TY - GEN A1 - Florian, Tobias A1 - Schricker, Klaus A1 - Zenz, Constantin A1 - Otto, Andreas A1 - Schmidt, Leander A1 - Diegel, Christian A1 - Friedmann, Hannes A1 - Seibold, Marc A1 - Hellwig, Peter A1 - Fröhlich, Fabian A1 - Nagel, Falk A1 - Kallage, Peter A1 - Buttazzoni, Michele A1 - Rack, Alexander A1 - Requardt, Herwig A1 - Chen, Yunhui A1 - Bergmann, Jean Pierre T1 - Combining in situ synchrotron X-ray imaging and multiphysics simulation to reveal pore formation dynamics in laser welding of copper T2 - International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture N2 - Laser beam welding has emerged as a powerful tool for manufacturing copper components in electrical vehicles, electronic devices or energy storage, owing to its rapid processing capabilities. Nonetheless, the material’s high thermal conductivity and low absorption of infrared light can introduce process instabilities, resulting in defects such as pores. This study employs a hybrid approach that combines in situ synchrotron X-ray imaging with compressible multiphysics process simulation to elucidate pore-forming mechanisms during laser beam welding of copper. High-speed synchrotron X-ray imaging with an acquisition rate of 20,000 images/second facilitates the identification of relevant process regimes concerning pore formation during laser beam welding of copper with a wavelength of 1070 nm. Furthermore, in situ observations with high temporal and spatial resolution present a unique database for extensive validation of a multi-physics process simulation based on welding processes using different concentric intensity distributions. These validated simulation results enable thorough comprehension of process-related pore formation based on the interaction between keyhole, melt pool and resulting flow field. The findings show that pore formation is driven by four different mechanisms: bulging, spiking, upwelling waves at the keyhole rear wall and melt pool ejections. The synergy of high- speed synchrotron X-ray imaging and multi-physics modeling provides a fundamental understanding of the chronological sequence of events leading to process-related pore formation during laser beam welding of copper. KW - In situ high-speed synchrotron X-ray imaging KW - Multi-physics simulation KW - Laser beam welding KW - Copper KW - Pore formation KW - Concentric intensity distributions Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2024.104224 SN - 0890-6955 VL - 204 SP - 1 EP - 22 PB - Elsevier BV ER -