TY - CHAP A1 - Lurz, Fabian A1 - Mueller, Simon A1 - Lindner, Stefan A1 - Linz, Sarah A1 - Gardill, Markus A1 - Weigel, Robert A1 - Kölpin, Alexander T1 - Smart Communication and Relative Localization System for Firefighters and Rescuers T2 - IEEE International Microwave Symposium, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-1-5090-6360-4 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/MWSYM.2017.8058885 SP - 1421 EP - 1424 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway, NJ ER - TY - GEN A1 - Fuchs, Jonas A1 - Gardill, Markus A1 - Lübke, Maximilian A1 - Dubey, Anand A1 - Lurz, Fabian T1 - A machine learning perspective on automotive radar direction of arrival estimation T2 - IEEE Access Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3141587 SN - 2169-3536 VL - Vol. 10 SP - 6775 EP - 6797 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Werner, Lennart A1 - Liman, Cedric A1 - Gardill, Markus T1 - High-Fidelity Simulation of a Pico Satellite Link T2 - IEEE Space Hardware and Radio Conference (SHaRC) 2022, January 16-19, 2022, Las Vegas (USA) Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-1-6654-3475-1 SN - 978-1-6654-3474-4 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/SHaRC53093.2022.9720016 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Petermann, Timon A1 - Clazzer, Federico A1 - Munari, Andrea A1 - Gardill, Markus T1 - Internet of Things via Satellite: A Multiple-Access Performance Study of LoRa and its Enhancements T2 - 11th advanced satellite multimedia systems conference and the 17th signal processing for space communications workshop (ASMS/SPSC), September 6-8, 2022, Graz (Austria) Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-1-6654-7377-4 SN - 978-1-6654-7378-1 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/ASMS/SPSC55670.2022.9914689 SN - 2326-5949 SN - 2329-7093 SP - 1 EP - 8 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Gardill, Markus A1 - Piasecki, Marie A1 - Jackson, Charlie T1 - SHaRC 2023 T2 - IEEE Microwave Magazine Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/MMM.2022.3203920 SN - 1557-9581 SN - 1527-3342 VL - 23 IS - 12 SP - 31 EP - 34 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Gardill, Markus T1 - Radio & Wireless Week 2023: The Cornerstone of Wireless Connectivity T2 - IEEE Microwave Magazine Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/MMM.2022.3203952 SN - 1557-9581 SN - 1527-3342 VL - 23 IS - 12 SP - 24 EP - 25 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Gardill, Markus A1 - Maune, Holger T1 - Moving Toward an MTT-S Payload in Space: Progress and Status of the MTT-Sat Challenge T2 - IEEE Microwave Magazine Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/MMM.2022.3188125 SN - 1557-9581 SN - 1527-3342 VL - 23 IS - 10 SP - 59 EP - 67 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Garbe, Daniel A1 - Dietl, Guido A1 - Gardill, Markus A1 - Schilling, Klaus T1 - Minimising Communication Efforts in Self-Organised Relative Attitude Control for Formation Flight Scenarios Using Direction of Arrival Methods T2 - IAF Space Communications And Navigation Symposium - Advances In Space-Based Communication Technologies, Paris (France), 2022 Y1 - 2022 UR - https://www.iafastro.org/assets/files/events/iac/2022/programmes/part-3-iac2022-fp-technical-programme-web.pdf SP - 105 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Adler, Antonius A1 - Heise, F. A1 - Garbe, Daniel A1 - Schilling, Klaus A1 - Gardill, Markus T1 - Relative Attitude Estimation via Radio Frequency Links - Feasibility Study Based on High-Fidelity Co-Simulation T2 - IAF Space Communications And Navigation Symposium - Advances In Space-Based Communication Technologies, Paris (France), 2022 Y1 - 2022 UR - https://www.iafastro.org/assets/files/events/iac/2022/programmes/part-3-iac2022-fp-technical-programme-web.pdf SP - 107 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Gardill, Markus T1 - TC-27 Connected and Autonomous Systems Committee—Connected and Autonomous Systems: Jointly Moving Toward the Future—2022 T2 - IEEE Microwave Magazine Y1 - 2022 UR - https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=9910224 SN - 1557-9581 SN - 1527-3342 VL - 23 IS - 11 SP - 130 EP - 131 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Gardill, Markus A1 - Pearson, Dominik A1 - Scharnagl, Julian A1 - Schilling, Klaus T1 - Towards Wireless Ranging and Synchronization using CubeSat Software-Defined Radio Subsystems T2 - IEEE Space Hardware and Radio Conference, Las Vegas (NV, USA), 2023 Y1 - 2022 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365943129_Towards_Wireless_Ranging_and_Synchronization_using_CubeSat_Software-Defined_Radio_Subsystems U6 - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2212.00355 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Gardill, Markus A1 - Tandon, Tushar T1 - A Radar Kit for Hands-On Distance-Learning T2 - European Microwave Week 2021, Focussed Session on on Teaching Methods for Microwave Engineering, April 2-7, 2022, London (UK) Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-2-87487-063-7 U6 - https://doi.org/10.23919/EuMC50147.2022.10050230 SP - 13 EP - 16 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway, NJ ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kahlert, Moritz A1 - Fei, Tai A1 - Tebruegge, Claas A1 - Gardill, Markus T1 - An Improved Stepped-Frequency PMCW Waveform for Automotive Radar Applications T2 - IEEE 15th German Microwave Conference (GeMiC), 11-13 March 2024, Duisburg, Germany N2 - In phase-modulated continuous wave (PMCW) radar systems, fine range resolution typically requires high instantaneous bandwidths, necessitating fast-sampling analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). However, these ADCs are expensive and power-consuming. Consequently, due to their affordable hardware implementation, today's automotive radar systems still mainly employ analog frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) waveforms. A larger bandwidth without requiring fast-sampling ADCs can also be synthesized by transmitting consecutive pulses in a coherent processing interval (CPI) at incremented carrier frequencies. To enable PMCW with low-data-rate ADCs, this paper proposes an improved stepped-frequency PMCW (SF-PMCW) waveform and evaluates its performance against a stepped-frequency FMCW (SF-FMCW) radar system in a simulated environment. The results indicate that the proposed SF- PMCW waveform can yield superior target detection capabilities with comparable system parameters. Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.23919/GeMiC59120.2024.10485360 SN - 2167-8022 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kahlert, Moritz A1 - Fei, Tai A1 - Wilden, Norwin A1 - Tebruegge, Claas A1 - Gardill, Markus T1 - MLS-based Transmitter Orthogonality Analysis in MIMO-PMCW Automotive Radar Systems T2 - IEEE 13rd Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop (SAM), 08-11 July 2024, Corvallis, OR, USA N2 - Precise angular measurements are essential for au-tomated driving functions, and the antenna aperture and the number of antennas in a radar system determine the angle measuring ability. Recently, phase-modulated continuous wave (PMCW) technology has been integrated into multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems, enabling a larger antenna aperture by multiplexing multiple transmitter antennas simul-taneously. In this work, we evaluate the performance of a large-scale MIMO-PMCW radar system in simulated scenarios using the peak-sidelobe level (PSL) after range-Doppler processing as a performance metric. The results show that the sequence length and the relative velocity in radar systems strongly influence the detection performance. Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/SAM60225.2024.10636563 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kahlert, Moritz A1 - Fei, Tai A1 - Tebruegge, Claas A1 - Gardill, Markus T1 - Range Migration Compensation for a PMCW Automotive Radar System T2 - 21st European Radar Conference (EuRAD), 04 November 2024, Paris, France N2 - Fine range and Doppler resolutions are desirable in automotive radar systems to estimate target properties accurately. However, targets detected by radar systems can suffer from range migration, which is caused by the relative movement of targets during the coherent processing interval (CPI). Range migration results in energy dispersion across multiple cells in the range-Doppler domain. This dispersion leads to a reduced signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and an increased risk of masking weak targets in adjacent cells. To address this issue, we present a range migration compensation method for phase-modulated continuous wave (PMCW) radar systems. The feasibility is investigated in a simulated environment. The results show that the approach focuses target energy into a single range-Doppler cell, resulting in an increased SNR and improved target detection. Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.23919/EuRAD61604.2024.10734955 SP - 196 EP - 199 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kahlert, Moritz A1 - Fei, Tai A1 - Tebruegge, Claas A1 - Gardill, Markus T1 - Stepped-frequency PMCW-radar modulation scheme for automotive applications T2 - IEEE Topical Conference on Wireless Sensors and Sensor Networks (WiSNet), 21-24 January 2024, San Antonio, TX, USA N2 - For digital modulation schemes like phase-modulated continuous wave (PMCW) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), the baseband bandwidth equals the radio frequency bandwidth. High bandwidth is necessary for achieving fine-range resolution. While high sampling rates require expensive analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) at the receiver, low-cost radar solutions are preferred for automotive radar systems. In prior research, a stepped-frequency OFDM modulation scheme was proposed to achieve fine-range resolution while reducing the sampling rates of the ADCs. Motivated by this, we propose a stepped-frequency PMCW modulation scheme to obtain highly separable range-Doppler measurements at reduced sampling rates. For this purpose, the carrier frequency of successively transmitted sequences is varied, resulting in a range-dependent frequency shift along the slow-time domain. The modulation scheme is presented analytically, and its feasibility is investigated in a simulated environment. Y1 - 2024 SN - 979-8-3503-2982-7 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/WiSNeT59910.2024.10438643 SN - 2473-4624 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Fei, Tai A1 - Mukhopadhyay, Subhas A1 - Da Costa, João Paulo Javidi A1 - Gardill, Markus A1 - Liu, Shengheng A1 - Roychaudhuri, Chirasree A1 - Lan, Lan A1 - Demitri, Nevine T1 - Guest editorial special issue on smartness and robustness of spatial environment perception in automated systems T2 - IEEE Sensors Journal N2 - As the curtains close on this special issue dedicated to advanced sensor research, we reflect on the critical role sensor technology plays in the future of automation. Throughout this issue, we have explored significant advancements and ongoing challenges in developing intelligent, resilient automated systems. A key theme is the vital need for smarter, more robust sensing systems. Modern sensors, now more adaptable, adjust their operations based on external changes, crucial for maximizing automation in varied real-world situations. Efforts to enhance sensor robustness have produced improvements in performance in extreme conditions, cybersecurity, cost-effective solutions, and flexible system requirements while preserving performance. The addition of self-monitoring and calibration features allows for continuous refinement of sensor accuracy and rapid problem detection, boosting system reliability. The capacity for seamlessly integrating alternative technologies when specific sensors fail further strengthens system resilience. This issue includes 33 manuscripts selected from 65 submissions, exploring these diverse aspects. Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3409137 SN - 1558-1748 VL - 24 IS - 14 SP - 21800 EP - 21800 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kahlert, Moritz A1 - Xu, Lifan A1 - Fei, Tai A1 - Gardill, Markus A1 - Sun, Shunqiao T1 - High-resolution DOA estimation using single-snapshot music for automotive radar with Mixed-ADC allocations T2 - IEEE 13rd Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop (SAM), 08-11July 2024, Corvallis, OR, USA N2 - Fine direction of arrival (DOA) estimations are required for accurate target detections in automotive radar systems. To address this issue, most spectral estimation methods assume many snapshots of measurements. However, due to the dynamic nature of automotive scenarios, methods using multiple snapshots are impractical for DOA estimation in automotive radars. Furthermore, to relax the hardware requirements on modern automotive radar systems, mixed-analog-to-digital converter (ADC) allocations, i.e., the coexistence of 1-bit and high-resolution ADCs, have gained more attention recently. In this work, we introduce a high-resolution DOA estimation approach based on single-snapshot multiple signal classification (MUSIC) estimation and evaluate the performance with various ADC allocations. The results show that mixed-ADC allocations can perform comparably to high-resolution ADC allocations. Y1 - 2024 SN - 979-8-3503-4481-3 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/SAM60225.2024.10636418 SN - 2151-870X ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kahlert, Moritz A1 - Fei, Tai A1 - Tebruegge, Claas A1 - Gardill, Markus T1 - Doppler Ambiguity Resolution for a PMCW Automotive Radar System T2 - 20th European Radar Conference (EuRAD), 20-22 September 2023, Berlin (Germany) Y1 - 2023 SN - 978-2-87487-074-3 SN - 979-8-3503-2246-0 U6 - https://doi.org/10.23919/EuRAD58043.2023.10289445 SP - 73 EP - 76 PB - IEEE ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kahlert, Moritz A1 - Fei, Tai A1 - Hirner, Junus A1 - Tebruegge, Claas A1 - Gardill, Markus T1 - Multi-Target Doppler Ambiguity Identification for a PMCW Automotive Radar System T2 - 31st European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), 04-08 September 2023, Helsinki (Finland) Y1 - 2023 SN - 978-9-4645-9360-0 SN - 979-8-3503-2811-0 U6 - https://doi.org/10.23919/EUSIPCO58844.2023.10290009 SN - 2076-1465 SN - 2219-5491 SP - 795 EP - 799 PB - IEEE ER - TY - GEN A1 - Pan, Mengguan A1 - Liu, Shengheng A1 - Liu, Peng A1 - Qi, Wangdong A1 - Huang, Yongming A1 - Zheng, Wang A1 - Wu, Qihui A1 - Gardill, Markus T1 - In Situ Calibration of Antenna Arrays for Positioning With 5G Networks T2 - IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2023.3256532 SN - 0018-9480 SN - 1557-9670 VL - 71 IS - 10 SP - 4600 EP - 4613 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Gardill, Markus A1 - Pearson, Dominik A1 - Scharnagl, Julian A1 - Schilling, Klaus T1 - Towards Wireless Ranging and Synchronization Using CubeSat Software-Defined Radio Subsystems T2 - IEEE Space Hardware and Radio Conference, 22-25 January 2023, Las Vegas (NV, USA) Y1 - 2023 SN - 978-1-6654-9315-4 SN - 978-1-6654-9316-1 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/SHaRC56958.2023.10046143 SP - 16 EP - 19 PB - IEEE ER - TY - GEN A1 - Pearson, Dominik A1 - Scharnagl, Julian A1 - Schilling, Klaus A1 - Gardill, Markus T1 - Inter-Satellite Phase and Frequency Synchronization for Software-Defined CubeSat Radio Subsystems T2 - 2023 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium : IMS : 11-16 June 2023, San Diego, California, USA Y1 - 2023 SN - 979-8-3503-4764-7 SN - 979-8-3503-4765-4 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/IMS37964.2023.10188146 SN - 2576-7216 SN - 0149-645X SP - 287 EP - 290 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway, NJ ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schmidt, Marco A1 - Gardill, Markus A1 - Dietl, Guido T1 - Development of a new communication payload for the educational small satellite project UWE T2 - IAC 2023 congress proceedings, 74th International Astronautical Congress (IAC), October 2-6, 2023, Baku, Azerbaijan Y1 - 2023 UR - https://iafastro.directory/iac/paper/id/77343/summary/ ER - TY - GEN A1 - Alimov, Artem A1 - Härtel, Sebastian A1 - Buhl, Johannes A1 - Gardill, Markus A1 - Knaack, Marcus T1 - Erfassung von Pressen­ver­formungen mit Radarsensoren T2 - wt Werkstattstechnik Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2023-10-47 SN - 1436-4980 SN - 1436-5006 VL - 113 IS - 10 SP - 425 EP - 431 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Gardill, Markus A1 - Valenta, Václav A1 - Prasad, Srinivas A1 - Quevedo-Teruel, Oscar A1 - Ettorre, Mauro A1 - Sauleau, Ronan T1 - MTT-S Technical Committee Report: TC-29 on Aerospace Microwave Systems [MGA News] T2 - IEEE Microwave Magazine N2 - Provides society information that may include news, reviews or technical notes that should be of interest to practitioners and researchers. Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/MMM.2024.3522144 SN - 1527-3342 SN - 1557-9581 VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - 95 EP - 99 PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kahlert, Moritz A1 - Pan, Jinwen A1 - Fei, Tai A1 - Tebruegge, Claas A1 - Gardill, Markus T1 - A Modular Ray Tracing-Based Framework for Automotive Radar Waveform Evaluation T2 - IEEE Topical Conference on Wireless Sensors and Sensor Networks (WiSNeT), 19-22 January 2025, San Juan, PR, USA N2 - Frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) is the dominant waveform scheme in modern automotive radar systems used in advanced driver assistance systems (ADASs). Nevertheless, the digital modulation scheme phase-modulated continuous wave (PMCW) has recently attracted considerable interest due to advantages such as high maximum unambiguous velocities. However, there remains a need for more thorough performance assessments comparing these waveforms in dynamic automotive scenarios. This work presents a flexible framework comprising a ray-tracing simulator and radar models for efficient automotive scenario generation and radar simulation. Using this framework, the performance of FMCW and PMCW radar systems is assessed in a typical automotive scenario. The evaluation demonstrates that the PMCW radar system exhibits superior performance in terms of target detectability in the given scenario. Y1 - 2025 SN - 979-8-3315-0733-6 SN - 979-8-3315-0732-9 SN - 979-8-3315-0734-3 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/WiSNeT63956.2025.10905020 SN - 2473-4624 SN - 2330-7900 SP - 24 EP - 27 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Stöckl, Florian A1 - Müller, Silvan A1 - Strand, Marcus A1 - Gardill, Markus T1 - Design and evaluation of a low-cost mount for attaching a laser tracker’s SMR to a robot flange T2 - Sensors N2 - Robot calibration and modelling measurements are commonly performed using a laser tracker. To capture three-dimensional positions, a SMR is attached to the robot. While some researchers employ adhesive bonds for this purpose, such methods often result in inaccurate, unstable and non-repeatable SMR positioning, adversely affecting measurement precision and the traceability of research outcomes. To address these challenges, we investigated alternative methods for attaching an SMR to a robot’s flange to achieve both accuracy and repeatability. Additionally, we analysed measurement errors introduced when using a tool to attach the SMR to the flange. As a solution, we developed a 3D-printed mount designed for attachment to the flange. The mount’s accuracy was evaluated by assessing its eccentricity and the repeatability of the SMR placement. Experimental results demonstrated that the mount achieved an eccentricity radius of 0.35 mm and repeatability inaccuracies of 𝑋=0.075mm, 𝑌=0.328mm, and 𝑍=0.485mm. These values indicate that the mount provides sufficient accuracy to support calibration processes, ensures research traceability, and serves as a viable replacement for adhesive bonds. Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/s25010184 VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 18 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Liu, Shengheng A1 - Mao, Zihuan A1 - Liu, Yiran A1 - Fei, Tai A1 - Gardill, Markus A1 - Huang, Yongming T1 - TRANM: Decoherenced DoA Estimation for Automotive Radar Using Generalized Sparse Arrays T2 - Signal Processing N2 - This paper tackles the challenge of coherent single-snapshot direction-of-arrival estimation in automotive linear frequency modulated continuous wave (LFMCW) radar using a generalized sparse array. By leveraging atomic-norm minimization (ANM)-based interpolation and Toeplitz rearrangement, a TRANM framework is proposed to address the rank-deficiency issue in the range-Doppler domain. To further enhance computational efficiency, we re-formulate the TRANM problem into an equivalent optimization with reduced dimensionality. The problem is then solved using the alternating direction method of multipliers, which provides an optimal solution via an iterative process. Numerical simulations validate that the proposed approach can accurately resolve coherent signals with improved degrees of freedom and achieve super-resolution, all while maintaining a low computational cost. Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2025.109895 VL - 231 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kahlert, Moritz A1 - Fei, Tai A1 - Tebruegge, Claas A1 - Gardill, Markus T1 - Stepped-frequency PMCW waveforms for automotive radar applications T2 - IEEE Transactions on Radar Systems N2 - Digitally modulated radar systems, such as phase-modulated continuous-wave (PMCW), often struggle with high bandwidth demands for fine-range resolutions, posing challenges for cost-effective automotive applications. To address this issue, we propose an stepped-frequency PMCW (SF-PMCW) radar waveform in which the instantaneous bandwidth of a single pulse is extensively reduced while the range resolution is beyond the theoretical limit imposed by the instantaneous bandwidth. The proposed waveform spans a synthetic bandwidth across multiple pulses, achieving range estimates comparable to those typically achieved with higher instantaneous bandwidths. Simultaneously, the requirements for analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are relaxed. Simulations have been performed to demonstrate the performance. The results indicate that the proposed SF-PMCW waveform with an instantaneous bandwidth of 100 MHz can achieve range estimates as good as a PMCW waveform with an instantaneous bandwidth of 1 GHz. Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/TRS.2025.3528773 SN - 2832-7357 VL - 3 SP - 233 EP - 245 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kahlert, Moritz A1 - Fei, Tai A1 - Wang, Yuming A1 - Tebruegge, Claas A1 - Gardill, Markus ED - Koukiou, Georgia T1 - Unified model and survey on modulation schemes for next-generation automotive radar systems T2 - Remote sensing N2 - Commercial automotive radar systems for advanced driver assistance systems (ADASs) have relied on frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) waveforms for years due to their low-cost hardware, simple signal processing, and established academic and industrial expertise. However, FMCW systems face several challenges, including limited unambiguous velocity, restricted multiplexing of transmit signals, and susceptibility to interference. This work introduces a unified automotive radar signal model and reviews the alternative modulation schemes such as phase-coded frequency-modulated continuous wave (PC-FMCW), phase-modulated continuous wave (PMCW), orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), orthogonal chirp division multiplexing (OCDM), and orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS). These schemes are assessed against key technological and economic criteria and compared with FMCW, highlighting their respective strengths and limitations. KW - Automotive radar KW - Frequency-modulated continuous wave KW - Orthogonal chirp-division multiplexing KW - Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing KW - Orthogonal time frequency space KW - Phase-coded frequency-modulated continuous wave KW - Phase-modulated continuous wave Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17081355 SN - 2072-4292 VL - 17 IS - 8 SP - 1 EP - 43 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jiang, Yuyao A1 - Knaack, Marcus A1 - Martin, Clas Aljoscha A1 - Tost, Frank A1 - Alimov, Artem A1 - Härtel, Sebastian A1 - Gardill, Markus T1 - A 120 GHz industrial radar sensor network for condition monitoring of a forging process T2 - IEEE sensors journal N2 - Current trends in forging technology emphasize increased automation and a rising demand for high-precision components. Among the key factors influencing the forging quality are process parameters, which also serve as indispensable inputs for data-driven modeling. This necessitates the establishment of a stable and robust sensor network to enable high-quality process monitoring. This study investigates the implementation of a heterogeneous sensor network within an energy-bound forging press, integrating industrial 120 GHz radar sensors for comprehensive data collection. A complete radar signal processing chain is developed, encompassing signal acquisition, pre-processing, and state estimation of the press ram. The validation against conventional reference sensors confirms the reliability and accuracy of the radar-based measurements. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the radar employment in the complex forging environment. KW - Sensor network KW - FMCW radar KW - Kalman filter KW - Process parameter KW - Condition monitoring KW - Hot forging Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3636060 SN - 1558-1748 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway, NJ ER -