TY - GEN A1 - Doan, Trinh Viet A1 - van Rijswijk-Deij, Roland A1 - Hohlfeld, Oliver A1 - Bajpai, Vaibhav T1 - An Empirical View on Consolidation of the Web T2 - ACM Transactions on Internet Technology (TOIT) N2 - The majority of Web content is delivered by only a few companies that provide Content Delivery Infrastructuress (CDIss) such as Content Delivery Networkss (CDNss) and cloud hosts. Due to increasing concerns about trends of centralization, empirical studies on the extent and implications of resulting Internet consolidation are necessary. Thus, we present an empirical view on consolidation of the Web by leveraging datasets from two different measurement platforms. We first analyze Web consolidation around CDIs at the level of landing webpages, before narrowing down the analysis to a level of embedded page resources. The datasets cover 1(a) longitudinal measurements of DNS records for 166.5 M Web domains over five years, 1(b) measurements of DNS records for Alexa Top 1 M over a month and (2) measurements of page loads and renders for 4.3 M webpages, which include data on 392.3 M requested resources. We then define CDIs penetration as the ratio of CDI-hosted objects to all measured objects, which we use to quantify consolidation around CDIs. We observe that CDI penetration has close to doubled since 2015, reaching a lower bound of 15% for all .com, .net, and .org Web domains as of January 2020. Overall, we find a set of six CDIss to deliver the majority of content across all datasets, with these six CDIss being responsible for more than 80% of all 221.9 M CDI-delivered resources (56.6% of all resources in total). We find high dependencies of Web content on a small group of CDIss, in particular, for fonts, ads, and trackers, as well as JavaScript resources such as jQuery. We further observe CDIss to play important roles in rolling out IPv6 and TLS 1.3 support. Overall, these observations indicate a potential oligopoly, which brings both benefits but also risks to the future of the Web. Y1 - 2022 UR - https://dl.acm.org/doi/full/10.1145/3503158 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1145/3503158 SN - 1557-6051 SN - 1533-5399 VL - 22 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 30 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bajpai, Vaibhav A1 - Hohlfeld, Oliver A1 - Crowcroft, Jon A1 - Keshav, Srinivasan A1 - Schulzrinne, Henning A1 - Ott, Jörg A1 - Ferlin, Simone A1 - Carle, Georg A1 - Hines, Andrew A1 - Raake, Alexander T1 - Recommendations for Designing Hybrid Conferences T2 - ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review N2 - During the COVID-19 pandemic, many smaller conferences have moved entirely online and larger ones are being held as hybrid events. Even beyond the pandemic, hybrid events reduce the carbon footprint of conference travel and makes events more accessible to parts of the research community that have difficulty traveling long distances, while preserving most advantages of in-person gatherings. While we have developed a solid understanding of how to design virtual events over the last two years, we are still learning how to properly run hybrid events. We present guidelines and considerations-spanning technology, organization and social factors-for organizing successful hybrid conferences. This paper summarizes and extends the discussions held at the Dagstuhl seminar on "Climate Friendly Internet Research" held in July 2021. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1145/3544912.3544920 SN - 0146-4833 SN - 1943-5819 VL - 52 IS - 2 SP - 63 EP - 69 ER -