TY - CHAP A1 - Markowski, Jens A1 - Logsch, Florian A1 - Ay, Peter A1 - Kanthak, Manfred A1 - Müller, Bodo T1 - Recycling of non-ferrous metals, precious metals and rare earth metals from MSW T2 - Proceedings, XXVII. IMPC, Santiago de Chile, 2014 N2 - Presently the global commodity situation for non ferrous-, precious- and rare metals is characterized by a strong increase in onsumption and a simultaneous shortage of materials derived from primary sources. So the use of secondary raw materials gains is important due to economic and ecological reasons. Non Ferrous-, precious- and rare earth metals were detected in household waste (Municipal solid waste, MSW) for years. In MSW-treatments plants NF-metals are actually mostly separated from dried fractions. The separation of these metals is carried out with the aim of removing particles which disrupt further processing. A selective enrichment of individual non-ferrous metals has not been carried out previously. The separated fractions contain mixtures of Al, Cu, Zn, Pb, Sn, alloys, precious metals (e. g. Au, Ag, Pt) and rare metals (Ga, In, Nd etc.) along with considerable amounts of contaminations. The R&D project “NE-Rec” selectively processes the coarsely separated non-ferrous-metal-conglomerates increasing the concentration of targeted metals. Metals and metal mixtures are concentrated by sorting steps and the impurities are discharged from the process. Still contaminated precious metals are then subjected to a wet-chemical treatment. So metals can be specifically brought into solution or can be precipitated to separate unwanted components (inerts, polymers, foreign metals). Further the relevant metals will be concentrated by thermal-metallurgical processes. The technology, developed in the R&D project, enables identification, separation and processing of non-ferrous metals, precious metals and REM in household waste and transfers them into further processable individual fractions. KW - Recycling KW - NF metals Y1 - 2014 SP - 237 EP - 245 PB - GECAMIN CY - Santiago de Chile ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Markowski, Jens A1 - Narra, Satyanarayana A1 - Ay, Peter A1 - Pempel, Harry A1 - Müller, Mike T1 - Automatic disassembly and recycling of lithium-traction-accumulators T2 - Proceedings, XXVII. IMPC, Santiago de Chile, 2014 N2 - Within the next few years major changes in mobility are expected. Increasing numbers of electric powered cars, electrobikes and E-Scooters define the transport sector. Recently lithium based traction batteries as storage medium have led into matrurity of series production combining high electrical efficiencies with low weights and compact dimensions. Due to the relatively young development with lithium batteries utilization, only few investigation were conducted regarding their recycling. Conventional battery recycling processes can not be applied due to differences in design and chemistry. So an automated disassembly and processing procedure for lithium traction batteries has been developed in the R/D-project "Li-WERT". Instead of complete smelting of the batteries without pretreatment, an automated disassembly and specific treatment of the material streams was realised, adjusted to the needs of the subsequent recovery technologies. A higher quality, with reduced expenses for the separation of fine-grained or fused material mixes, can be obtained for the individual components. The automated disassembly using an industrial robot significantly reduces dangers for the operating crew. The selective disassembly and beneficiation allows full recovery of the fractions. The batteries will be disassembled to cell level by the industrial robot. Anodes, cathodes, and separation layers are isolated and processed. The technology is designed, that no waste is generated for disposal. The pelletised cathode coating and the other separated metals (stainless steel, copper, aluminum) can be used in respective metallurgical plants. Circuit boards and plug contacts are also coveted secondary raw materials for reuse. The process is modular and offers high flexibility, e. g. for new battery types/ sizes by quick adjustment of the robot and tool change. Adaptation to other cathode materials (e. g. Li[FePO]) is possible. After finishing the R/D-project, a pilot plant for demontage was realised in 2013. KW - lithium traction accumulator KW - dismantling KW - recycling Y1 - 2014 SP - 227 EP - 236 PB - GECAMIN CY - Santiago de Chile ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Markowski, Jens A1 - Ay, Peter A1 - Pempel, Harry A1 - Müller, Mike T1 - Entwicklung eines innovativen Verfahrens zur automatisierten Demontage und Auf-bereitung von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien aus Fahrzeugen T2 - Recycling und Rohstoffe : Band 5 N2 - Die automobile Antriebstechnik steht in den nächsten Jahrzehnten vor tief greifenden Verän-derungen. Nachdem über 125 Jahre der Verbrennungsmotor die vorherrschende Antriebsart darstellte, basieren neue Entwicklungen auf Elektroantrieben oder auf der Kombination ver-schiedener Antriebsformen. Fahrzeuge mit elektrischen Antrieben haben mittlerweile den Status der Serienreife erreicht und werden perspektivisch zunehmend das Straßenbild be-stimmen. Mit der so genannten Lithium-Ionen-Traktionsbatterie wurde in den letzten Jahren ein Spei-chermedium zur Serienreife geführt, welches einen hohen elektrischen Wirkungsgrad mit kompakten Maßen und geringem Eigengewicht vereinigt. Mit den auf der Nutzung von Li-thium-Akkumulatoren basierenden Antriebskonzepten kann ein entscheidender Schritt zur Umsetzung einer umfassenden Verbreitung der elektrischen Antriebstechnik im Bereich der individuellen Mobilität erfolgen. KW - Lithium-Akkumulator KW - Demontage KW - robotergestützt Y1 - 2012 SN - 978-3-935317-82-5 SP - 443 EP - 456 PB - TK Verlag Karl Thomé-Kozmiensky CY - Neuruppin ET - 1. Auflage ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Markowski, Jens A1 - Narra, Satyanarayana A1 - Ay, Peter A1 - Hein, Christian A1 - Weber, Alfred T1 - Production of agglomerates from iron-containing fines from the ASR-recycling processes for its use in blast furnaces T2 - XXVI International Mineral Processing Congress - IMPC 2012 : New Delhi, India, September 24 - 28, 2012, vol. 1 N2 - The EU Directive 2000/53/EC on end-of life vehicles (ELVs) states that in 2015 at least 85 wt.-% of a vehicle has to be reused or recycled. This result in the obligatory need to separate additionally metallic and other components of the automotive shredder residues (ASR), so that they can be professionally prepared for recycling and reuse further. Currently the iron-containing fines of ASR are deposited as it is not possible to process in blast furnaces due to its particle size (< 4 mm), composition and material properties. Additionally problems are also caused in handling and transportation (dust) of the material. This work focuses mainly on the ASR materials utilization in blast furnaces. Material was further separated into two consecutive fractions by carrying out repeated crushing and magnetic separation twice. The two fractions have significantly higher iron content (up to 75 wt.-%) compared to the initial material mixture. The materials were assessed for their usage in blast furnaces based on the possible pelletisation with and without binders, stability of pellets, shape and size of pellets, etc. Pelletisation of the material was carried out with a single mould pellet press. Further lignite coal was added to the mixture as additive which improved the pelletisation behavior and the mechanical stability of pellets. Lignite coal was chosen as reducing agent in the blast furnace process contributing towards additional savings in energy supplied. The experiments reveal that the production of pellets from iron-containing fines is possible with a lignite coal admixture of about 15 wt.-%. These pellets displayed good mechanical stability and can be used in blast furnace processes in recovery of the recyclable metals which are currently not recycled. The recycling of not yet recyclable metals would reduce the deposition and can be easily adopted into the economic cycle by their utilization. KW - Automotive shredder residue KW - Fe-fines KW - Agglomeration Y1 - 2012 SN - 81-901714-3-7 CY - New Delhi ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Narra, Satyanarayana A1 - Ay, Peter A1 - Markowski, Jens A1 - Glaser, Claudia T1 - Grundlagenuntersuchungen: Innovative Makroverkapselung von Gärresten Y1 - 2014 UR - http://www.fnr-server.de/ftp/pdf/berichte/22402712.pdf PB - BTU, LS Aufbereitungstechnik CY - Cottbus ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Klein, Robert A1 - Stollberg, Christian A1 - Markowski, Jens A1 - Willscher, S. A1 - Ay, Peter T1 - Recovery of metals from circuit boards with biodissolution T2 - 10th Conference on Environment and Mineral Processing, 22.6.-24.6.2006, VB-TU Ostrava, Czech Republic KW - biodissolution Y1 - 2006 PB - Technical University of Ostrava CY - Ostrava ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Klein, Robert A1 - Stollberg, Christian A1 - Markowski, Jens A1 - Willscher, S. A1 - Ay, Peter ED - Önal, Güven T1 - Biodissolution for recovery of precious metals from electronic scrap T2 - Proceedings of the XXIII International Mineral Processing Congress, Istanbul, Turkey 3-8 September 2006, Vol. 2 KW - biodissolution Y1 - 2006 SN - 975-7946-29-X SP - 1557 EP - 1560 PB - Promed Advertising Agency CY - Istanbul ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Markowski, Jens A1 - Ay, Peter A1 - Pempel, Harry A1 - Logsch, Florian T1 - Recycling of metal-coated plastic parts from end-of-life-vehicles (ELV) with biotechnological methods T2 - Proceedings of the XXVIII International Mineral Processing Congress (IMPC 2016), September 11-15, 2016, Québec City, Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum N2 - Due to the European Directive 2000/53/EC on end-of-life-vehicles, from 2015 on more than 95% of car materials have to be recycled. In order to recycle the materials back into the economic cycle, it is necessary to produce products with high quality and purity. Plastic components in cars, which are coated with metals by vapour deposition or electroplating, have a wide circulation (e.g., as cladding panel or trim strip for interiors and exteriors). In the end-of-life-vehicle recycling process, these plastic-metal composites are not considered in usual technologies (car shredder) and are not separated from Automotive Shredder Residue. These parts can be separated by optical or HF-detection sorting and then introduced to a specific treatment. Experiments with a specially developed bioleaching configuration showed that the thin coatings, which consist mainly of copper, nickel and chromium, can be removed efficiently from the polymer base materials by a bioleaching solution with Acidothiobacillus ferrooxidans as a leaching agent. The solution used was produced in special fermenters with a 9K-nutrient salt media. During the bioleaching process at 35°C maximum temperature, most of the copper is dissolved and the other metals accumulate as metal sludge. The bacterial cultures based on A. ferrooxidans are robust and resilient. After a 48-hour bioleaching period while the composites were stirred regularly with ventilation, the plastic particles were completely free from metallic coatings. The metal components are separated for further use: undissolved components (mainly Ni and Cr) are separated by decantation of the solution; dissolved copper recovey is carried out by cementation of copper. The cementated solid contains ~98% Cu, along with small amounts of other metals. With the bioleaching process, good separation and re-utilization of the metallic coatings is possible. The cleaned plastic parts were prepared by compounding for new applications with injection-moulding. KW - Bioleaching, Recycling, Plastic-Metal-Composites, End-of-life-vehicles Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-1-926872-29-2 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Klose, Markus A1 - Reinhold, Romy A1 - Logsch, Florian A1 - Wolke, Florian A1 - Linnemann, Julia A1 - Stoeck, Ulrich A1 - Oswald, Steffen A1 - Uhlemann, Martin A1 - Ballach, Juan A1 - Markowski, Jens A1 - Ay, Peter A1 - Giebeler, Lars T1 - Softwood lignin as a sustainable feedstock for porous carbons as active material for supercapacitors using an ionic liquid electrolyte T2 - ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering KW - porous carbons KW - lignin KW - supercapacitors Y1 - 2017 VL - 5 IS - 5 SP - 4095 EP - 4102 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Markowski, Jens A1 - Pempel, Harry A1 - Ay, Peter T1 - Recovery of nickel-containing coatings with hydro-biotechnological methods T2 - COM 2017, Conference of Metallurgists (MetSoc), The 56th Annual Conference of Metallurgists, hosting World Gold and Nickel-Cobalt, August 27-30, 2017, Hyatt Regency Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada N2 - Metal-coated thermoplastic parts find more and more functional and aesthetic applications in the interior and exterior of cars. The vapor-deposited or electroplated coatings are usually composed of a plurality of nickel- and chromium-containing layers, which are applied to copper-containing carrier layers on the polymers. Previously, recycling processes are mainly focussed at the recovery or thermal utilization of the plastics. Targeted and selective recycling of the metallic coatings is usually not carried out. Together with several SME, BTU developed a process, in which a complete and separate recovery of all components in high purity is possible with biotechnological methods. The bioleaching is carried out with iron and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, esp. Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. The copper-containing layers are dissolved in the solution; chromium- and nickel-containing particles are precipitated as solids. After the bioleaching, a mechanical separation of the individual metal-containing components and their separate workup are carried out. End-products are metallic copper, a nickel- and chromium-containing solid and the cleaned plastics. The bioleaching ensures a high purity of the end products. Through the use of bacteria, which are also found in nature, the process is environmentally friendly. Compared to chemical leaching using inorganic acids, considerably shorter leaching times can be achieved. In addition to the optimization of the leaching process, the R/D-project also includes the development and testing of the apparatus technology. KW - Bioleaching KW - End-of-life-vehicles KW - electroplated plastics KW - Recycling Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-1-926872-36-0 PB - Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum CY - Vancouver ER -