TY - GEN A1 - Chatharajupalli, Navya Sneha A1 - Rotta, Randolf A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Nolte, Jörg T1 - Probing considered harmful : leveraging RSSI for link quality prediction T2 - Proceedings of the IEEE 50th Conference on Local Computer Networks : LCN 2025 : October 14-16, 2025, Sydney, Australia N2 - Wireless mesh protocols that use a routing metric based on throughput or airtime require predictions about future throughput for all mesh neighbors. Typically, the Wi-Fi rate controller provides this information, and state-of-the-art rate control algorithms estimate it based on statistics from past unicast transmissions. This introduces an adverse cross-layer dependency because meaningful statistics are only available for the links that were used by the routing layer. Existing implementations either ignore this, or use other routing metrics, such as distance, or generate artificial periodic probe traffic to all neighbors. Unfortunately, probing reacts slowly to changing conditions, increases the medium contention, and can lead to overly optimistic predictions. To overcome this, we introduce an RSSI-based link quality prediction for the routing layer. Benchmarks in a B.A.T.M.A.N. version V mesh show a decrease of round-trip time by three orders of magnitude and an increase of the end-to-end packet delivery ratio. TCP connections became possible over long routes that were previously unusable. Although highly imprecise, the easy to acquire RSSI provided sufficiently good predictions for our mesh network. KW - Wireless Mesh Network KW - Multi-hop routing KW - Neural Networks KW - Machine Learning KW - Link quality predictors Y1 - 2025 SN - 979-8-3315-3704-3 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/LCN65610.2025.11146347 SN - 2831-7742 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - IEEE CY - New York, NY ER - TY - GEN A1 - Chatharajupalli, Navya Sneha A1 - Rotta, Randolf A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Nolte, Jörg T1 - Animal health monitoring and tracking through solar-powered mesh network T2 - 22. GI/ITG KuVS Fachgespräch Sensornetze : 11. und 12. September 2025, Clausthal-Zellerfeld N2 - Various health and movement sensors, especially bolus sensors inside a cow’s stomach, are crucial for timely medical interventions. Commonly, wall-powered gateways are used to retrieve sensor updates and forward them quickly to an analysis service. In large outdoor farmlands, however, localisation of individual cows becomes important while the long-term operation of wall-powered gateways is costly. Previous solutions that use a LoRaWAN gateway with bigger antennas are still limited to 500m and provide only poor localization information. Existing solutions based on a mesh network of repeaters provide good localization but still depend on external wall power. Solar-powered mesh nodes would simplify the long-term operation. In order to achieve this, a significant improvement of the energy efficiency of the mesh nodes is necessary. This paper explores protocol design choices for the energy-efficient communication between mesh nodes and the bolus sensors. By introducing synchronised sleep and communication intervals, the size of the solar panels and energy storage can be reduced. KW - Wireless Networks KW - Solar-harvesting KW - Localisation Y1 - 2025 UR - https://dokumente.ub.tu-clausthal.de/receive/clausthal_mods_00002954 U6 - https://doi.org/10.21268/20250805-0 SP - 1 EP - 3 PB - TU Clausthal-Zellerfeld CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld ER - TY - GEN A1 - Chatharajupalli, Navya Sneha A1 - Rotta, Randolf A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Nolte, Jörg T1 - VibroMote : Wi-Fi-based mesh communication for railway bridge inspection and monitoring T2 - 2025 International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC) N2 - Vibration sensing provides insights into the dynamic behaviour of engineering constructions such as railway bridges. Cable-based sensors are viable only for long-term condition monitoring and rare special inspections because of the labor-intensive deployment. Although wireless sensors significantly reduce this overhead, their energy constraints limited the network throughput and, hence, their resolution in space and time. Batteryor solar-powered sensor nodes with high network throughput would enable in-depth measurements during regular inspections and improve the access to high-quality monitoring data. We present “VibroMote”, which combines energy harvesting, a high-bandwidth 3-axis MEMS accelerometer, and high-throughput, self-organizing mesh communication via IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi. The evaluation on a real bridge with 18 VibroMotes shows that the deployment time can be reduced from hours to minutes; the multi-hop mesh provides sufficient throughput reserves for the application whereas direct one-hop communication failed; the battery runtime is sufficient for temporary measurements during inspections; and the energy consumption during sleep modes would be low enough for solar-powered long-term monitoring. Hence, the combination of high-throughput Wi-Fi with mesh networking is a strong alternative to the commonly used low-power radio technologies when long range between the sensors is not needed. KW - Wireless Mesh Network KW - Condition Monitoring KW - Multi-hop routing KW - Wi-Fi Mesh Y1 - 2025 SN - 978-1-6654-5769-9 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/ISNCC66965.2025.11250402 SN - 2768-0940 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway, NJ ER - TY - GEN A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Mikhalev, Daniil A1 - Cotardo, Dario A1 - During, Fabian A1 - Kupke, David A1 - Walther, Karsten A1 - Mechtcherine, Viktor T1 - Enhancing performance and increasing safety of concrete pumps through digitalization T2 - IEEE SAS 2025 : IEEE Sensors and Applications 2025 : symposium proceedings N2 - Modern concrete mixtures are becoming increasingly complex due to environmental and economic pressures. The use of fillers and advanced admixtures enables a reduction in cement content, which alters the properties of fresh concrete. These changes often lead to higher viscosity and increased sensitivity to temperature fluctuations and water content variations, potentially causing flow instabilities and pipeline blockages during pumping.In this paper, a sensor-based edge device is introduced that can be attached to existing concrete pumps to monitor process data and detect impending blockages. By continuously analyzing hydraulic data during the pumping process, the system assesses the material’s flow behavior to identify early signs of potential blockages. These insights enable proactive interventions, improving operational safety and reducing costly disruptions.conct KW - Temperature sensors KW - Viscosity KW - Temperature measurement KW - Temperature distrubution KW - Sensitivity KW - Pipelines KW - Sensors KW - Safety KW - Synthetic aperture sonar KW - Monitoring Y1 - 2025 SN - 979-8-3315-1193-7 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS65169.2025.11105159 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) CY - Piscataway, NJ ER - TY - GEN A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Ruffert, Christine A1 - Werban, Phillip T1 - Reducing latency in 5G IIoT networks using in-network processing T2 - MikroSystemTechnik Kongress 2025 : Mikroelektronik, Mikrosystemtechnik und ihre Anwendungen - Nachhaltigkeit und Technologiesouveränität : proceedings : 27.-29. Oktober 2025, Duisburg Y1 - 2025 UR - https://www.vde-verlag.de/buecher/456614/mikrosystemtechnik-kongress-2025.html SN - 978-3-8007-6614-7 SN - 978-3-8007-6615-4 SP - 396ff. PB - VDE VERLAG GmbH CY - Berlin ER - TY - GEN A1 - Herglotz, Christian A1 - Jabłoński, Ireneusz A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Shahin, Keyvan A1 - Reichenbach, Marc T1 - Designing intelligent sensor networks : a comprehensive survey of sensing, edge AI, and 5G+/6G connectivity T2 - IEEE access N2 - With the advent of advanced transmission technologies, powerful neural-network architectures, and the availability of cheap sensing solutions, new paradigms for monitoring, controlling, and optimizing any automated system are appearing. While traditionally, sensors simply provided visual or acoustic feedback to human operators of such systems, nowadays, autonomous systems more and more rely on the automatic sensing and processing of such data to react and adapt their control mechanisms. In such complex control systems, sensor networks play a vital role. In this paper, we assess the state of the art in the three main components used within sensor networks: smart sensing elements, transmission technologies, and processing technologies. Concerning the latter, more and more artificial intelligence-based methods are developed and applied turning smart sensor networks into intelligent or even cognitive sensor networks. For the development of such sensing systems, a high variety of performance metrics could be important to the designer. This paper discusses the vast design space for intelligent sensor networks and provides guidance and directions on how to construct future intelligent sensor networks efficiently. KW - 5G, Sensor networks, Edge computing, Energy efficiency, KPIs, Design space, AI Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3615205 SN - 2169-3536 VL - 13 SP - 172306 EP - 172325 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway, NJ ER - TY - GEN A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Richter, Martin A1 - Werner, Matthias T1 - Virtualization in robot swarms: past, present, and future T2 - 2024 IEEE 21st Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC) N2 - Robot swarms have come a long way since the first mobile sensor/actuator networks. Since then, we have seen the rise of operating systems for robots and swarm operating systems that ease the use of robots, and especially of large swarms of them, a lot. Still, the description of a task is often not easy and best done by experts. In this paper we envision future swarm operating systems, where task descriptions take a form which can be realized by non-experts. We describe our idea of hugely increased virtualization in the swarm and how this can be used to realize the aforementioned vision. KW - Actuators KW - Runtime KW - Operating Systems KW - Soft Sensors KW - Robot Sensing Systems KW - User Experience KW - Planning KW - Virtualization KW - Heterogeneity KW - Swarm Robotics KW - Transparency KW - Motion Y1 - 2024 SN - 979-8-3503-0457-2 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/CCNC51664.2024.10454838 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - IEEE ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rotta, Randolf A1 - Chatharajupalli, Navya Sneha A1 - Naumann, Billy A1 - Schulz, Julius A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Werner, Matthias A1 - Nolte, Jörg T1 - Demo: B.A.T.M.A.N. mesh routing on ultra low-power IEEE 802.11 modules T2 - 2024 IEEE 49th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN) N2 - When implementing multi-hop mesh network protocols, efficient direct communication, route discovery, and route repair are crucial to achieve high network throughput. To our knowledge, there is no open mesh routing protocol available for ultra low power IEEE 802.11 modules. Previous work relied on single board computers like Raspberry Pi. We implemented the B.A.T.M.A.N. mesh protocol on the popular Espressif ESP32 along with a novel hybrid rate adaptation for the selection of efficient routes. In this demo we showcase challenges and solutions related to the implementation on ESP32 and how the hybrid rate adaptation improves end-to-end throughput. KW - ad-hoc networks KW - mesh networks KW - low power electronics KW - throughput Y1 - 2024 SN - 979-8-3503-8800-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/LCN60385.2024.10639789 SN - 2832-1421 PB - IEEE ER - TY - GEN A1 - Richter, Martin A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Werner, Matthias T1 - Utilizing sensor and actuator virtualization to achieve a systemic view of mobile heterogeneous cyber-physical systems T2 - Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Simulation and Modeling Methodologies, Technologies and Applications N2 - When programming cyber-physical systems, application developers currently utilize physical sensors and actuators individually to achieve the desired observations and impacts within the physical world. This is an error-prone and complex task given the size, heterogeneity, and mobility of prevailing cyber-physical systems. We introduce an application model that allows the application developers to take a physical perspective. By means of this model, the programmers describe desired observations and influences with respect to the physical world without directly referencing physical devices. We present an additional model for a runtime environment that transparently utilizes the available physical devices to reach the application developers’ targets. We show that an implementation of our models is functional via simulation. KW - Cyber-Physical Systems KW - Virtualization KW - Mobility KW - Heterogeneity KW - Transparency Y1 - 2024 SN - 978-989-758-708-5 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5220/0012715800003758 SP - 207 EP - 214 PB - SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications ER - TY - GEN A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Seidel Heuer, Dilmari A1 - Hoeckner, Soeren A1 - Walther, Karsten ED - Yang, Xin-She ED - Sherratt, Simon ED - Dey, Nilanjan ED - Joshi, Amit T1 - Secure connections in local networks despite multiple stakeholders T2 - Proceedings of Ninth International Congress on Information and Communication Technology : ICICT 2024, London, Volume 4 N2 - Computer usage authentication mostly comes in two flavors: Either as a key-value pair (name and password) or as certificates from a thrusted authority. Both approaches have their advantages and drawbacks when used for authentication of users on their computer and their computers on the Internet. However, in Industrial Internet of Things environments, when authenticating machines against machines that do not have a permanent Internet connection, this becomes an even bigger issue. In this paper we describe the insufficiencies of these classic approaches when dealing with attacks that originate inside a local network and present our methods of mutual authentication for devices in environments where multiple stakeholders are involved and a permanent Internet connection is not a given. KW - Network-Level Security and Protection KW - Local-Area Networks KW - Software and System Safety KW - Security and Privacy Protectio KW - Industrial Automation KW - Industrial Control KW - Process Control KW - Security and Protection KW - Authentication Y1 - 2024 SN - 978-9819735617 SP - 141 EP - 153 PB - Springer-Verlag ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bartnitzek, Jens A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Friedenberger, Dirk A1 - Milius, Birgit A1 - Naumann, Billy T1 - Neue Ansätze für Systeme zum Einsatz in Wachstumsregionen T2 - Der Eisenbahningenieur : EI Y1 - 2023 SN - 0013-2810 IS - 8 SP - 34 EP - 37 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Walther, Karsten ED - Piotrowski, Krzysztof T1 - Internet of Things and Real Internet of Things T2 - 20. GI/ITG KuVS Fachgespräch Sensornetze (FGSN 2023) N2 - Sensor networks have come a long way since their first inception 30 years ago. In this paper we look at the results achieved and the areas that still need research from an industry perspective. KW - wireless sensor networks, industrial control Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus4-66374 SP - 2 EP - 4 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Chatharajupalli, Navya Sneha A1 - Rotta, Randolf A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Nolte, Jörg T1 - Assessing the Feasibility of Combined BLE and Wi-Fi Communication for High Data Sensing Applications T2 - EWSN '23: Proceedings of the 2023 International Conference on Embedded Wireless Systems and Networks N2 - Advanced sensors generate more data than can be transmitted using classic battery-powered wireless sensor networks. While using Wi-Fi would provide plenty of throughput, the receivers are energy hungry and, thus, the radio time needs to be reduced. Previous research suggests to combine Wi-Fi with low-power technologies such as BLE for an energy efficient coordination of the Wi-Fi radios. Existing approaches focus on individual point-to-point routes whereas certain applications require concurrent transmissions. We evaluated the combination of BLE and Wi-Fi on the ESP32-S3 multi-radio microcontroller through detailed energy and throughput measurements. The results show that established BLE connections allow to activateWi-Fi quickly on-demand; the energy efficiency of the data transmission is significantly improved over previous works but the BLE connection setup is prohibitively slow. While the combination of BLE and Wi-Fi provides high throughput with good energy efficiency, careful design of the BLE-based signalling protocol is necessary to also achieve low latency. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5555/3639940.3639948 SP - 56 EP - 59 PB - Association for Computing Machinery CY - New York ER - TY - GEN A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Walther, Karsten ED - Paiva, Sara T1 - Realizing Seamless Integration of Sensors and Actuators into the IoT T2 - Science and Technologies for Smart Cities : 7th EAI International Conference, SmartCity360°, Virtual Event, December 2-4, 2021, Proceedings Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-3-031-06370-1 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06371-8_44 SN - 978-3-031-06371-8 SN - 1867-8211 SN - 1867-822X SP - 688 EP - 701 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - GEN A1 - Graff, Daniel A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt T1 - Managing Swarms of Robots: From Centralized Scheduling to Decentralized Scheduling (work in progress) T2 - 17. GI/ITG KuVS Fachgespräch Sensornetze, 13./14. September 2018, Braunschweig Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:gbv:084-2018110614244 SP - 23 EP - 26 PB - Technische Universität CY - Braunschweig ER - TY - GEN A1 - Graff, Daniel A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt T1 - From Centralized Management of Robot Swarms to Decentralized Scheduling T2 - 2018 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things and Intelligence System (IOTAIS) Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-1-5386-7358-4 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/IOTAIS.2018.8600917 SP - 141 EP - 147 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway, NJ ER - TY - GEN A1 - Busse, Anselm A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Parzyjegla, Helge T1 - Simulation-Based Tracing and Profiling for System Software Development T2 - Proceedings of the 10th ACM International Systems and Storage Conference, SYSTOR '17 Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-1-4503-5035-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1145/3078468.3078475 SP - 8:1 EP - 8:6 PB - ACM CY - New York, NY ER - TY - GEN A1 - Graff, Daniel A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt T1 - Spatio-Temporal Coordination of Mobile Robot Swarms T2 - IEEE 41st Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), Dubai, UAE, 7-10 Nov. 2016 Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-1-5090-2054-6 SP - 515 EP - 518 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - GEN A1 - Graff, Daniel A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt T1 - The Swarm as a Service: Virtualization of Motion T2 - Eleventh IEEE International Workshop on Practical Issues in Building Sensor Network Applications (IEEE SenseApp 2016) Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-1-5090-2347-9 SP - 129 EP - 136 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - GEN A1 - Graff, Daniel A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt T1 - Cyber-Physical Systems - Exemplary Applications and a Distributed Execution Platform T2 - 2016 IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Innovative Business Practices for the Transformation of Societies (EmergiTech 2016) Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-1-5090-0706-6 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - GEN A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Nolte, Jörg T1 - Buckshot Routing with Distance Vectors in Three Application Scenarios for Wireless Sensor Networks with Unstable Network Topologies and Unidirectional Links T2 - Journal on Sensors and Transducers N2 - Experiments have shown that the number of asymmetric and unidirectional links often exceeds the number of bidirectional ones, especially in the transitional area of the communication range of wireless sensor nodes. Still, most of today’s routing protocols ignore their existence or try to remove their implications. Also, links are not stable over time, and routes become unusable often, resulting in a need for new routing protocols that can handle highly dynamic links and use unidirectional links to their advantage. At Sensorcomm 2014, we presented BuckshotDV, a routing protocol which is resilient against link fluctuations and uses the longer reach of unidirectional links to increase its performance. Furthermore, its distance vector nature makes it scalable for large sensor networks. This paper is an extended version which adds some implementation details and the evaluation of BuckshotDV in two more application scenarios. Y1 - 2015 SN - 1726-5479 SN - 2306-8515 VL - 185 IS - 2 SP - 53 EP - 67 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Graff, Daniel A1 - Röhrig, Daniel A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt T1 - Systemic Support of Transaction-Based Spatial-Temporal Programming of Mobile Robot Swarms T2 - Proceedings of the 40th Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks LCN 2015, Clearwater Beach, Florida, USA N2 - In this paper, we present an approach to support transaction-based spatial-temporal programming of mobile robot swarms on a systemic level. We introduce a programming model for swarms of mobile robots. Swarm applications consist of concurrent, distributed and context-aware actions. We provide distributed transactions in order to guarantee atomic execution of a set of dependent actions. We distinguish between schedulability and executability of a set of actions. In order to guarantee exe- cutability of a distributed transaction of spatial-temporal actions, we present the concept of path alternatives and a time-based two- phase commit protocol in order to assure consistency. We show the feasibility of our approach by a proof-of-concept. Y1 - 2015 SP - 730 EP - 733 PB - IEEE ER - TY - GEN A1 - Busse, Anselm A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Heiss, Hans-Ulrich T1 - CoBaS: Introducing a Component Based Scheduling Framework T2 - 6th Workshop on Applications for Multi-Core Architectures October 18-21, 2015, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil Y1 - 2015 SP - 79 EP - 84 PB - IEEE ER - TY - GEN A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Lohs, Stefan A1 - Nolte, Jörg ED - Kanjo, Eiman ED - Trossen, Dirk T1 - How to ruin Sensor Network Performance using Duplicate Suppression T2 - Sensor Systems and Software, 5th International Conference, S-CUBE 2014, Coventry, UK, October 6-7, 2014, Revised Selected Papers Y1 - 2015 SN - 978-3-319-17135-7 SN - 978-3-319-17136-4 SP - 20 EP - 29 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - GEN A1 - Beyer, Sandra A1 - Lohs, Stefan A1 - Nolte, Jörg A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Siegemund, Gerry T1 - Self-Stabilizing Structures for Data Gathering in Wireless Sensor Networks T2 - SENSORCOMM 2015, The Ninth International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications, August 23-28, 2015 Venice, Italy Y1 - 2015 SN - 978-1-61208-425-1 SP - 71 EP - 76 PB - IARIA ER - TY - GEN A1 - Büchner, Steffen A1 - Nolte, Jörg A1 - Kraemer, Rolf A1 - Lopacinski, Lukasz A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt T1 - Challenges for 100 Gbit/s End to End Communication: Increasing Throughput Through Parallel Processing T2 - 40th Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks, 2015, Clearwater Beach Florida N2 - Today's applications and services become more dependent on fast wireless communication, for the upcoming years data-rate demands of 100Gbit/s can be easily expected. However, fulfilling that demand is a task which cannot simply be solved by upscaling existing technologies. While most of the research tackles the challenges regarding the transmission technology from the physical layer up to base-band processing, we focus on the challenges concerning the handling of that vast amount of data. The overall goal is to bring together the transmission technology with the operating system to create a suitable end-to-end communication solution. In this paper we argue that communication can be understood as a soft-realtime problem and how that helps introducing parallelism into protocol-processing. KW - End2End100, ultra high speed wireless communication, soft real time stream processing Y1 - 2015 UR - http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7366337&tag=1 SN - 978-1-4673-6770-7 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/LCN.2015.7366337 SP - 398 EP - 401 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway, NJ ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sieber, André A1 - Nolte, Jörg A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt T1 - Using Energy Budgets to Reach Lifetime Goals while Compensating Dynamic Effects T2 - SENSORCOMM 2015, The Ninth International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications, August 23-28, 2015 Venice, Italy N2 - Nodes within sensor networks often have tight bound goals for the lifetime while running from a non-renewable energy source. Variations within the hardware or induced by the software complicate the prediction of the energy consumption. Additionally, batteries are vulnerable to temperature and non-linear effects. To reach certain lifetime goals under these influences without sacrificing energy due to pessimistic estimations, online energy management is necessary. In this paper, we present policies to control the behavior of applications and devices using energy budgets. First experiments yield promising results, with nodes reaching their lifetime goals while maintaining a high application quality. KW - Wireless Sensor Networks KW - Energy Management KW - Lifetime Goals Y1 - 2015 SN - 978-1-61208-425-1 SP - 7 EP - 13 PB - IARIA ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sieber, André A1 - Nolte, Jörg A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt T1 - Compensating Dynamic Effects with Budget-based Energy Management to Reach Lifetime Goals T2 - Sensors & Transducers N2 - Nodes within sensor networks often have tight bound goals for the lifetime while running from a non-renewable energy source. Variations within the hardware or induced by the software complicate the prediction of the energy consumption. Additionally, batteries are vulnerable to temperature and non-linear effects. To reach certain lifetime goals under these influences without sacrificing energy due to pessimistic estimations, online energy management is necessary. At Sensorcomm 2015 we presented policies to control the behavior of applications and devices using energy budgets. This paper is an extended version which adds further details and the evaluation of the proposed dynamic energy management in a real-world scenario. KW - Wireless Sensor Networks KW - Energy Management KW - Lifetime Goals Y1 - 2015 SN - 2306-8515 VL - 194 IS - 11 SP - 22 EP - 34 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Graff, Daniel A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt T1 - On the Need of Systemic Support for Spatio-Temporal Programming of Mobile Robot Swarms T2 - 11th International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks, (MSN 2015), 16-18 December 2015, Shenzhen, China Y1 - 2015 SN - 978-1-5090-0329-7 SP - 227 EP - 235 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway, NJ ER - TY - GEN A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Nolte, Jörg T1 - Unidirectional Link Counter - a Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks with Many Unidirectional Links T2 - 14th Annual Mediterranean Ad Hoc Networking Workshop (Med-Hoc-Net 2015), Vilamoura, Portugal, 17 - 18 June 2015 Y1 - 2015 SN - 978-1-4673-7306-7 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - GEN A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Nolte, Jörg T1 - BuckshotDV - A robust Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks with unstable Network Topologies and Unidirectional Links T2 - SENSORCOMM 2014, The Eighth International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications, Lisbon, Portugal N2 - Experiments have shown that the number of asym- metric and unidirectional links often exceeds the number of bidirectional ones, especially in the transitional area of the communication range of wireless sensor nodes. Still, most of today’s routing protocols ignore their existence or try to remove their implications. Also, links are not stable over time, and routes become unusable often, resulting in a need for new routing protocols that can handle highly dynamic links and use unidirectional links to their advantage. In this paper, we present BuckshotDV, a routing protocol which is resilient against link fluctuations and uses the longer reach of unidirectional links to increase its performance. Furthermore, its distance vector nature makes it scalable for large sensor networks. Y1 - 2014 SN - 978-1-61208-374-2 SP - 60 EP - 65 PB - IARIA ER - TY - GEN A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Nolte, Jörg T1 - Triangle Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks with Unidirectional Links Revisited - a Look at Different Scenarios T2 - International Journal on Advances in Networks and Services N2 - Experiments with wireless sensor networks have shown that links are often asymmetric or unidirectional. This represents a serious problem for many routing protocols, which often depend on bidirectional links. Routing protocols that can use unidirectional links often induce a high overhead. To overcome this problem we introduced Unidirectional Link Triangle Routing, a routing protocol, which uses neighborhood information, gathered actively or passively, to route around unidirectional links. In this paper, we describe Unidirectional Link Triangle Routing in further detail and present additional evaluation results from different application scenarios. Y1 - 2014 SN - 1942-2644 VL - 17 IS - 1/2 SP - 72 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Menzel, Hannes A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Büchner, Steffen A1 - Nolte, Jörg T1 - Applying Wireless Sensor Networks to Renaturation Monitoring: From Requirements to Deployment T2 - IFIP Wireless Days (WD) 2014, Rio/Brasil KW - Wireless Sensor Networks KW - Chicken Creek KW - Sens4U Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/WD.2014.7020825 PB - IEEE ER - TY - GEN A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Lohs, Stefan A1 - Lagemann, Andreas A1 - Nolte, Jörg T1 - Simulation of Unidirectional Links in Wireless Sensor Networks T2 - Proceedings of the 7th International ICST Conference on Simulation Tools and Techniques, SIMUTools '14 Y1 - 2014 SN - 978-1-63190-007-5 SP - 118 EP - 125 PB - ICST CY - Brüssel ER - TY - GEN A1 - Traue, Jana A1 - Nolte, Jörg A1 - Engel, Philipp A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt T1 - Using Emulation Software to Predict the Performance of Algorithms on NVRAM T2 - Proceedings of the 7th International ICST Conference on Simulation Tools and Techniques, SIMUTools '14 N2 - Currently, new storage technologies which unite the latency and byte-addressability of DRAM with the persistence of disks are being developed. This non-volatile memory (NVRAM) may start a software revolution. Traditionally, software was developed for two levels of storage and NVRAM reduces the hierarchy to a single-level store. Current research projects are already exploring the potential of NVRAM, but they face a challenge when they want to evaluate the performance: The new hardware is not yet available. In this paper, we discuss why benchmark results which are gained on existing DRAM are insufficient for a prediction of the performance on NVRAM. Either existing instructions have to be changed or new ones have to be introduced. We further show that the bochs emulator can be used to build systems which resemble NVRAM, to predict the NVRAM's consequences, and it even allows a comparison of algorithms for NVRAM. KW - Emulation KW - non-volatile memory Y1 - 2014 SN - 978-1-63190-007-5 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4108/icst.simutools.2014.254796 SP - 142 EP - 146 PB - ICST CY - Brüssel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sieber, André A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Nolte, Jörg T1 - From Energy Accounting to Energy Management T2 - 13. GI/ITG Fachgespräch Sensornetze, 25. und 26. September 2014 an der Universität Potsdam N2 - Embedded systems, e.g. nodes within sensor networks, often have tight bound goals for lifetime while running from a not renewable energy source. Mostly batteries are used, which are vulnerable to temperature and non-linear effects. Additionally, variations within the hardware or induced by the software make the prediction of the available and consumed energy a complicated task. To reach certain lifetime goals under these influences, online energy management is necessary. For a fine-grained management on the level of individual sub-tasks, it is necessary to know where in the system the energy is consumed. In this work, we extend our online energy accounting approach to enable online energy management. We present ways to control application and device behavior, and, thus, energy using energy budgets. First experiments yield promising results, reaching their lifetime goals while maintaining a high application quality. KW - Energy accounting KW - Energy management KW - Wireless sensor networks Y1 - 2014 SP - 25 EP - 28 PB - Universität CY - Potsdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Beyer, Sandra A1 - Lohs, Stefan A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Nolte, Jörg T1 - Self-Stabilizing Aggregation- and Reduction-Structures for Wireless Sensor Networks T2 - 13. GI/ITG Fachgespräch Sensornetze, 25. und 26. September 2014 an der Universität Potsdam Y1 - 2014 SP - 13 EP - 16 PB - Universität CY - Potsdam ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lohs, Stefan A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Nolte, Jörg T1 - ToleranceZone - A Self-Stabilizing Middleware for Wireless Sensor Networks Y1 - 2013 UR - http://ewsn13.intec.ugent.be/content/posters N1 - EWSN 2013, 10th European Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks, Ghent, February 13-15, 2013 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Nolte, Jörg T1 - Unidirectional Link Triangle Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks T2 - SENSORCOMM 2013, The Seventh International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications, Barcelona, Spain N2 - Experiments with wireless sensor networks have shown that asymmetric and unidirectional links do not only exist, but are indeed quite common. Still, many people argue that the gain in connectivity is not worth the effort of making them usable for routing protocols. In this paper, we follow the opposite approach and introduce Unidirectional Link Triangle Routing, which reduces the overhead and, therefore, makes unidirectional links usable on the routing layer. Y1 - 2013 SN - 978-1-61208-296-7 SP - 7 EP - 14 PB - IARIA ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lohs, Stefan A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Nolte, Jörg T1 - Link stability in a wireless sensor network - an experimental study T2 - Sensor systems and software, third international ICST conference, revised selected papers, Lisbon, Portugal, June 4 - 5, 2012 KW - wireless sensor networks, link stability, unidirectional links Y1 - 2012 SN - 978-3-642-32777-3 SP - 146 EP - 163 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg [u.a.] ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lohs, Stefan A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Nolte, Jörg A1 - Lagemann, Andreas T1 - Self-stabilizing Sensor Networks for Emergency Management T2 - Second Workshop on Pervasive Networks for Emergency Management, Lugano, Switzerland, March 2012 KW - Wireless Sensor Networks KW - Fault Tolerance KW - Selfstabilization Y1 - 2012 SN - 978-1-4673-0905-9 SN - 978-1-4673-0906-6 SP - 721 EP - 726 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway, NJ ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Traue, Jana A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Nolte, Jörg T1 - From Parallel Systems to Wireless Sensor Networks and Back T2 - Technical Report SEEMOO-TR-2012-03, 11. Fachgespräch Sensornetze der GI/ITG Fachgruppe Kommunikation und Verteilte Systeme, 13.-14. September 2012, Technische Universität Darmstadt Y1 - 2012 UR - http://www.seemoo.tu-darmstadt.de/dl/seemoo/seemoo-tr-2012-03.pdf SP - 29 EP - 32 PB - Technische Universität CY - Darmstadt ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sieber, André A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Nolte, Jörg A1 - Martschei, Thomas T1 - Using Sensor Technology to Protect an Endangered Species: A Case Study T2 - 2011 IEEE 36th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), Bonn, Germany, 4 - 7 October 2011, vol. 2 Y1 - 2011 SN - 978-1-61284-926-3 SP - 1044 EP - 1047 PB - IEEE ER - TY - GEN A1 - Nürnberger, Stefan A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Nolte, Jörg T1 - Sensorium - An Active Monitoring System for Neighborhood Relations in Wireless Sensor Networks T2 - Ad hoc networks, second international conference, revised selected papers, ADHOCNETS 2010, Victoria, BC, Canada, August 18 - 20, 2010 Y1 - 2010 SN - 978-3-642-17993-8 SP - 34 EP - 48 PB - Springer CY - Berlin [u.a.] ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mank, Stephan A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Nolte, Jörg T1 - MLMAC - An Adaptive TDMA MAC Protocol for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks Y1 - 2009 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Peters, David A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Nolte, Jörg ED - Zheng, Jun T1 - Buckshot Routing - A Robust Source Routing Protocol for Dense Ad-Hoc Networks T2 - Ad hoc networks, First International Conference, ADHOCNETS 2009, Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada, September 22-25, 2009 Y1 - 2009 SN - 978-3-642-11722-0 SP - 268 EP - 283 PB - Springer CY - Berlin [u.a.] ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mank, Stephan A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Nolte, Jörg T1 - MLMAC-UL and ECTS-MAC - Two MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks with Unidirectional Links T2 - Third International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications, 2009, SENSORCOMM '09 ; 18 - 23 June 2009, Athens/Glyfada, Greece Y1 - 2009 SN - 978-0-7695-3669-9 SP - 623 EP - 629 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway, NJ ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mank, Stephan A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Nolte, Jörg T1 - MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: Tackling the Problem of Unidirectional Links T2 - International journal on advances in networks and services Y1 - 2009 SN - 1942-2644 VL - 2 IS - 4 SP - 218 EP - 229 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Nolte, Jörg A1 - Senner, Tobias T1 - A Combined Routing Layer for Wireless Sensor Networks and Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks T2 - The Second International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (SENSORCOMM 2008), 25 - 31 August 2008, Cap Esterel, France Y1 - 2008 SN - 978-0-7695-3330-8 SP - 147 EP - 153 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway, NJ ER - TY - GEN A1 - Karnapke, Reinhardt A1 - Nolte, Jörg A1 - Walther, Karsten A1 - Sieber, André T1 - Using Preemption in Event Driven Systems with a Single Stack T2 - The Second International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (SENSORCOMM 2008), 25 - 31 August 2008, Cap Esterel, France Y1 - 2008 SN - 978-0-7695-3330-8 SP - 384 EP - 390 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway, NJ ER -