TY - GEN A1 - Bär, Marcus A1 - Song, X. A1 - Caballero, R. A1 - Duarte, Roberto Felix A1 - Gerlach, Dominic A1 - Kaufmann, Christian A1 - Schock, Hans-Werner A1 - Wilks, Regan G. T1 - Na incorporation into Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cell absorbers deposited on polyimide: Impact on the chemical and electronic surface structure T2 - Journal of Applied Physics N2 - Na has deliberately been incorporated into Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (“CIGSe”) chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell absorbers deposited on Mo-coated polyimide flexible substrates by adding differently thick layers of NaF in-between CIGSe absorber and Mo back contact. The impact of Na on the chemical and electronic surface structure of CIGSe absorbers with various Cu-contents deposited at comparatively low temperature (420 °C) has been studied using x-ray photoelectron and x-ray excited Auger electron spectroscopy. We observe a higher Nasurface content for the Cu-richer CIGSe samples and can distinguish between two different chemical Na environments, best described as selenide-like and oxidized Na species, respectively. Furthermore, we find a Cu-poor surface composition of the CIGSe samples independent of Na content and — for very high Na contents — indications for the formation of a (Cu,Na)–(In,Ga)–Se like compound. With increasing Nasurface content, also a shift of the photoemission lines to lower binding energies could be identified, which we interpret as a reduction of the downward band bending toward the CIGSe surface explained by the Na-induced elimination of InCu defects. Y1 - 2012 SN - 1089-7550 VL - 111 IS - 3 SP - 034903 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Lips, Klaus A1 - Schulze, Tim F. A1 - Starr, David E. A1 - Bär, Marcus A1 - Wilks, Regan G. A1 - Fenske, F. A1 - Ruske, Florian A1 - Reiche, Martin A1 - Krol, Roel van de A1 - Reichardt, Gerd A1 - Schäfers, Franz A1 - Hendel, Stefan A1 - Follath, Rolf A1 - Bahrdt, Johannes A1 - Peredkov, Sergey A1 - DeBeer, Serena A1 - Hävecker, Michael A1 - Knop-Gericke, Axel A1 - Rau, Björn A1 - Kaufmann, Christian A1 - Schlatmann, Rutger A1 - Schlögl, Robert A1 - Rech, Bernd A1 - Raoux, Simone T1 - EMIL: The Energy Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin – A novel characterization facility for photovoltaic and energy materials T2 - 31st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, proceedings of the international conference held in Hamburg, Germany, 14 -18 September 2015 Y1 - 2015 SN - 3-936338-39-6 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20152015-1AO.2.1 SP - 25 EP - 28 PB - WIP CY - München ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rogaß, Christian A1 - Itzerott, Sibylle A1 - Schneider, Bernd Uwe A1 - Kaufmann, Hermann A1 - Hüttl, Reinhard F. T1 - Edge segmentation by Alternating Vector Field Convolution Snakes T2 - International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security (IJCSNS) Y1 - 2009 SN - 1738-7906 VL - 9 IS - 8 SP - 123 EP - 131 ER -