TY - GEN A1 - Alsabbagh, Wael A1 - Langendörfer, Peter T1 - Security of Programmable Logic Controllers and Related Systems: Today and Tomorrow T2 - IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society N2 - Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are indispensable in critical infrastructures and industrial control systems. The increasing demand for enhanced cost-effectiveness and production efficiency has driven automation manufacturers to integrate PLC-based applications and systems with external networks, such as Internet. Unfortunately, this connectivity has exposed systems to potential malicious attacks from motivated adversaries. Addressing this pressing issue necessitates a comprehensive summary of ongoing research related to PLCs and their related systems. This summary should classify these systems based on disclosed vulnerabilities, potential threats, and proposed security solutions, catering to both scientists and industrial engineers. While several recent surveys have reviewed and discussed PLC security and related topics, they often fell short of covering all essential aspects comprehensively. Furthermore, prior surveys tended to focus on analyzing vulnerabilities at the system level, overlooking the vulnerabilities specific to PLCs themselves. Consequently, their findings failed to effectively secure current operational systems or propose improved solutions for future PLC designs. In this article, we bridge this research gap by providing a detailed review of all aspects concerning the security of PLCs and related systems. This includes vulnerabilities, potential attacks, and security solutions including digital forensics. We aim to offer a precise analysis, addressing the shortcomings of previous studies. Finally, we conclude this article by presenting our recommendations tailored for PLC manufacturers, researchers, and engineers. We hope that these recommendations will contribute to the development of more secure PLCs in the future. KW - Digital forensics KW - Programmable logic devices KW - Cyberattacks KW - Cybersecurity KW - Microprogramming Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2023.3335976 SN - 2644-1284 IS - 4 SP - 659 EP - 693 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Haddadi Esfahani, Ali A1 - Maye, Oliver A1 - Frohberg, Max A1 - Speh, Maria A1 - Jöbges, Michael A1 - Langendörfer, Peter T1 - Machine Learning based Real Time Detection of Freezing of Gait of Parkinson Patients Running on a Body Worn Device T2 - IEEE/ACM international conference on Connected Health: Applications, Systems and Engineering Technologies (CHASE 2023), 181 (2023) N2 - For those who have Parkinson's disease, one of the most incapacitating symptoms is Freezing of Gait (FOG). Gait impairment and disruptions limit everyday activities and reduce quality of daily life along with the increase in the risk of falling [1]. Thanks to recent advancement in embedded electronics and sensors as well as their adaptation in the wearable device market, low power devices are becoming more and more capable running neural networks. This enables researchers to implement complex models on wearable devices that capture and analyze sensor data to detect FOGin real-time. KW - Parkinson's disease KW - Wearable computers KW - Neural networks KW - Machine learning KW - Real-time systems Y1 - 2023 SN - 979-8-4007-0102-3 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1145/3580252.3589423 SN - 2832-2975 SP - 181 EP - 182 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Alsabbagh, Wael A1 - Kim, Chaerin A1 - Langendörfer, Peter T1 - No Attacks Are Available: Securing the OpenPLC and Related Systems T2 - 8th GI/ACM Workshop on Industrial Automation and Control Systems (IACS WS 2023), 2085 (2023) N2 - The use of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) expands in industrial domains, which makes ensuring the security of Industrial Control Systems (ICSs) become paramount. The OpenPLC project, the first open-source initiative, provides flexible and cost-effective PLC solutions to build up affordable test-beds, as well as conduct experiments and academic researches. This project has wildly grown in the last few years, thus it is essential to address the most emerging security challenges it encounters. This paper introduces a new OpenPLC architecture, called OpenPLC Aqua, provided with a set of security solutions designed specifically to overcome the vulnerabilities that the current OpenPLC versions are prone to. The new OpenPLC architecture includes four security features: 1) user credentials encryption, securing the Webserver, Whitelisting and secure SSL/TLS communication channel. The OpenPLC Aqua software was tested against several attack scenarios, that were feasible against the old OpenPLC versions. Our experimental results showed our enhanced OpenPLC software is secure and resistant against several attack scenarios e.g., authentication, injection, Man-in-the-Middle and replay attacks. The OpenPLC Aqua is publicly available and a proof of concept demo is also published with this paper. KW - OpenPLC KW - Seucrity Solutions KW - Industrial Control Systems KW - Mitigation Solutions Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.24570.47043 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lehniger, Kai A1 - Langendörfer, Peter T1 - Window Canaries: Re-Thinking Stack Canaries for Architectures With Register Windows T2 - IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing N2 - his paper presents Window Canaries, a novel approach to Stack Canaries for architectures with a register window that protects return addresses and stack pointers without the need of adding additional instruction to each potentially vulnerable function. Instead, placement and check of the canary word is moved to window exception handlers that are responsible to handle register window overflows and underflows. The approach offers low performance overhead while guaranteeing that return addresses are protected by stack buffer overflows without relying on a heuristic that decides which functions to instrument. The contributions of this paper are a complete implementation of the approach for the Xtensa LX architecture with register window option as well as a performance evaluation and discussion of advantages and drawbacks. KW - Buffer overflows KW - Computer architecture KW - stack canaries KW - Xtensa architecture Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/TDSC.2022.3230748 SN - 1941-0018 SN - 1545-5971 VL - 20 IS - 6 SP - 4637 EP - 4647 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Langendörfer, Peter A1 - Kornemann, Stephan A1 - Alsabbagh, Wael A1 - Hermann, Erik T1 - Information Security: The Cornerstone for Surviving the Digital Wild T2 - The Future of Smart Production for SMEs: A Methodological and Practical Approach Towards Digitalization in SMEs N2 - In this chapter we are discussing the very basics in the sense of how to prepare your company with respect to security. The essential issues are a proper information security governance framework that takes into account the managerial and organizational issues as well as proper technical means. For the latter we introduce network separation as this is one of the prime means to protect your production network from network based attacks. Y1 - 2023 SN - 978-3-031-15428-7 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15428-7_29 SP - 335 EP - 341 PB - Springer International Publishing CY - Cham ER - TY - GEN A1 - Assafo, Maryam A1 - Lautsch, Martin A1 - Suawa, Priscile Fogou A1 - Jongmanns, Marcel A1 - Hübner, Michael A1 - Reichenbach, Marc A1 - Brockmann, Carsten A1 - Reinhardt, Denis A1 - Langendörfer, Peter T1 - The ForTune Toolbox: Building Solutions for Condition-Based and Predictive Maintenance Focusing on Retrofitting Y1 - 2023 SN - 978-3-8007-6204-0 SN - 978-3-8007-6203-3 N1 - Poster, Tagungsband MikroSystemTechnik Kongress 2023, Dresden, 23. - 25. Oktober 2023 SP - S. 541 PB - VDE Verlag CY - Berlin ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sigourou, Alkistis A1 - Kabin, Ievgen A1 - Langendörfer, Peter A1 - Sklavos, Nicolas A1 - Dyka, Zoya T1 - Successful Simple Side Channel Analysis: Vulnerability of an Atomic Pattern kP Algorithm Implemented with a Constant Time Crypto Library to Simple Electromagnetic Analysis Attacks T2 - 12th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing (MECO 2023), 167 (2023) Y1 - 2023 SN - 979-8-3503-2291-0 SN - 979-8-3503-2290-3 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/MECO58584.2023.10154940 SN - 2637-9511 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kabin, Ievgen A1 - Dyka, Zoya A1 - Langendörfer, Peter T1 - Randomized Addressing Countermeasures are Inefficient against Address-Bit SCA T2 - IEEE International Conference on Cyber Security and Resilience (CSR 2023), 580 (2023) Y1 - 2023 SN - 979-8-3503-1170-9 SN - 979-8-3503-1171-6 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/CSR57506.2023.10224968 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Alsabbagh, Wael A1 - Kim, Chaerin A1 - Langendörfer, Peter T1 - Good Night, and Good Luck: A Control Logic Injection Attack on OpenPLC T2 - Proc. 49th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2023), (2023) Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.32913.20321 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lehniger, Kai A1 - Langendörfer, Peter T1 - Through the Window: Exploitation and Countermeasures of the ESP32 Register Window Overflow T2 - Future Internet N2 - With the increasing popularity of IoT (Internet-of-Things) devices, their security becomes an increasingly important issue. Buffer overflow vulnerabilities have been known for decades, but are still relevant, especially for embedded devices where certain security measures cannot be implemented due to hardware restrictions or simply due to their impact on performance. Therefore, many buffer overflow detection mechanisms check for overflows only before critical data are used. All data that an attacker could use for his own purposes can be considered critical. It is, therefore, essential that all critical data are checked between writing a buffer and its usage. This paper presents a vulnerability of the ESP32 microcontroller, used in millions of IoT devices, that is based on a pointer that is not protected by classic buffer overflow detection mechanisms such as Stack Canaries or Shadow Stacks. This paper discusses the implications of vulnerability and presents mitigation techniques, including a patch, that fixes the vulnerability. The overhead of the patch is evaluated using simulation as well as an ESP32-WROVER-E development board. We showed that, in the simulation with 32 general-purpose registers, the overhead for the CoreMark benchmark ranges between 0.1% and 0.4%. On the ESP32, which uses an Xtensa LX6 core with 64 general-purpose registers, the overhead went down to below 0.01%. A worst-case scenario, modeled by a synthetic benchmark, showed overheads up to 9.68%. KW - Xtensa KW - Buffer overflow KW - return-oriented prgramming Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15060217 SN - 1999-5903 VL - 15 IS - 6 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Aftowicz, Marcin A1 - Kabin, Ievgen A1 - Dyka, Zoya A1 - Langendörfer, Peter T1 - Non-Profiled Unsupervised Horizontal Iterative Attack against Hardware Elliptic Curve Scalar Multiplication Using Machine Learning T2 - Future Internet N2 - While IoT technology makes industries, cities, and homes smarter, it also opens the door to security risks. With the right equipment and physical access to the devices, the attacker can leverage side-channel information, like timing, power consumption, or electromagnetic emanation, to compromise cryptographic operations and extract the secret key. This work presents a side channel analysis of a cryptographic hardware accelerator for the Elliptic Curve Scalar Multiplication operation, implemented in a Field-Programmable Gate Array and as an Application-Specific Integrated Circuit. The presented framework consists of initial key extraction using a state-of-the-art statistical horizontal attack and is followed by regularized Artificial Neural Networks, which take, as input, the partially incorrect key guesses from the horizontal attack and correct them iteratively. The initial correctness of the horizontal attack, measured as the fraction of correctly extracted bits of the secret key, was improved from 75% to 98% by applying the iterative learning. KW - side channel analysis KW - machine learning KW - horizontal attack KW - non-profiled attack KW - FPGA KW - ASIC Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/fi16020045 SN - 1999-5903 VL - 16 IS - 2 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Förster, Benjamin A1 - Langendörfer, Peter A1 - Hinze, Thomas T1 - Determining Distributions of Security Means for WSNs Based on the Model of a Neighborhood Watch T2 - IEEE Access Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3404816 SN - 2169-3536 VL - 12 SP - 74343 EP - 74366 PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ER - TY - GEN A1 - Aftowicz, Marcin A1 - Kabin, Ievgen A1 - Dyka, Zoya A1 - Langendörfer, Peter T1 - Advantages of unsupervised learning analysis methods in single-trace SCA attacks T2 - Microprocessors and Microsystems Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpro.2023.104994 SN - 0141-9331 VL - 105 PB - Elsevier BV ER -