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  <doc>
    <id>27366</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2017</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>201</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>212</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>8</issue>
    <volume>98</volume>
    <type>articler</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2021-05-03</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Europe and the Middle East</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In 2016, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth’s&#13;
atmosphere—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—&#13;
continued to increase and reach new record highs. The 3.5 ±&#13;
0.1 ppm rise in global annual mean carbon dioxide from 2015&#13;
to 2016 was the largest annual increase observed in the 58-&#13;
year measurement record. The annual global average carbon&#13;
dioxide concentration at Earth’s surface surpassed 400 ppm&#13;
(402.9 ± 0.1 ppm) for the first time in the modern atmospheric&#13;
measurement record and in ice core records dating back as&#13;
far as 800000 years.&#13;
One of the strongest El Niño events since at least 1950 dissipated in spring, and a weak La Niña evolved later in the year.&#13;
Owing at least in part to the combination of El Niño conditions&#13;
early in the year and a long-term upward trend, Earth’s surface&#13;
observed record warmth for a third consecutive year, albeit&#13;
by a much slimmer margin than by which that record was set&#13;
in 2015. Above Earth’s surface, the annual lower troposphere&#13;
temperature was record high according to all datasets analyzed,&#13;
while the lower stratospheric temperature was record low&#13;
according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets.&#13;
Several countries, including Mexico and India, reported&#13;
record high annual temperatures while many others observed&#13;
near-record highs. A week-long heat wave at the end of April&#13;
over the northern and eastern Indian peninsula, with temperatures surpassing 44°C, contributed to a water crisis for 330&#13;
million people and to 300 fatalities.&#13;
In the Arctic the 2016 land surface temperature was 2.0°C&#13;
above the 1981–2010 average, breaking the previous record of&#13;
2007, 2011, and 2015 by 0.8°C, representing a 3.5°C increase&#13;
since the record began in 1900. The increasing temperatures&#13;
have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On&#13;
24 March, the sea ice extent at the end of the growth season&#13;
saw its lowest maximum in the 37-year satellite record, tying&#13;
with 2015 at 7.2% below the 1981–2010 average. The September 2016 Arctic sea ice minimum extent tied with 2007 for the&#13;
second lowest value on record, 33% lower than the 1981–2010&#13;
average. Arctic sea ice cover remains relatively young and thin,&#13;
making it vulnerable to continued extensive melt. The mass of&#13;
the Greenland Ice Sheet, which has the capacity to contribute&#13;
~7 m to sea level rise, reached a record low value. The onset&#13;
of its surface melt was the second earliest, after 2012, in the&#13;
37-year satellite record.&#13;
Sea surface temperature was record high at the global scale,&#13;
surpassing the previous record of 2015 by about 0.01°C. The&#13;
global sea surface temperature trend for the 21st centuryto-date of +0.162°C decade−1 is much higher than the longer&#13;
term 1950–2016 trend of +0.100°C decade−1. Global annual&#13;
mean sea level also reached a new record high, marking the&#13;
sixth consecutive year of increase. Global annual ocean heat&#13;
content saw a slight drop compared to the record high in 2015.&#13;
Alpine glacier retreat continued around the globe, and&#13;
preliminary data indicate that 2016 is the 37th consecutive&#13;
year of negative annual mass balance. Across the Northern&#13;
Hemisphere, snow cover for each month from February to&#13;
June was among its four least extensive in the 47-year satellite&#13;
record. Continuing a pattern below the surface, record high&#13;
temperatures at 20-m depth were measured at all permafrost&#13;
observatories on the North Slope of Alaska and at the Canadian observatory on northernmost Ellesmere Island.&#13;
In the Antarctic, record low monthly surface pressures were&#13;
broken at many stations, with the southern annular mode setting record high index values in March and June. Monthly high&#13;
surface pressure records for August and November were set&#13;
at several stations. During this period, record low daily and&#13;
monthly sea ice extents were observed, with the November&#13;
mean sea ice extent more than 5 standard deviations below the&#13;
1981–2010 average. These record low sea ice values contrast&#13;
sharply with the record high values observed during 2012–14.&#13;
Over the region, springtime Antarctic stratospheric ozone&#13;
depletion was less severe relative to the 1991–2006 average,&#13;
but ozone levels were still low compared to pre-1990 levels.&#13;
Closer to the equator, 93 named tropical storms were observed during 2016, above the 1981–2010 average of 82, but&#13;
fewer than the 101 storms recorded in 2015. Three basins—the&#13;
North Atlantic, and eastern and western North Pacific—experienced above-normal activity in 2016. The Australian basin&#13;
recorded its least active season since the beginning of the&#13;
satellite era in 1970. Overall, four tropical cyclones reached&#13;
the Saffir–Simpson category 5 intensity level.&#13;
The strong El Niño at the beginning of the year that transitioned to a weak La Niña contributed to enhanced precipitation&#13;
variability around the world. Wet conditions were observed&#13;
throughout the year across southern South America, causing&#13;
repeated heavy flooding in Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay.&#13;
Wetter-than-usual conditions were also observed for eastern&#13;
Europe and central Asia, alleviating the drought conditions of&#13;
2014 and 2015 in southern Russia. In the United States, California had its first wetter-than-average year since 2012, after&#13;
being plagued by drought for several years. Even so, the area&#13;
covered by drought in 2016 at the global scale was among the&#13;
largest in the post-1950 record. For each month, at least 12% of&#13;
land surfaces experienced severe drought conditions or worse,&#13;
the longest such stretch in the record. In northeastern Brazil,&#13;
drought conditions were observed for the fifth consecutive&#13;
year, making this the longest drought on record in the region.&#13;
Dry conditions were also observed in western Bolivia and Peru;&#13;
it was Bolivia’s worst drought in the past 25 years. In May, with&#13;
abnormally warm and dry conditions already prevailing over&#13;
western Canada for about a year, the human-induced Fort&#13;
McMurray wildfire burned nearly 590000 hectares and became&#13;
the costliest disaster in Canadian history, with $3 billion (U.S.&#13;
dollars) in insured losses.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society / State of the Climate in 2016</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1520-0477</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1175/2017BAMSStateoftheClimate.1</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0003-0007</identifier>
    <enrichment key="BTU">nicht an der BTU erstellt / not created at BTU</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <author>
      <firstName>Peter</firstName>
      <lastName>Bissolli</lastName>
    </author>
    <submitter>
      <firstName>Kai</firstName>
      <lastName>Kaufmann</lastName>
    </submitter>
    <author>
      <firstName>Mesut</firstName>
      <lastName>Demicran</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>J. M.</firstName>
      <lastName>Gutiérrez</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Mike</firstName>
      <lastName>Kendon</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>John</firstName>
      <lastName>Kennedy</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Monika</firstName>
      <lastName>Lakatos</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Gerard</firstName>
      <lastName>McCarthy</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Colin</firstName>
      <lastName>Morice</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>M. R.</firstName>
      <lastName>Pons</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Rütger</firstName>
      <lastName>Rollenbeck</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Serhat</firstName>
      <lastName>Sensoy</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Katja</firstName>
      <lastName>Trachte</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Gerard</firstName>
      <lastName>van der Schrier</lastName>
    </author>
    <collection role="institutes" number="2401">FG Atmosphärische Prozesse</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>27362</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2018</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>222</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>233</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>8</issue>
    <volume>99</volume>
    <type>articler</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2021-05-03</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Europe and the Middle East</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In 2017, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth’s&#13;
atmosphere—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—&#13;
reached new record highs. The annual global average carbon&#13;
dioxide concentration at Earth’s surface for 2017 was 405.0&#13;
± 0.1 ppm, 2.2 ppm greater than for 2016 and the highest in&#13;
the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core&#13;
records dating back as far as 800 000 years. The global growth&#13;
rate of CO2 has nearly quadrupled since the early 1960s.&#13;
With ENSO-neutral conditions present in the central and&#13;
eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean during most of the year and&#13;
weak La Niña conditions notable at the start and end, the global&#13;
temperature across land and ocean surfaces ranked as the second or third highest, depending on the dataset, since records&#13;
began in the mid-to-late 1800s. Notably, it was the warmest&#13;
non-El Niño year in the instrumental record. Above Earth’s&#13;
surface, the annual lower tropospheric temperature was also&#13;
either second or third highest according to all datasets analyzed. The lower stratospheric temperature was about 0.2°C&#13;
higher than the record cold temperature of 2016 according to&#13;
most of the in situ and satellite datasets.&#13;
Several countries, including Argentina, Uruguay, Spain, and&#13;
Bulgaria, reported record high annual temperatures. Mexico&#13;
broke its annual record for the fourth consecutive year. On 27&#13;
January, the temperature reached 43.4°C at Puerto Madryn,&#13;
Argentina—the highest temperature recorded so far south&#13;
(43°S) anywhere in the world. On 28 May in Turbat, western&#13;
Pakistan, the high of 53.5°C tied Pakistan’s all-time highest&#13;
temperature and became the world-record highest temperature for May.&#13;
 In the Arctic, the 2017 land surface temperature was 1.6°C&#13;
above the 1981–2010 average, the second highest since the&#13;
record began in 1900, behind only 2016. The five highest annual&#13;
Arctic temperatures have all occurred since 2007. Exceptionally&#13;
high temperatures were observed in the permafrost across&#13;
the Arctic, with record values reported in much of Alaska and&#13;
northwestern Canada. In August, high sea surface temperature&#13;
(SST) records were broken for the Chukchi Sea, with some&#13;
regions as warm as +11°C, or 3° to 4°C warmer than the longterm mean (1982–present). According to paleoclimate studies,&#13;
today’s abnormally warm Arctic air and SSTs have not been&#13;
observed in the last 2000 years. The increasing temperatures&#13;
have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On&#13;
7 March, sea ice extent at the end of the growth season saw&#13;
its lowest maximum in the 37-year satellite record, covering&#13;
8% less area than the 1981–2010 average. The Arctic sea ice&#13;
minimum on 13 September was the eighth lowest on record&#13;
and covered 25% less area than the long-term mean.&#13;
Preliminary data indicate that glaciers across the world lost&#13;
mass for the 38th consecutive year on record; the declines&#13;
are remarkably consistent from region to region. Cumulatively&#13;
since 1980, this loss is equivalent to slicing 22 meters off the&#13;
top of the average glacier.&#13;
Antarctic sea ice extent remained below average for all of&#13;
2017, with record lows during the first four months. Over&#13;
the continent, the austral summer seasonal melt extent and&#13;
melt index were the second highest since 2005, mostly due to&#13;
strong positive anomalies of air temperature over most of the&#13;
West Antarctic coast. In contrast, the East Antarctic Plateau&#13;
saw record low mean temperatures in March. The year was&#13;
also distinguished by the second smallest Antarctic ozone hole&#13;
observed since 1988.&#13;
Across the global oceans, the overall long-term SST warming&#13;
trend remained strong. Although SST cooled slightly from 2016&#13;
to 2017, the last three years produced the three highest annual&#13;
values observed; these high anomalies have been associated&#13;
with widespread coral bleaching. The most recent global coral&#13;
bleaching lasted three full years, June 2014 to May 2017, and&#13;
was the longest, most widespread, and almost certainly most&#13;
destructive such event on record. Global integrals of 0–700-&#13;
m and 0–2000-m ocean heat content reached record highs in&#13;
2017, and global mean sea level during the year became the&#13;
highest annual average in the 25-year satellite altimetry record,&#13;
rising to 77 mm above the 1993 average.&#13;
 In the tropics, 2017 saw 85 named tropical storms, slightly&#13;
above the 1981–2010 average of 82. The North Atlantic basin&#13;
was the only basin that featured an above-normal season, its&#13;
seventh most active in the 164-year record. Three hurricanes&#13;
in the basin were especially notable. Harvey produced record&#13;
rainfall totals in areas of Texas and Louisiana, including a storm&#13;
total of 1538.7 mm near Beaumont, Texas, which far exceeds&#13;
the previous known U.S. tropical cyclone record of 1320.8 mm.&#13;
Irma was the strongest tropical cyclone globally in 2017 and the&#13;
strongest Atlantic hurricane outside of the Gulf of Mexico and&#13;
Caribbean on record with maximum winds of 295 km h−1. Maria&#13;
caused catastrophic destruction across the Caribbean Islands,&#13;
including devastating wind damage and flooding across Puerto&#13;
Rico. Elsewhere, the western North Pacific, South Indian, and&#13;
Australian basins were all particularly quiet.&#13;
 Precipitation over global land areas in 2017 was clearly above&#13;
the long-term average. Among noteworthy regional precipitation records in 2017, Russia reported its second wettest year&#13;
on record (after 2013) and Norway experienced its sixth wettest year since records began in 1900. Across India, heavy rain&#13;
and flood-related incidents during the monsoon season claimed&#13;
around 800 lives. In August and September, above-normal&#13;
precipitation triggered the most devastating floods in more&#13;
than a decade in the Venezuelan states of Bolívar and Delta&#13;
Amacuro. In Nigeria, heavy rain during August and September&#13;
caused the Niger and Benue Rivers to overflow, bringing floods&#13;
that displaced more than 100 000 people.&#13;
 Global fire activity was the lowest since at least 2003; however, high activity occurred in parts of North America, South&#13;
America, and Europe, with an unusually long season in Spain&#13;
and Portugal, which had their second and third driest years&#13;
on record, respectively. Devastating fires impacted British&#13;
Columbia, destroying 1.2 million hectares of timber, bush, and&#13;
grassland, due in part to the region’s driest summer on record.&#13;
In the United States, an extreme western wildfire season&#13;
burned over 4 million hectares; the total costs of $18 billion&#13;
tripled the previous U.S. annual wildfire cost record set in 1991.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society / State of the Climate in 2017</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0003-0007</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1175/2018BAMSStateoftheClimate.1</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1520-0477</identifier>
    <enrichment key="BTU">nicht an der BTU erstellt / not created at BTU</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>
      <firstName>Peter</firstName>
      <lastName>Bissolli</lastName>
    </author>
    <submitter>
      <firstName>Kai</firstName>
      <lastName>Kaufmann</lastName>
    </submitter>
    <author>
      <firstName>Mesut</firstName>
      <lastName>Demicran</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>John</firstName>
      <lastName>Kennedy</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Mónika</firstName>
      <lastName>Lakatos</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Mark</firstName>
      <lastName>McCarthy</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Colin</firstName>
      <lastName>Morice</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>S.</firstName>
      <lastName>Pastor Saavedra</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>M. R.</firstName>
      <lastName>Pons</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>C.</firstName>
      <lastName>Rodriguez Camino</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Benjamin</firstName>
      <lastName>Rösner</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Serhat</firstName>
      <lastName>Sensoy</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Sandra</firstName>
      <lastName>Spillane</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Katja</firstName>
      <lastName>Trachte</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Gerard</firstName>
      <lastName>van der Schrier</lastName>
    </author>
    <collection role="institutes" number="2401">FG Atmosphärische Prozesse</collection>
  </doc>
</export-example>
