditions T2 - Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Engine Processes, July 2–3, 2015, Berlin, Germany KW - Modeling of Spray Combustion Y1 - 2015 SN - 978-3-7983-2768-9 SP - 217 EP - 249 PB - Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Pasternak, Michal A1 - Mauß, Fabian A1 - Matrisciano, Andrea ED - Sens, Marc ED - Baar, Roland T1 - Diesel Engine Performance Mapping Using Stochastic Reactor Model T2 - Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Engine Processes, July 2–3, 2015, Berlin, Germany KW - Diesel Engine Performance Mapping Y1 - 2015 SN - 978-3-7983-2768-9 SP - 217 EP - 232 PB - Tech. Univ., Universitätsverlag CY - Berlin ER - TY - GEN A1 - Matrisciano, Andrea A1 - Pasternak, Michal A1 - Wang, Xiaoxiao A1 - Antoshkiv, Oleksiy A1 - Mauß, Fabian A1 - Berg, Peter T1 - On the Performance of Biodiesel Blends – Experimental Data and Simulations Using a Stochastic Fuel Test Bench T2 - SAE Technical Papers Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1115 SN - 0148-7191 SN - 0096-5170 IS - 2014-01-1115 SP - 1 EP - 8 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Svensson, Erik A1 - Li, Changle A1 - Shamun, Sam A1 - Johansson, Bengt A1 - Tuner, Martin A1 - Perlman, Cathleen A1 - Lehtiniemi, Harry A1 - Mauß, Fabian T1 - Potential Levels of Soot, NOx , HC and CO for Methanol Combustion T2 - SAE Technical Papers N2 - Methanol is today considered a viable green fuel for combustion engines because of its low soot emissions and the possibility of it being produced in a CO2-neutral manner. Methanol as a fuel for combustion engines have attracted interest throughout history and much research was conducted during the oil crisis in the seventies. In the beginning of the eighties the oil prices began to decrease and interest in methanol declined. This paper presents the emission potential of methanol. T-Φ maps were constructed using a 0-D reactor with constant pressure, temperature and equivalence ratio to show the emission characteristics of methanol. These maps were compared with equivalent maps for diesel fuel. The maps were then complemented with engine simulations using a stochastic reactor model (SRM), which predicts end-gas emissions. The SRM was validated using experimental results from a truck engine running in Partially Premixed Combustion (PPC) mode at medium loads. The SRM was able to predict the combustion in terms of pressure trace and rate of heat release. The CO and NOx emissions were matched, however, the HC emissions were underestimated. Finally, the trajectories from the SRM simulations were superimposed on the T-Φ maps to investigate the in engine conditions. The T-Φ map analysis shows that emission of soot are non-existent, formaldehyde can be avoided and that emissions of methane are kept at, compared to diesel combustion, low levels, however CO and NOx levels are similar to diesel combustion. These results were confirmed for engine conditions by the SRM simulations and the engine experiments. KW - Potential Levels of Soot KW - Methanol Combustion Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-0887 SN - 0148-7191 SN - 0096-5170 IS - 2016-01-0887 SP - 17 Seiten ER - TY - GEN A1 - Franken, Tim A1 - Mauß, Fabian T1 - Development of Methodology for Predictive Diesel Combustion Simulation Using 0D Stochastic Reactor Model T2 - SAE Technical Papers N2 - Stringent exhaust emission limits and new vehicle test cycles require sophisticated operating strategies for future diesel engines. Therefore, a methodology for predictive combustion simulation, focused on multiple injection operating points is proposed in this paper. The model is designated for engine performance map simulations, to improve prediction of NOx, CO and HC emissions.The combustion process is calculated using a zero dimensional direct injection stochastic reactor model based on a probability density function approach. Further, the formation of exhaust emissions is described using a detailed reaction mechanism for n-heptane, which involves 56 Species and 206 reactions. The model includes the interaction between turbulence and chemistry effects by using a variable mixing time profile. Thus, one is able to capture the effects of mixture inhomogeneities on NOx, CO and HC emission formation.The mixing time model is parameterized using transfer functions for engine operating parameters, e.g., injection mass, injection duration, air fuel ratio, start of injection and speed. These functions are calibrated for nine operating points using multi objective simulated annealing optimization combined with fast running metamodels that speed up the optimization process. The calibrated transfer functions are validated for nine additional operating points. The results for the calibration and validation points show a good match of the combustion heat release rate. Especially the main injection heat release rate is well predicted by the model. The NOx and CO emissions reflect the experimental trends and are in close range to the measurements. Finally, the model is tested for triple injection operating points. The results match the measurements, which show the applicability of the stochastic reactor model in conjunction with the mixing time transfer functions for engine performance map simulations. KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Diesel / Compression Ignition engines Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-0566 SN - 0148-7191 SN - 0096-5170 IS - 2016-01-0566 SP - 14 Seiten ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lehtiniemi, Harry A1 - Borg, Anders A1 - Mauß, Fabian T1 - Combustion Modeling of Diesel Sprays T2 - SAE Technical Papers N2 - Several models for ignition, combustion and emission formation under diesel engine conditions for multi-dimensional computational fluid dynamics have been proposed in the past. It has been recognized that the use of a reasonably detailed chemistry model improves the combustion and emission prediction especially under low temperature and high exhaust gas recirculation conditions.The coupling of the combustion chemistry and the turbulent flow can be achieved with different assumptions. In this paper we investigate a selection of n-heptane spray experiments published by the Engine Combustion Network (ECN spray H) with three different combustion models: well-stirred reactor model, transient interactive flamelet model and progress variable based conditional moment closure. All models cater for the use of detailed chemistry, while the turbulence-chemistry interaction modeling and the ability to consider local effects differ.The same chemical mechanism is used by all combustion models, which allows a comparison of ignition delay, flame stabilization and flame lift-off length between the experiments and the results from simulations using the different combustion models. The investigated parameters influence the predictions of computational fluid dynamics simulations of diesel engines. This study indicates that the most reasonable behavior with respect to ignition, flame stabilization and flame structure is predicted by the progress variable based conditional moment closure model. KW - Modeling of Diesel Sprays Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-0592 SN - 0148-7191 SN - 0096-5170 IS - 2016-01-0592 SP - 1 EP - 11 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mauß, Fabian A1 - Matrisciano, Andrea T1 - SRM in Engines: Performance and Emissions T2 - 3rd International Combustion Institute Summer School, June 19-23, Chania, Greece KW - Stochastic Reactor Models Y1 - 2016 UR - http://iciss2016.gr/site/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/ICISS_Mauss-Matrisciano_Abstract_Tutorial.pdf ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Leon de Syniawa, Larisa A1 - Nawdiyal, A. A1 - Seidel, Lars A1 - Mauß, Fabian T1 - Formation of C5 Species from iso-Butene T2 - Book of Abstracts, SMARTCATs 2nd General Meeting & Workshop on Smart Energy Carriers in Industry Lisbon, 14-16 November - 2016 KW - Formation of C5 Species Y1 - 2016 UR - http://media.wix.com/ugd/504c46_ad5e1606ba5c444aaa48e7a6f8a95288.pdf SP - 42 EP - 43 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Malliotakis, Zisis A1 - Banyon, Colin A1 - Curran, Henry J. A1 - Founti, Maria A1 - Keramiotis, Christos A1 - Vourliotakis, George A1 - Koutmos, Panagiotis A1 - Paterakis, George A1 - Souflas, Konstantinos A1 - Mauß, Fabian A1 - Rodriguez Henriquez, Jose Juan A1 - Skevis, George T1 - A Comperative Study on the Oxidation of Gaseous and Liquid fuels in a Swirlstabilized Flame via Chemiluminescence Measurements T2 - Book of abtracts, COST SMARTCATs 2nd General Meeting, Lisbon, 14-16th November KW - Oxidation of Gaseous Y1 - 2016 UR - http://media.wix.com/ugd/504c46_d2c80c64c7024a84823473ecb521dc46.pdf SP - 84 EP - 85 PB - Cost, European Cooperation in Science and Technology ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Matrisciano, Andrea A1 - Borg, Anders A1 - Perlman, Cathleen A1 - Pasternak, Michal A1 - Seidel, Lars A1 - Netzer, Corinna A1 - Mauß, Fabian A1 - Lehtiniemi, Harry T1 - Simulation of DI-Diesel combustion using tabulated chemistry approach T2 - 1st Conference on Combustion Processes in Marine and Automotive Engines, 7th - 8th June 2016, Lund, Schweden KW - Simulation of DI-Diesel Y1 - 2016 UR - http://ecco-mate.eu/images/Training%20events/LUND/ECCO-MATE_C1_Proceedings.pdf SP - 44 EP - 47 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Seidel, Lars A1 - Netzer, Corinna A1 - Hilbig, Martin A1 - Mauß, Fabian A1 - Klauer, Christian A1 - Pasternak, Michal A1 - Matrisciano, Andrea T1 - Systematic Reduction of Detailed Chemical Reaction Mechanisms for Engine Applications T2 - ASME 2016 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference Greenville, South Carolina, USA, October 9–12, 2016 N2 - In this work we apply a sequence of concepts for mechanism reduction on one reaction mechanism including novel quality control. We introduce a moment based accuracy rating method for species profiles. The concept is used for a necessity based mechanism reduction utilizing 0D reactors. Thereafter a stochastic reactor model (SRM) for internal combustion engines is applied to control the quality of the reduced reaction mechanism during the expansion phase of the engine. This phase is sensitive on engine out emissions, and is often not considered in mechanism reduction work. The proposed process allows to compile highly reduced reaction schemes for CFD application for internal combustion engine simulations. It is demonstrated that the resulting reduced mechanisms predict combustion and emission formation in engines with accuracies comparable to the original detailed scheme. KW - Systematic Reduction KW - Chemical Reaction Mechanismus for Engine Applications Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-0-7918-5050-3 N1 - Paper No. ICEF2016-9304 PB - The American Society of Mechanical Engineers CY - New York, N.Y. ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rodriguez Henriquez, Jose Juan A1 - Keramiotis, Christos A1 - Vourliotakis, George A1 - Mauß, Fabian A1 - Founti, Maria T1 - An Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Simulated EGR on Typical Gaseous Fuels Mixtures T2 - 1st Conference on Combustion Processes in Marine and Automotive Engines, 7th - 8th June 2016, Lund, Schweden KW - Typical Gaseous Fuels Mixtures KW - Experimental Investigation Y1 - 2016 UR - http://ecco-mate.eu/images/Training%20events/LUND/ECCO-MATE_C1_Proceedings.pdf SP - 18 EP - 21 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rodriguez Henriquez, Jose Juan A1 - Keramiotis, Christos A1 - Vourliotakis, George A1 - Mauß, Fabian A1 - Founti, Maria ED - Krstić, Snežana ED - Cunningham, Paul T1 - An emission characterization study on a model flame fuelled with natural gas and commercial grade propane T2 - Proceedings, The MCAA Poster Session – ESOF 2016, EuroScience Open Forum – Manchester, United Kingdom, 24-27 July 2016 Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-2-9601724-2-3 SP - 27 EP - 28 PB - MCAA CY - Brussels ER - TY - GEN A1 - Netzer, Corinna A1 - Seidel, Lars A1 - Pasternak, Michal A1 - Klauer, Christian A1 - Perlman, Cathleen A1 - Ravet, Frédéric A1 - Mauß, Fabian T1 - Engine Knock Prediction and Evaluation Based on Detonation Theory Using a Quasi-Dimensional Stochastic Reactor Mode T2 - SAE technical paper KW - Engine Knock Prediction and Evaluation Based Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-0538 SN - 0096-5170 SN - 0148-7191 IS - 2017-01-0538 SP - 11 Seiten ER - TY - GEN A1 - Matrisciano, Andrea A1 - Franken, Tim A1 - Perlman, Cathleen A1 - Borg, Anders A1 - Lehtiniemi, Harry A1 - Mauß, Fabian T1 - Development of a Computationally Efficient Progress Variable Approach for a Direct Injection Stochastic Reactor Model T2 - SAE technical papers KW - Development of a Computationally Efficient Progress Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-0512 SN - 0148-7191 SN - 0096-5170 IS - 2017-01-0512 SP - 18 Seiten ER - TY - GEN A1 - Aslanjan, Jana A1 - Klauer, Christian A1 - Perlman, Cathleen A1 - Günther, Vivien A1 - Mauß, Fabian T1 - Simulation of a Three-Way Catalyst Using Transient Single and Multi-Channel Models T2 - SAE technical paper KW - Simulation of a Three-Way Catalyst Using Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-0966 SN - 0148-7191 SN - 0096-5170 IS - 2017-01-0966 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Franken, Tim A1 - Sommerhoff, Arnd A1 - Willems, Werner A1 - Matrisciano, Andrea A1 - Lehtiniemi, Harry A1 - Borg, Anders A1 - Netzer, Corinna A1 - Mauß, Fabian T1 - Advanced Predictive Diesel Combustion Simulation Using Turbulence Model and Stochastic Reactor Model T2 - SAE technical paper KW - Advanced Predictive Y1 - 2017 UR - http://papers.sae.org/2017-01-0516 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-0516 SN - 0148-7191 SN - 0096-5170 N1 - WCX™ 17: SAE World Congress Experience ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Netzer, Corinna A1 - Seidel, Lars A1 - Pasternak, Michal A1 - Mauß, Fabian A1 - Lehtiniemi, Harry A1 - Perlman, Cathleen A1 - Ravet, Frédéric ED - Leipertz, Alfred ED - Fröba, Andreas Paul T1 - 3D CFD Engine Knock Predication and Evaluation Based on Detailed Chemistry and Detonation Theory T2 - Motorische Verbrennung : aktuelle Probleme und moderne Lösungsansätze, XIII. Tagung im Haus der Technik Ludwigsburg, 16.-17. März 2017 KW - 3D CFD Engine Knock Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-945806-08-1 PB - ESYTEC Energie- und Systemtechnik GmbH CY - Erlangen ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Netzer, Corinna A1 - Seidel, Lars A1 - Pasternak, Michal A1 - Klauer, Christian A1 - Perlman, Cathleen A1 - Ravet, Frédéric A1 - Mauß, Fabian T1 - Impact of Gasoline Octane Rating on Engine Knock using Detailed Chemistry and a Quasi-dimensional Stochastic Reaktior Model T2 - Digital Proceedings of the 8th European Combustion Meeting (ECM 2017), Dubrovnik, Croatia Y1 - 2017 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319059022 SP - 493 EP - 498 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Netzer, Corinna A1 - Seidel, Lars A1 - Lehtiniemi, Harry A1 - Ravet, Frédéric A1 - Mauß, Fabian T1 - Efficient tracking of knock onset for a wide range of fuel surrogates T2 - International Multidimensional Engine Modeling User's Group Meeting at the SAE Congress KW - Efficient tracking of knock Y1 - 2017 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319137036 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Pasternak, Michal A1 - Mauß, Fabian A1 - Klauer, Christian A1 - Matrisciano, Andrea T1 - Diesel engine performance mapping using a parametrized mixing time model T2 - International Journal of Engine Research KW - Diesel engine performance Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087417718115 SN - 2041-3149 SN - 1468-0874 VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 202 EP - 213 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Aslanjan, Jana A1 - Klauer, Christian A1 - Günther, Vivien A1 - Mauß, Fabian T1 - On the Influence of Inlet Gas Variations and Gas Phase Chemistry in a Three-Way Catalyst T2 - COMODIA - The Ninth International Conference on Modeling and Diagnostics for Advanced, July 25, 2017 - July 28, 2017 N2 - The conversion effects of a three-way catalyst are simulated in previous works using single and multiple representative channel approaches with detailed surface kinetic models. In addition, this article introduces global gas phase chemistry to the model. This allows reflecting ongoing reactions due to incomplete combustion products in low temperature regime. The 1D single-channel model representative for the catalyst is used here. Next to the comparison of the catalyst outlet emissions with and without gas phase chemistry, the transient temperature increase is simulated in order to model the catalysts light off temperature. Additionally, the transient inlet emissions are enhanced to show the influence of water and hydrogen on the modeling results. The heat transfer is modeled by wall heat losses to provide proper heat dissipation out of the catalyst. The modeling results show a good agreement to the experimental data with low computational cost. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2017.9.A308 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Fischer, Michael A1 - Günther, Michael A1 - Berger, Carsten A1 - Troeger, Ralf A1 - Pasternak, Michal A1 - Mauß, Fabian ED - Günther, Michael ED - Sens, Marc T1 - Suppressing Knocking by Using CleanEGR – Better Fuel Economy and Lower Raw Emissions Simultaneously T2 - Knocking in Gasoline Engines, 5th International Conference, December 12-13, 2017, Berlin, Germany KW - Suppressing Knocking Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-3-319-69760-4 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69760-4_21 SP - 384 PB - Springer International Publishing CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Pasternak, Michal A1 - Netzer, Corinna A1 - Mauß, Fabian A1 - Fischer, Michael A1 - Sens, Marc A1 - Riess, Michael ED - Günther, Michael ED - Sens, Marc T1 - Simulation of the Effects of Spark Timing and External EGR on Gasoline Combustion Under Knock-Limited Operation at High Speed and Load T2 - Knocking in Gasoline Engines, 5th International Conference, December 12-13, 2017, Berlin, Germany Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-3-319-69760-4 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69760-4_8 SP - 121 EP - 142 PB - Springer International Publishing CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Aslanjan, Jana A1 - Klauer, Christian A1 - Guenther, Vivien A1 - Mauß, Fabian T1 - Simulation of a three-way catalyst using a transient multi-channel model T2 - Digital Proceedings of the 8th European Combustion Meeting (ECM 2017), Dubrovnik, Croatia N2 - The conversion effects of a three-way catalyst (TWC) are simulated in previous works using single-channel approaches and detailed kinetic models. In addition to the single-channel model multiple representative catalyst channels are used in this work to take heat transfer between the channels into account. Furthermore, different inlet temperature distributions are considered and tested. An experimental four-stroke engine setup with emission outputs fed into a TWC is used to validate the model. Furthermore, the temperature progress is simulated to reflect the catalyst’s light off temperature. Heat conduction between the channels is modeled to provide proper heat dissipation during the catalytic process. A good agreement to the experimental data can be achieved with low computational cost. Y1 - 2017 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jana_Aslanjan/publication/319136860_Simulation_of_a_three-way_catalyst_using_a_transient_multi-channel_model/links/59941a8caca272ec9087c553/Simulation-of-a-three-way-catalyst-using-a-transient-multi-channel-model.pdf SP - 570 EP - 574 CY - Dubrovnik ER - TY - GEN A1 - Aslanjan, Jana A1 - Klauer, Christian A1 - Günther, Vivien A1 - Mauß, Fabian T1 - Simulation of a three-way-catalyst using a transient multi-channel model N2 - The importance to reduce automotive exhaust gas emissions is constantly increasing. Not only the country-specific laws are getting more stringent also the global increase of automobiles is requiring a responsible handling of the issue. The three-way-catalytic converter (TWC) is one of the most common catalysts for the engine exhaust gas after treatment. The reduction of CO, NO and unburned hydrocarbons is fulfilled via oxidation of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, and reduction of nitrogen oxides. These conversion effects were simulated in previous works using single channel approaches [e.g. Fröjd/Mauss, SAE International 2011-01-1306] and detailed kinetic models [e.g Chatterjee et al., Faraday Discussions 119 (2001) 371-384 and Koop et al., Appl. Catal.B: Environmental 91 (2009), 47-58]. In this work multiple representative catalyst channels are used to take heat variations in between the catalyst into account. Each channel is split into a user given number of cells and each cell is treated like a perfectly stirred reactor (PSR). The simulation is validated against an experimental four-stroke engine setup with emission outputs fed into a TWC. Next to the emissions the transient temperature increase is simulated in order to model the catalyst light off temperature. The heat transfer is modelled by wall heat losses to provide a proper heat dissipation out of the catalyst. The simulation results show a good agreement to the experimental data with low computational cost. Y1 - 2017 UR - https://unitedscientificgroup.com/conferences/catalysis/2017/pdfs/CCE-2017_Proceedings.pdf N1 - CCE-2017 International Conference on Catalysis and Chemical Engineering Baltimore, USA, February 22 - 24, 2017 SP - S. 103 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Van Treek, Lisa A1 - Roth, Norbert A1 - Seidel, Lars A1 - Mauß, Fabian T1 - Laminar burning velocities of rich ethylene / air flames N2 - The laminar burning velocity SL of a given mixture of fuel and oxidizer is an important parameter to characterize premixed flames. SL is not only a fundamental parameter to calculate properties of turbulent flames, it is also an important target for the development of chemical kinetic mechanisms. Under fuel rich conditions it has relevance when simulating soot formation in burner stabilized flames. Many experiments on soot formation have been conducted in fuel-rich burner stabilized ethylene flames. Therefore an interest exists in experimental data for laminar burning velocity, in particular in fuel-rich ethylene flames. In the present work, ethylene / air flames were measured in the heat flux setup. Subsequently, the experimental data were compared against existing data and modelled using two kinetic models. KW - laminar burning velocity KW - ethylene / air flames KW - rich flames Y1 - 2017 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320802733_Laminar_burning_velocities_of_rich_ethylene_air_flames N1 - 3rd General Meeting and Workshop on Smart Energy Carriers in Industry – Prague, October 25 - 27, 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hoyermann, Karlheinz A1 - Mauß, Fabian A1 - Olzmann, Matthias A1 - Welz, Oliver A1 - Zeuch, Thomas T1 - Exploring the chemical kinetics of partially oxidized intermediates by combining experiments, theory, and kinetic modeling T2 - Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics N2 - Partially oxidized intermediates play a central role in combustion and atmospheric chemistry. In this perspective, we focus on the chemical kinetics of alkoxy radicals, peroxy radicals, and Criegee intermediates, which are key species in both combustion and atmospheric environments. These reactive intermediates feature a broad spectrum of chemical diversity. Their reactivity is central to our understanding of how volatile organic compounds are degraded in the atmosphere and converted into secondary organic aerosol. Moreover, they sensitively determine ignition timing in internal combustion engines. The intention of this perspective article is to provide the reader with information about the general mechanisms of reactions initiated by addition of atomic and molecular oxygen to alkyl radicals and ozone to alkenes. We will focus on critical branching points in the … KW - reaction kinetics KW - atmospheric chemistry KW - combustion chemistry Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CP02759A SN - 1463-9076 SN - 1463-9084 VL - 19 IS - 28 SP - 18128 EP - 18146 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Weber, Kathrin A1 - Li, T. A1 - Løvås, Terese A1 - Perlman, Cathleen A1 - Seidel, Lars A1 - Mauß, Fabian T1 - Stochastic reactor modeling of biomass pyrolysis and gasification T2 - Journal of analytical and applied pyrolysis N2 - Abstract In this paper, a partially stirred stochastic reactor model is presented as an alternative for the modeling of biomass pyrolysis and gasification. Instead of solving transport equations in all spatial dimensions as in CFD simulations, the description of state variables and mixing processes is based on a probability density function, making this approach computationally efficient. The virtual stochastic particles, an ensemble of flow elements consisting of porous solid biomass particles and surrounding gas, mimic the turbulent exchange of heat and mass in practical systems without the computationally expensive resolution of spatial dimensions. Each stochastic particle includes solid phase, pore gas and bulk gas interaction. The reactor model is coupled with a chemical mechanism for both surface and gas phase reactions. A Monte Carlo algorithm with operator splitting … KW - Pyrolysis KW - gasification KW - Stochastic reactor modeling Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2017.01.003 SN - 0165-2370 VL - 124 SP - 592 EP - 601 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Seidel, Lars A1 - Netzer, Corinna A1 - Hilbig, Martin A1 - Mauß, Fabian A1 - Klauer, Christian A1 - Pasternak, Michal A1 - Matrisciano, Andrea T1 - Systematic reduction of detailed chemical reaction mechanisms for engine applications T2 - Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power N2 - In this work, we apply a sequence of concepts for mechanism reduction on one reaction mechanism including novel quality control. We introduce a moment-based accuracy rating method for species profiles. The concept is used for a necessity-based mechanism reduction utilizing 0D reactors. Thereafter a stochastic reactor model for internal combustion engines is applied to control the quality of the reduced reaction mechanism during the expansion phase of the engine. This phase is sensitive on engine out emissions, and is often not considered in mechanism reduction work. The proposed process allows to compile highly reduced reaction schemes for computational fluid dynamics application for internal combustion engine simulations. It is demonstrated that the resulting reduced mechanisms predict combustion and emission formation in engines with accuracies comparable to the original detailed scheme. KW - Reaction Mechanism Reduction KW - Engine Modelling Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4036093 SN - 1528-8919 SN - 0742-4795 VL - 139 IS - 9 SP - 091701-1 EP - 091701-9 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Nagy, Imre Gergely A1 - Matrisciano, Andrea A1 - Lehtiniemi, Harry A1 - Mauß, Fabian A1 - Schmid, Andreas T1 - Influence of nozzle eccentricity on spray structures in marine diesel sprays T2 - SAE technical papers N2 - Abstract: Large two-stroke marine Diesel engines have special injector geometries, which differ substantially from the configurations used in most other Diesel engine applications. One of the major differences is that injector orifices are distributed in a highly non-symmetric fashion affecting the spray characteristics. Earlier investigations demonstrated the dependency of the spray morphology on the location of the spray orifice and therefore on the resulting flow conditions at the nozzle tip. Thus, spray structure is directly influenced by the flow formation within the orifice. Following recent Large Eddy Simulation resolved spray primary breakup studies, the present paper focuses on spray secondary breakup odelling of asymmetric spray structures in Euler-Lagrangian framework based on previously obtained droplet distributions of primary breakup. Firstly, the derived droplet distributions were … KW - Marine Diesel KW - Spray Y1 - 2017 SN - 0148-7191 SN - 0096-5170 N1 - Event: 13th International Conference on Engines & Vehicles IS - 2017-24-0031 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Banyon, Colin A1 - Rodriguez Henriquez, Jose Juan A1 - Paterakis, George A1 - Malliotakis, Zisis A1 - Souflas, Konstantinos A1 - Keramiotis, Christos A1 - Vourliotakis, George A1 - Mauß, Fabian A1 - Curran, Henry J. A1 - Skevis, George A1 - Koutmos, Panagiotis A1 - Founti, Maria T1 - A comparative study of the effect of varied reaction environments on a swirl stabilized flame geometry via optical measurements T2 - Fuel : the science and technology of fuel and energy N2 - The present work is a part of a larger experimental campaign which examines the behaviour of various fuels on a swirl stabilized flame burner configuration. Overall, detailed speciation measurements and temperature measurements were combined with optical measurements. The work presented here concerns the part of the experimental campaign which deals with the optical characteristics of the examined flames. The work adds to the growing database of experimental measurements assessing engine-relevant reaction environments which shift from traditional ones in order to meet pollutant emission regulations and efficiency standards. Here, the oxidation of several commonly used fuel and fuel surrogates that are subjected to the addition of a bio-derived fuel additive (dimethyl ether) and emulated exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is studied in a laboratory-scale swirl … KW - swirl burner KW - speciation measurements KW - temperature measurements Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.09.105 SN - 0016-2361 VL - 216 SP - 826 EP - 834 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Medina Méndez, Juan Ali A1 - Schmidt, Heiko A1 - Mauß, Fabian A1 - Jozefik, Zoltan T1 - Constant volume n-Heptane autoignition using One-Dimensional Turbulence T2 - Combustion and Flame N2 - Abstract Constant volume premixed lean n-Heptane/air autoignition at high pressure is investigated using the One-Dimensional Turbulence (ODT) model. The configuration consists of a 1D fixed volume domain with a prescribed velocity spectrum and temperature fluctuations superimposed on an initial uniformly elevated scalar field. The sensitivity of the heat release rate and pressure evolution to the initial temperature distribution is studied by imposing different initial temperature fields while holding the mean, RMS and integral length scale of the field constant. Three detailed chemical mechanisms are employed for the prediction of autoignition and heat release rate. To mitigate the high computational cost associated with the calculation of the chemical source terms in the stiff complex mechanisms, an approach based on the Strang-Splitting method is presented. Finally, a … KW - One-Dimensional Turbulence KW - n-Heptane autoignition Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.12.015 SN - 0010-2180 VL - 190 SP - 388 EP - 401 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Shrestha, Krishna Prasad A1 - Seidel, Lars A1 - Mauß, Fabian T1 - Kinetic study of methanol and ethanol oxidation in presence of NOx T2 - Workshop on Gas-phase reaction kinetics of biofuels oxygenated molecules KW - Gas-phase Reaction Y1 - 2018 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324731559 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Netzer, Corinna A1 - Franken, Tim A1 - Lehtiniemi, Harry A1 - Mauß, Fabian A1 - Seidel, Lars T1 - Numerical Analysis of the Impact of Water Injection on Combustion and Thermodynamics in a Gasoline Engine using Detailed Chemistry T2 - SAE technical papers Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-0200 SN - 0148-7191 SN - 0096-5170 IS - 2018-01-0200 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Netzer, Corinna A1 - Seidel, Lars A1 - Lehtiniemi, Harry A1 - Ravet, Frédéric A1 - Mauß, Fabian T1 - Impact of Formulation of Fuel Surrogates on Engine Knock Prediction T2 - International Multidimensional Engine Modeling User's Group Meeting at the SAE Congress, April 9th , 2018, Detroit, USA KW - Impact of Formulation of Fuel Surrogates Y1 - 2018 UR - http://www.erc.wisc.edu/imem/2018/Paper%234-Netzer%20et%20al.pdf ER - TY - GEN A1 - Aslanjan, Jana A1 - Klauer, Christian A1 - Günther, Vivien A1 - Mauß, Fabian T1 - Development of a Physical Parameter Optimizer for 1D Catalyst Modeling on the Example of a Transient Three-Way Catalyst Experiment, 37th International Symposium on Combustion 2018, Dublin N2 - The importance of catalytic after-treatment for automotive emissions is not neglectable concerning current environmental protection discussions. A reasonable and time efficient catalyst model can help to reduce the necessity of time consuming experimental investigations on physical parameters for catalytic converter construction. It can further support the preparation of necessary experimental setups to analyze physical and chemical phenomena in catalysts. Physical parameter and/or chemical kinetic optimizers can be an advanced tool to support computational models in terms of adjustment to an experiment. In this work a physical parameter optimizer is developed and validated against a transient three-way catalyst experiment. The modeling results are compared to the measured data in terms of temperature and emission conversion behavior and show a good agreement. KW - Three-Way Catalyst KW - 1D-Simulation KW - Emissions KW - After Treatment KW - Optimization Y1 - 2018 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328998399 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Franken, Tim A1 - Duggan, Alexander A1 - Feng, Tao A1 - Mauß, Fabian T1 - Multi-Objective Optimization of Fuel Consumption and NOx Emissions for a Heavy-Duty Direct Injection Diesel Engine T2 - European ESTECO User Meeting 2018, Trieste, Italy KW - Multi-Objective Optimization of Fuel Consumption Y1 - 2018 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325477898 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Franken, Tim A1 - Duggan, Alexander A1 - Feng, Tao A1 - Borg, Anders A1 - Lehtiniemi, Harry A1 - Matrisciano, Andrea A1 - Mauß, Fabian T1 - Multi-Objective Optimization of Fuel Consumption and NOx Emissions using a Stochastic Reactor Model, THIESEL 2018 Conference on Thermo- and Fluid Dynamic Processes in Direct Injection Engines KW - Multi-Objective Optimization Y1 - 2018 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328265385 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Franken, Tim A1 - Netzer, Corinna A1 - Pasternak, Michal A1 - Mauß, Fabian A1 - Seidel, Lars A1 - Matrisciano, Andrea A1 - Borg, Anders A1 - Lehtiniemi, Harry A1 - Kulzer, André Casal T1 - Assessment of Water Injection in a SI Engine using a Fast Running Detailed Chemistry Based Combustion Model T2 - Symposium of Combustion Control 2018, Aachen KW - Assessment of Water Injection Y1 - 2018 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326059620 UR - http://logesoft.com/loge-16/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/2018-06-19-SCC_-1.pdf CY - Aachen ER - TY - GEN A1 - Franken, Tim A1 - Netzer, Corinna A1 - Mauß, Fabian T1 - Water Injection in Spark-Ignition Engines, FVV Autumn Conference 2018 Y1 - 2018 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328265540 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Franken, Tim A1 - Netzer, Corinna A1 - Pasternak, Michal A1 - Mauß, Fabian A1 - Seidel, Lars A1 - Matrisciano, Andrea A1 - Borg, Anders A1 - Lehtiniemi, Harry A1 - Kulzer, André Casal T1 - Simulation of Spark-Ignited Engines with Water Injection using the Stochastic Reactor Model, 37th International Symposium on Combustion Y1 - 2018 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328265636 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Agbro, Edirin A1 - Tomlin, Alison S. A1 - Zhang, Wankang A1 - Burluka, Alexey A1 - Mauß, Fabian A1 - Alfazazi, Adamu A1 - Sarathy, S. Mani T1 - Chemical Kinetic Modeling Study on the Influence of n-Butanol Blending on the Combustion, Autoignition, and Knock Properties of Gasoline and Its Surrogate in a Spark-Ignition Engine T2 - American Chemical Society N2 - The ability of a mechanism describing the oxidation kinetics of toluene reference fuel (TRF)/n-butanol mixtures to predict the impact of n-butanol blending at 20% by volume on the autoignition and knock properties of gasoline has been investigated under conditions of a strongly supercharged spark-ignition (SI) engine. Simulations were performed using the LOGEengine code for stoichiometric fuel/air mixtures at intake temperature and pressure conditions of 320 K and 1.6 bar, respectively, for a range of spark timings. At the later spark timing of 6° crank angle (CA) before top dead center (BTDC), the predicted knock onsets for a gasoline surrogate (TRF) and the TRF/n-butanol blend are higher compared to the measurements, which is consistent with an earlier study of ignition delay times predicted in a rapid compression machine (RCM; Agbro, E.; Tomlin, A. S.; Lawes, M.; Park, S.; Sarathy, S. M. The influence of n … KW - The ability of a mechanism describing the oxidation kinetics Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b00962 SN - 1520-5029 SN - 0887-0624 VL - 32 IS - 10 SP - 10065 EP - 10077 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Shrestha, Krishna Prasad A1 - Seidel, Lars A1 - Zeuch, Thomas A1 - Mauß, Fabian T1 - Detailed Kinetic Mechanism for the Oxidation of Ammonia Including the Formation and Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides T2 - Energy & Fuels N2 - This work introduces a newly developed reaction mechanism for the oxidation of ammonia in freely propagating and burner-stabilized premixed flames as well as shock-tube, jet-stirred reactor, and plug-flow reactor experiments. The paper mainly focuses on pure ammonia and ammonia–hydrogen fuel blends. The reaction mechanism also considers the formation of nitrogen oxides as well as the reduction of nitrogen oxides depending upon the conditions of the surrounding gas phase. Doping of the fuel blend with NO2 can result in acceleration of H2 autoignition via the reaction NO2 + HO2 ⇋ HONO + O2, followed by the thermal decomposition of HONO, or deceleration of H2 oxidation via NO2 + OH ⇋ NO + HO2. The concentration of HO2 is decisive for the active reaction pathway. The formation of NO in burner-stabilized premixed flames is shown to demonstrate the capability of the mechanism to be integrated … KW - Energy & Fuels Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b01056 SN - 1520-5029 SN - 0887-0624 VL - 32 IS - 10 SP - 10202 EP - 10217 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Netzer, Corinna A1 - Seidel, Lars A1 - Pasternak, Michal A1 - Lehtiniemi, Harry A1 - Perlman, Cathleen A1 - Ravet, Frédéric A1 - Mauß, Fabian T1 - Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics engine knock prediction and evaluation based on detailed chemistry and detonation theory T2 - International Journal of Engine Research N2 - Engine knock is an important phenomenon that needs consideration in the development of gasoline-fueled engines. In our days, this development is supported using numerical simulation tools to further understand and predict in-cylinder processes. In this work, a model tool chain which uses a detailed chemical reaction scheme is proposed to predict the auto-ignition behavior of fuels with different octane ratings and to evaluate the transition from harmless auto-ignitive deflagration to knocking combustion. In our method, the auto-ignition characteristics and the emissions are calculated using a gasoline surrogate reaction scheme containing pathways for oxidation of ethanol, toluene, n-heptane, iso-octane and their mixtures. The combustion is predicted using a combination of the G-equation based flame propagation model utilizing tabulated laminar flame speeds and well-stirred reactors in the burned and … KW - Engine knock is an important phenomenon Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087417740271 SN - 1468-0874 SN - 2041-3149 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - 33 EP - 44 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Moshammer, Kai A1 - Seidel, Lars A1 - Wang, Yu A1 - Selim, Hatem A1 - Sarathy, S. Mani A1 - Mauß, Fabian A1 - Hansen, Nils T1 - Aromatic ring formation in opposed-flow diffusive 1, 3-butadiene flames T2 - Proceedings of the Combustion Institute N2 - This paper is concerned with the formation of one-and two-ring aromatic species in near atmospheric-pressure opposed-flow diffusion flames of 1, 3-butadiene (1, 3-C 4 H 6). The chemical structures of two different 1, 3-C 4 H 6/Ar–O 2/Ar flames were explored using flame-sampling molecular-beam mass spectrometry with both electron and single-photon ionization. We provide mole fraction profiles of 47 components as function of distance from the fuel outlet and compare them to chemically detailed modeling results. To this end, the hierarchically developed model described by Seidel et al.[16] has been updated to accurately comprise the chemistry of 1, 3-butadiene. Generally a very good agreement is observed between the experimental and modeling data, allowing for a meaningful reaction path analysis. With regard to the formation of aromatic species up to naphthalene, it was essential to improve the fulvene … KW - formation of one-and two-ring aromatic species Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2016.09.010 SN - 1540-7489 VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 947 EP - 955 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Shrestha, Krishna Prasad A1 - Seidel, Lars A1 - Mauß, Fabian A1 - Zeuch, Thomas ED - Bockhorn, Henning ED - Scala, F. ED - Commodo, M. ED - Tregrossi, A. T1 - Development of a kinetic mechanism for NOx fuel interaction T2 - Proceedings, Joint Meeting of the German and Italian Sections of the Combustion Institute, 41st Meeting on Combustion, Sorrento, May 2018 N2 - This work introduces a newly developed reaction mechanism to predict fuel/NOx interaction in freely propagating, burner stabilized premixed flames, shock tubes, jet stirred reactors and plug flow reactors experiments. The study focuses on pure ammonia as fuel as well as H₂,H₂/CO, CH₄ doped with NO, NO₂ and N₂O. The kinetic scheme also focuses on the formation and consumption of nitrogen oxides at different experimental conditions. It is found that the doping with N₂O has almost no sensitivity on the H₂ chemistry, while small amount of NO₂ is enough to change the pressure dependence of H₂ auto ignition. The experiments with N₂O still show the significant influence of the chain breaking reaction H+O₂(+M)⇋HO₂(+M) on the H₂ ignition delay times, resulting in the crossing lines for the ignition delay times, which are moved at higher pressure to higher temperature. The concentration of HO₂ is decisive for the active reaction pathway in shock tube oxidation as well as in jet stirred and flow reactor. Reaction NO+HO₂⇋NO₂+OH and NO₂+H⇋NO+OH are very important because they strongly influence the inter conversion process of NO and NO₂ in jet stirred reactor and flow reactor for cases studied herein. The formation of NO in burner stabilized premixed flames is shown to demonstrate the capability of the mechanism to be integrated into mechanisms for hydrocarbon oxidation. KW - Development of a Kinetic Y1 - 2018 UR - http://www.combustion-institute.it/proceedings/XXXXI-ASICI/proceedings2018.pdf SN - 978-88-88104-22-5 PB - Associazione Sezione Italiana del Combustion Institute CY - Napoli ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Netzer, Corinna A1 - Seidel, Lars A1 - Lehtiniemi, Harry A1 - Ravet, Frédéric A1 - Mauß, Fabian T1 - Impact of gasoline surrogates with different fuel sensitivity (RON-MON) on knock prediction T2 - Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Computational Mechanics (Solids, Structures and Coupled Problems) ECCM 6 and 7th European Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics ECFD 7, Glasgow, Scotland, UK June 11 – 15, 2018 KW - Impact of gasoline surrogates Y1 - 2018 UR - http://www.eccm-ecfd2018.org/frontal/docs/Ebook-Glasgow-2018-ECCM-VI-ECFD-VII.pdf SP - 906 EP - 917 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Franken, Tim A1 - Duggan, Alexander A1 - Tao, Feng A1 - Matrisciano, Andrea A1 - Lehtiniemi, Harry A1 - Borg, Anders A1 - Mauß, Fabian T1 - Multi-Objective Optimization of Fuel Consumption and NOx Emissions of a heavy-duty Diesel engine using a Stochastic Reactor Model T2 - SAE technical paper N2 - Highly fuel-efficient Diesel engines, combined with effective exhaust aftertreatment systems, enable an economic and low-emission operation of heavy-duty vehicles. The challenge of its development arises from the present engine complexity, which is expected to increase even more in the future. The approved method of test bench measurements is stretched to its limits, because of the high demand for large parameter variations. The introduction of a physics-based quasi-dimensional stochastic reactor model combined with tabulated chemistry enables the simulation-supported development of these Diesel engines. The stochastic reactor model mimics mixture and temperature inhomogeneities induced by turbulence, direct injection and heat transfer. Thus, it is possible to improve the prediction of NOx emissions compared to common mean-value models. To reduce the number of designs to be evaluated during … KW - Highly fuel-efficient Diesel engines Y1 - 2019 SN - 0096-5170 SN - 0148-7191 IS - 2019-01-1173 ER -