TY - GEN A1 - Urbig, Diemo A1 - Bönte, Werner A1 - Procher, Vivien D. A1 - Lombardo, Sandro T1 - Entrepreneurs Embrace Competition: Evidence from a Lab-in-the-Field Study T2 - Academy of Management Proceedings N2 - Referring to Isreal M. Kirzner (1973) and Joseph A. Schumpeter (1934), who emphasized the competitive nature of entrepreneurship, this study investigates whether entrepreneurs are more competitive than non-entrepreneurs. We provide a conceptual framework that links entrepreneurship to three facets of individual competitiveness drawn from economic, entrepreneurship, and psychological research: a desire to win, striving for personal development, and an enjoyment of competition. Following recent economic research linking competitive behavior in experiments to career choices, we conduct a lab-in-the-field study and demonstrate that entrepreneurs are more likely to enter competitions than non-entrepreneurs. Accounting for individual desires to win and mastery-related achievement motivations, our results indicate that entrepreneurs tend to enter competition for the sake of competition itself rather than for the prospect of winning a competition or personal development in competition. Our results suggest that enjoyment of competition might be an additional factor driving entrepreneurs’ market entry decisions beyond well-known factors like overconfidence and risk taking. KW - Entrepreneurship KW - individual competitiveness KW - experiment Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2019.10157abstract VL - 2019 IS - 1 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bönte, Werner A1 - Urbig, Diemo ED - Lehmann, Erik E. ED - Keilbach, Max T1 - Connecting People and Knowledge: Knowledge Spillovers, Cognitive Biases, and Entrepreneurship T2 - From Industrial Organization to Entrepreneurship N2 - Having served under David at the Max Planck Institute in Jena, the authors witnessed first hand as he worked to build up entrepreneurship as an academic discipline. While he was building this community in the field writ-large, he was also building a strong network of entrepreneurship scholars within the team itself. While reflecting upon the benefits of cognitive biases such as optimism for entrepreneurial knowledge spillovers and demonstrating context-dependency of the benefits and drawbacks of cognitive biases, the authors also connect this to how they have experienced David’s way of developing a research network. KW - Entrepreneurship KW - cognitive biases KW - social learning Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-3-030-25236-6 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25237-3_34 SP - 385 EP - 397 PB - Springer, Cham CY - Switzerland ET - 1. edition ER - TY - GEN A1 - Huber, Christoph A1 - Dreber, Anna A1 - Huber, Jürgen A1 - Johannesson, Magnus A1 - Kirchler, Michael A1 - Weitzel, Utz A1 - Abellán, Miguel A1 - Adayeva, Xeniya A1 - Ay, Fehime Ceren A1 - Barron, Kai A1 - Berry, Zachariah A1 - Bönte, Werner A1 - Brütt, Katharina A1 - Bulutay, Muhammed A1 - Campos-Mercade, Pol A1 - Cardella, Eric A1 - Claassen, Maria Almudena A1 - Cornelissen, Gert A1 - Dawson, Ian G. J. A1 - Delnoij, Joyce A1 - Demiral, Elif E. A1 - Dimant, Eugen A1 - Doerflinger, Johannes Theodor A1 - Dold, Malte A1 - Emery, Cécile A1 - Fiala, Lenka A1 - Fiedler, Susann A1 - Freddi, Eleonora A1 - Fries, Tilman A1 - Gasiorowska, Agata A1 - Glogowsky, Ulrich A1 - Gorny, Paul Matthias A1 - Gretton, Jeremy David A1 - Grohmann, Antonia A1 - Hafenbrädl, Sebastian A1 - Handgraaf, Michel A1 - Hanoch, Yaniv A1 - Hart, Einav A1 - Hennig, Max A1 - Hudja, Stanton A1 - Hütter, Mandy A1 - Hyndman, Kyle A1 - Ioannidis, Konstantinos A1 - Isler, Ozan A1 - Jeworrek, Sabrina A1 - Jolles, Daniel A1 - Juanchich, Marie A1 - Raghabendra, Pratap K.C. A1 - Khadjavi, Menusch A1 - Kugler, Tamar A1 - Li, Shuwen A1 - Lucas, Brian A1 - Mak, Vincent A1 - Mechtel, Mario A1 - Merkle, Christoph A1 - Meyers, Ethan Andrew A1 - Mollerstrom, Johanna A1 - Nesterov, Alexander A1 - Neyse, Levent A1 - Nieken, Petra A1 - Nussberger, Anne-Marie A1 - Palumbo, Helena A1 - Peters, Kim A1 - Pirrone, Angelo A1 - Qin, Xiangdong A1 - Rahal, Rima Maria A1 - Rau, Holger A1 - Rincke, Johannes A1 - Ronzani, Piero A1 - Roth, Yefim A1 - Saral, Ali Seyhun A1 - Schmitz, Jan A1 - Schneider, Florian A1 - Schram, Arthur A1 - Schudy, Simeon A1 - Schweitzer, Maurice E. A1 - Schwieren, Christiane A1 - Scopelliti, Irene A1 - Sirota, Miroslav A1 - Sonnemans, Joep A1 - Soraperra, Ivan A1 - Spantig, Lisa A1 - Steimanis, Ivo A1 - Steinmetz, Janina A1 - Suetens, Sigrid A1 - Theodoropoulou, Andriana A1 - Urbig, Diemo A1 - Vorlaufer, Tobias A1 - Waibel, Joschka A1 - Woods, Daniel A1 - Yakobi, Ofir A1 - Yilmaz, Onurcan A1 - Zaleskiewicz, Tomasz A1 - Zeisberger, Stefan A1 - Holzmeister, Felix T1 - Competition and moral behavior: A meta-analysis of forty-five crowd-sourced experimental designs T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences N2 - Does competition affect moral behavior? This fundamental question has been debated among leading scholars for centuries, and more recently, it has been tested in experimental studies yielding a body of rather inconclusive empirical evidence. A potential source of ambivalent empirical results on the same hypothesis is design heterogeneity—variation in true effect sizes across various reasonable experimental research protocols. To provide further evidence on whether competition affects moral behavior and to examine whether the generalizability of a single experimental study is jeopardized by design heterogeneity, we invited independent research teams to contribute experimental designs to a crowd-sourced project. In a large-scale online data collection, 18,123 experimental participants were randomly allocated to 45 randomly selected experimental designs out of 95 submitted designs. We find a small adverse effect of competition on moral behavior in a meta-analysis of the pooled data. The crowd-sourced design of our study allows for a clean identification and estimation of the variation in effect sizes above and beyond what could be expected due to sampling variance. We find substantial design heterogeneity—estimated to be about 1.6 times as large as the average standard error of effect size estimates of the 45 research designs—indicating that the informativeness and generalizability of results based on a single experimental design are limited. Drawing strong conclusions about the underlying hypotheses in the presence of substantive design heterogeneity requires moving toward much larger data collections on various experimental designs testing the same hypothesis. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2215572120 SN - 0027-8424 SN - 1091-6490 VL - 120 IS - 23 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zambrano-Curcio, Andrés Felipe A1 - Urbig, Diemo A1 - Bönte, Werner A1 - Schmutzler, Jana T1 - At the Risk of Loss: Experimental Evidence on the Discriminant Validity of Self-Reported Measures of Risk Preferences T2 - SSRN eLibrary N2 - In recent years, there has been increasing use of experimentally validated self-reported items to measure individuals' risk preferences, specifically risk aversion. While previous research supports their convergent validity, we argue that self-reported risk preference measures capture a broad spectrum of additional constructs involved in risky decision-making, notably including loss aversion as a potential confound. In broader applications, such as observational studies, associations with other constructs enhance a measurement's ability to predict risk-taking behaviors across diverse natural environments, often arising from the interplay of different constructs better captured by comprehensive self-reported measures than by narrower, construct-specific incentivized measures. Conversely, in focused tests where each construct has unique behavioral implications, using broad self-reported measures as a replacement for construct-specific incentivized measurements can result in significant endogeneity issues. By analyzing three samples from two independent studies, we demonstrate that even after accounting for incentivized risk preference measures that remove latent construct associations and focus on measurement-related confounds, self-reported risk preferences maintain a substantial association with incentivized loss aversion measures, indicating that the measurement captures a mixture of both risk and loss aversion. We also observe that the strength of associations depends on whether individuals interpret risk-taking as accepting higher variances or higher losses. Based on this finding, we propose a simple procedure that utilizes this individual heterogeneity in the confounding effect's strength to enhance the robustness of conclusions drawn from analyses of self-reported risk preference measures Y1 - 2023 UR - https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/4rzgu15c0g5dfpgkhq91f/2023_esa_european_meeting_11_09.pdf?rlkey=tns75pnujizp4z8iv4eapho8q&dl=0 UR - https://www.economicscience.org/page/conference/2023-european-esa-meeting-exeter-uk U6 - https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4371973 SN - 1556-5068 N1 - 2023 European ESA Meeting, Exeter, UK SP - 1 EP - 39 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bönte, Werner A1 - Urbig, Diemo A1 - Lombardo, Sandro A1 - Procher, Vivien D. T1 - If you cant´t stand the heat, get out of the kitchen: Perceived inten-sity of competition and entreprenurial entry T2 - G-Forum Konferenz 2019: 23. Interdisziplinäre Jahreskonferenz zu Entrepreneurship, Innovation und Mittelstand „Die Chancen von KMU in einer globalisierten Welt" N2 - Previous research examining the link between individuals’ preferences for competition and occupational choice has not taken explicitly into account how the level of competition in various occupations is perceived by individuals. In contrast, we argue that individuals’ perception of intensity of competition is of key importance for linking theoretically and empirically individual competitiveness to occupational choice, particularly entrepreneurial entry. Using two datasets, one obtained from a student sample and the other from a general population sample, we provide empirical evidence that the relationship between individual competitiveness and occupational choice is moderated by perceived intensity of competition. Moreover, entrepreneurship is, on average, perceived as more competitively intense than paid employment in both samples implying that individuals shying away from competition and at the same time perceive particularly entrepreneurship as competitively intense are more likely to select into paid employment than into entrepreneurship. KW - Competitiveness KW - Perceived competitive intensity KW - Entrepreneurship Y1 - 2019 UR - https://www.fgf-ev.de/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/G-Forum-2019-Program-12-09-2019-Druckvorlage.pdf VL - 23 SP - 10 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Urbig, Diemo A1 - Bönte, Werner A1 - Schmutzler, Jana A1 - Zambrano Curcio, Andrés Felipe A1 - Andonova, Veneta T1 - Diverging associations of dimensions of competitiveness with gender and personality T2 - Personality and Individual Differences N2 - More attention must be paid to the multidimensional nature of competitiveness to better understand how competitiveness relates to personality and gender. We focus on three dimensions: Desire to Win (DW), Personal Development competitiveness (PD), and Enjoyment of Competition (EC). Our empirical exploratory analysis is based on a large sample of 1520 individuals. We control for interdimensional correlations, correct for multiple testing, and use conservative thresholds to provide robust evidence on dimension-specific associations of competitiveness with personality, operationalized via the HEXACO framework, and gender. Independent of the respectively other competitiveness dimensions, DW relates to less honesty-humility and less agreeableness, PD to more emotionality, and EC to more extraversion and less emotionality. EC is the sole source of gender differences among the correlated competitiveness dimensions. KW - Competitiveness KW - Personality KW - Gender KW - Survey KW - Enjoyment of competition KW - Desire to win KW - Personal development competitiveness Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886921001501 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110775 SN - 0191-8869 VL - 176 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Urbig, Diemo A1 - Bönte, Werner A1 - Procher, Vivien D. A1 - Lombardo, Sandro T1 - Entrepreneurs embrace competition: evidence from a lab-in-the-field study T2 - Small Business Economics N2 - Referring to Isreal M. Kirzner (1973) and Schumpeter (1934), who emphasized the competitive nature of entrepreneurship, this study investigates whether potential and revealed entrepreneurs are more likely to seek competition than non-entrepreneurs. We provide a conceptual framework that links entrepreneurship to three facets of individual competitiveness drawn from economic, entrepreneurship, and psychological research: a desire to win, striving for personal development, and an enjoyment of competition. Following economic research linking competitive behavior in experiments to career choices, we conduct a lab-in-the-field study and demonstrate that entrepreneurs are more likely to enter competitions than non-entrepreneurs. Accounting for individual desires to win and mastery-related achievement motivations, our results indicate that entrepreneurs tend to enter competition for the sake of competition itself rather than for the prospect of winning it or personal development. Our results suggest that enjoyment of competition might be an additional factor driving entrepreneurs’ market entry decisions beyond well-known factors like overconfidence and risk-taking. KW - Enjoyment of competition KW - Individual competitiveness KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Behavioral economics KW - Lab-in-the-field experiment Y1 - 2020 UR - https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-019-00141-0 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00141-0 SN - 0921-898X VL - 55 SP - 193 EP - 214 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bönte, Werner A1 - Procher, Vivien D. A1 - Urbig, Diemo A1 - Voracek, Martin T1 - Digit Ratio (2D:4D) predicts self-reported measures of general competitiveness, but not behavior in economic experiments T2 - Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience N2 - The ratio of index finger length to ring finger length (2D:4D) is considered to be a putative biomarker of prenatal androgen exposure (PAE), with previous research suggesting that 2D:4D is associated with human behaviors, especially sex-typical behaviors. This study empirically examines the relationship between 2D:4D and individual competitiveness, a behavioral trait that is found to be sexually dimorphic. We employ two related, but distinct, measures of competitiveness, namely behavioral measures obtained from economic experiments and psychometric self-reported measures. Our analyses are based on two independent data sets obtained from surveys and economic experiments with 461 visitors of a shopping mall (Study I) and 617 university students (Study II). The correlation between behavior in the economic experiment and digit ratios of both hands is not statistically significant in either study. In contrast, we find a negative and statistically significant relationship between psychometric self-reported measures of competitiveness and right hand digit ratios (R2D:4D) in both studies. This relationship is especially strong for younger people. Hence, this study provides some robust empirical evidence for a negative association between R2D:4D and self-reported competitiveness. We discuss potential reasons why digit ratio may relate differently to behaviors in specific economics experiments and to self-reported general competitiveness. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00238 SN - 1662-5153 VL - 11 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bönte, Werner A1 - Lombardo, Sandro A1 - Urbig, Diemo T1 - Economics meets psychology: Experimental and self-reported measures of individual competitiveness T2 - Personality and Individual Differences N2 - This study examines the relationship between economic and psychological approaches to measure individuals' competitiveness. While psychologists typically use self-reported psychometric scales, economists tend to use behavioral measures obtained from economic experiments, where subjects confronted with specific paid tasks have to select into either a competitive or a piece-rate payment scheme. Both measurement approaches have remained largely isolated from one another. We demonstrate that a standard behavioral measure and a psychometric scale of individual competitiveness are positively associated, but distinguishable with respect to the role of personal development motives. While self-reported competitiveness also emerges from personal development motives, the behavioral measure does not reflect such motives. The distinction between both measures is validated based on divergent associations with personality and interests in a competitive career. KW - Experiment KW - Competitiveness KW - Psychometric measurement Y1 - 2017 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.036 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.036 VL - 116 SP - 179 EP - 185 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bönte, Werner A1 - Procher, Vivien D. A1 - Urbig, Diemo T1 - Gender differences in selection into self-competition T2 - Applied Economics Letters N2 - While previous studies demonstrated that, in many settings, women tend to be less willing than men to engage in interpersonal competition, this study focuses on selection into self-competition. Competing against own past performances can be an integral part of life, including job and sports. Using data obtained from a lab-in-the-field experiment, we find empirical evidence that women are, on average, more reluctant than men to compete against their own past performance. Our results suggest that this difference can be mainly explained by gender differences in risk preferences. KW - Competitiveness KW - Experiment KW - Gender Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2017.1343441 SN - 1466-4291 VL - 25 IS - 8 SP - 539 EP - 543 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bönte, Werner A1 - Procher, Vivien D. A1 - Urbig, Diemo T1 - Biology and Selection into Entrepreneurship—The Relevance of Prenatal Testosterone Exposure T2 - Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice N2 - This study examines the relationship between prenatal testosterone exposure (PTE) and selection into entrepreneurship. We argue that the relationship between PTE and entrepreneurial intent is positive and mediated by general and domain–specific risk–taking related to financial investment and professional career. Using the second–to–fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) as noninvasive retrospective marker for PTE, we identify two–step mediation effects of PTE on entrepreneurial intent through both general and domain–specific risk–taking. To account for possible socialization–based effects, we control for gender and parental self–employment. Applying ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analyses and structural equation models, we provide empirical evidence for a biological association between 2D:4D and entrepreneurial intent. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12165 SN - 1042-2587 VL - 40 IS - 5 SP - 1121 EP - 1148 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Röder, Martin A1 - Urbig, Diemo A1 - Stöckmann, Christoph A1 - Bönte, Werner A1 - Procher, Vivien D. T1 - There's no fox like an old fox: Dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation and venture closure T2 - 26th Annual Interdisciplinary Conference on Entrepreneurship, Innovation and SMEs, 2023 N2 - Only a few scholars examined downsides of EO and suggest it may negatively affect survival. Previous research, which mainly focuses on mature companies, assumes that the relationship between EO and survival is constant. However, because firm characteristics and causal mechanisms change as young venture survive and grow into mature firms, the relationships between EO and survival could also change over time. We extend the EO literature by considering changing EO effects when venture grow into mature firms and by employing a multidimensional view on EO and identify isolating independent mechanisms for the influence of each dimension (i.e. innovativeness, proactiveness and risk-taking) on the survival of young ventures. While the nature of proactiveness on performance is rathe positive, risk-taking and innovativeness increases the variance of firm performance and thus the chances of failure. However, the latter can be separated according to whether the increase in variance occurs at a single point in time (risk-taking) or over time (innovation) and whether the survivors have more money or more innovations. For young firms, innovativeness and risk-taking inhibit survival, while proactiveness promotes it, so the dimensions have divergent effects. As a consequence of the attrition of young ventures, the associations of innovativeness and risk-taking reverse when they grow older. Our empirical analyses are based on panel data of 8,518 young firms. KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Survival KW - Failure KW - Entrepreneurial orientation KW - time-varying Cox proportional hazard model Y1 - 2023 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379155763 UR - https://www.fgf-ev.de/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/G-Forum-2023-Programmgeruest_18-09-2023_Internet.pdf ER -