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    <title language="eng">An experimental and CFD study of the iron ore fixed bed structure and its influence on the direct reduction process</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The current circumstances of global warming, improved energy efficiency, and the higher suitability of Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) in Electric Arc Furnaces (EAF) for steel production necessitate a transition in the iron and steelmaking process from the traditional blast furnace/basic oxygen furnace to the more sustainable and eco-friendly direct reduction process. This reduction can be effectively studied in a fixed bed configuration, which bridges the gap between fundamental investigations on a single pellet and industrial shaft furnaces. While an average porous media model may be used to simulate the fixed bed reactor, this approach fails to account for the impact of intra- and inter-pellet fluid dynamics as well as heat and mass transfer. To accurately represent the geometric structure of iron ore pellet beds, an experimental construction must be accompanied by a particle-resolved CFD model. This article is divided into successive steps. The first step consists in the experimental construction of iron ore beds with different pellet size distributions (10-12.5 mm and 12.5-16 mm) and of the calculation of the bulk bed porosity and radial average bed porosity. The discrete element method (DEM) is further used to computationally reconstruct random packed beds of 0.5 kg industrial pellets based on the experimental data of pellet size distributions. A 3D domain is created using particle position data from the previous step, and pellets and voids are meshed at different refinement levels. Finally, CFD simulations are carried out to investigate the reduction of iron oxide pellets using H2 as a reducing gas in a fixed bed, considering available experimental data for model validation. The effect of three different bed structures on the overall conversion degree of iron ore is examined. This approach allows for successful modeling of a fixed bed using experimental input and investigation into the potential effects of the bed structure on the overall conversion during the direct reduction of the iron ore pellets.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Industrial Furnaces and Boilers</parentTitle>
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    <title language="eng">Kinetic mechanism development for the direct reduction of single hematite pellets in H2/CO atmospheres</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Increasing interest in the direct reduction process of iron ore has revived investigations on gaseous and heterogeneous iron oxides’ kinetics. Despite extensive studies on the reduction of iron oxides with pure hydrogen or syngas, the development of a generic reduction mechanism for iron oxides is still lacking. The conventional shrinking core model hardly distinguishes between transport and reaction processes, leading to biases or even errors in the kinetic models. In the present study, a porous solid model, which solves mass balances of the individual gas‐phase species and solid ones assuming spherical symmetry, is used for developing a heterogeneous kinetic mechanism accounting for different iron oxidation stages (Fe2O3, Fe3O4, FeO). It also accounts for carbon accumulation and cementite formation to model the carburization phenomena when using carbon‐containing reducing agents like syngas. The proposed generic mechanism successfully reproduces 49 experimental data sets from the literature for single iron</abstract>
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Despite extensive studies on the reduction of iron oxides with pure hydrogen or syngas, the development of a generic reduction mechanism for iron oxides is still lacking. The conventional shrinking core model hardly distinguishes between transport and reaction processes, leading to biases or even errors in the kinetic models. In the present study, a porous solid model, which solves mass balances of the individual gas\u2010phase species and solid ones assuming spherical symmetry, is used for developing a heterogeneous kinetic mechanism accounting for different iron oxidation stages (Fe&lt;jats:sub&gt;2&lt;\/jats:sub&gt;O&lt;jats:sub&gt;3&lt;\/jats:sub&gt;, Fe&lt;jats:sub&gt;3&lt;\/jats:sub&gt;O&lt;jats:sub&gt;4&lt;\/jats:sub&gt;, FeO). It also accounts for carbon accumulation and cementite formation to model the carburization phenomena when using carbon\u2010containing reducing agents like syngas. The proposed generic mechanism successfully reproduces 49 experimental data sets from the literature for single iron oxide pellets\u2019 isothermal reduction with syngas of varying hydrogen content up to pure hydrogen without any adjustment of its parameters. The model predictions are in excellent agreement with the experimental data. Finally, the carburization kinetics are explained, and the factors (e.g., temperature, hydrogen content) affecting the carbon deposition are analyzed.&lt;\/jats:p&gt;&lt;\/jats:sec&gt;","DOI":"10.1002\/srin.202200043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T18:53:36Z","timestamp":1655924016000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Kinetic Mechanism Development for the Direct Reduction of Single Hematite Pellets in H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;\/CO Atmospheres"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9314-0402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Liaket","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR) Institute of Low-Carbon Industrial Processes  Schwenninger Weg 1 02763 Zittau Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4968-8494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quentin","family":"Fradet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR) Institute of Low-Carbon Industrial Processes  Walther-Pauer-Stra\u00dfe 5 03046 Cottbus Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8682-2192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uwe","family":"Riedel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR) Institute of Low-Carbon Industrial Processes  Walther-Pauer-Stra\u00dfe 5 03046 Cottbus Germany"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-001-0054-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"World Steel Association World Steel in Figures 2020 www.worldsteel.org (accessed: December 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"IEA Iron and Steel Technology Roadmap www.worldsteel.org (accessed: December 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"World Steel Association Steel's Contribution to A Low Carbon Future and Climate Resilient Societies\u2014World Steel Position Paper www.worldsteel.org (accessed: December 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"2","volume":"224","author":"Mckewan W. 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    <author>
      <firstName>Mohammed Liaket</firstName>
      <lastName>Ali</lastName>
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      <firstName>Maike</firstName>
      <lastName>Deutschmann</lastName>
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      <firstName>Quentin</firstName>
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      <firstName>Uwe</firstName>
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