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    <id>34674</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>4</pageNumber>
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    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject_ref</type>
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    <completedDate>2024-11-21</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">An Improved Stepped-Frequency PMCW Waveform for Automotive Radar Applications</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In phase-modulated continuous wave (PMCW) radar systems, fine range resolution typically requires high instantaneous bandwidths, necessitating fast-sampling analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). However, these ADCs are expensive and power-consuming. Consequently, due to their affordable hardware implementation, today's automotive radar systems still mainly employ analog frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) waveforms. A larger bandwidth without requiring fast-sampling ADCs can also be synthesized by transmitting consecutive pulses in a coherent processing interval (CPI) at incremented carrier frequencies. To enable PMCW with low-data-rate ADCs, this paper proposes an improved stepped-frequency PMCW (SF-PMCW) waveform and evaluates its performance against a stepped-frequency FMCW (SF-FMCW) radar system in a simulated environment. The results indicate that the proposed SF- PMCW waveform can yield superior target detection capabilities with comparable system parameters.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">IEEE 15th German Microwave Conference (GeMiC), 11-13 March 2024, Duisburg, Germany</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2167-8022</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.23919/GeMiC59120.2024.10485360</identifier>
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    <author>
      <firstName>Moritz</firstName>
      <lastName>Kahlert</lastName>
    </author>
    <submitter>
      <firstName>Madlen</firstName>
      <lastName>Herzig</lastName>
    </submitter>
    <author>
      <firstName>Tai</firstName>
      <lastName>Fei</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Claas</firstName>
      <lastName>Tebruegge</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Markus</firstName>
      <lastName>Gardill</lastName>
    </author>
    <collection role="institutes" number="1101">FG Elektronische Systeme und Sensorik</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>34675</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>5</pageNumber>
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    <completedDate>2024-11-21</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">MLS-based Transmitter Orthogonality Analysis in MIMO-PMCW Automotive Radar Systems</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Precise angular measurements are essential for au-tomated driving functions, and the antenna aperture and the number of antennas in a radar system determine the angle measuring ability. Recently, phase-modulated continuous wave (PMCW) technology has been integrated into multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems, enabling a larger antenna aperture by multiplexing multiple transmitter antennas simul-taneously. In this work, we evaluate the performance of a large-scale MIMO-PMCW radar system in simulated scenarios using the peak-sidelobe level (PSL) after range-Doppler processing as a performance metric. The results show that the sequence length and the relative velocity in radar systems strongly influence the detection performance.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">IEEE 13rd Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop (SAM), 08-11 July 2024, Corvallis, OR, USA</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1109/SAM60225.2024.10636563</identifier>
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    <author>
      <firstName>Moritz</firstName>
      <lastName>Kahlert</lastName>
    </author>
    <submitter>
      <firstName>Madlen</firstName>
      <lastName>Herzig</lastName>
    </submitter>
    <author>
      <firstName>Tai</firstName>
      <lastName>Fei</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Norwin</firstName>
      <lastName>Wilden</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Claas</firstName>
      <lastName>Tebruegge</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Markus</firstName>
      <lastName>Gardill</lastName>
    </author>
    <collection role="institutes" number="1101">FG Elektronische Systeme und Sensorik</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>34677</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>196</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>199</pageLast>
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    <completedDate>2024-11-21</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Range Migration Compensation for a PMCW Automotive Radar System</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Fine range and Doppler resolutions are desirable in automotive radar systems to estimate target properties accurately. However, targets detected by radar systems can suffer from range migration, which is caused by the relative movement of targets during the coherent processing interval (CPI). Range migration results in energy dispersion across multiple cells in the range-Doppler domain. This dispersion leads to a reduced signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and an increased risk of masking weak targets in adjacent cells. To address this issue, we present a range migration compensation method for phase-modulated continuous wave (PMCW) radar systems. The feasibility is investigated in a simulated environment. The results show that the approach focuses target energy into a single range-Doppler cell, resulting in an increased SNR and improved target detection.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">21st European Radar Conference (EuRAD), 04 November 2024,  Paris, France</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.23919/EuRAD61604.2024.10734955</identifier>
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    <author>
      <firstName>Moritz</firstName>
      <lastName>Kahlert</lastName>
    </author>
    <submitter>
      <firstName>Madlen</firstName>
      <lastName>Herzig</lastName>
    </submitter>
    <author>
      <firstName>Tai</firstName>
      <lastName>Fei</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Claas</firstName>
      <lastName>Tebruegge</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Markus</firstName>
      <lastName>Gardill</lastName>
    </author>
    <collection role="institutes" number="1101">FG Elektronische Systeme und Sensorik</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>33984</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>4</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject_ref</type>
    <publisherName/>
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    <completedDate>2024-09-05</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Stepped-frequency PMCW-radar modulation scheme for automotive applications</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For digital modulation schemes like phase-modulated continuous wave (PMCW) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), the baseband bandwidth equals the radio frequency bandwidth. High bandwidth is necessary for achieving fine-range resolution. While high sampling rates require expensive analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) at the receiver, low-cost radar solutions are preferred for automotive radar systems. In prior research, a stepped-frequency OFDM modulation scheme was proposed to achieve fine-range resolution while reducing the sampling rates of the ADCs. Motivated by this, we propose a stepped-frequency PMCW modulation scheme to obtain highly separable range-Doppler measurements at reduced sampling rates. For this purpose, the carrier frequency of successively transmitted sequences is varied, resulting in a range-dependent frequency shift along the slow-time domain. The modulation scheme is presented analytically, and its feasibility is investigated in a simulated environment.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">IEEE Topical Conference on Wireless Sensors and Sensor Networks (WiSNet), 21-24 January 2024, San Antonio, TX, USA</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">979-8-3503-2982-7</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2473-4624</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1109/WiSNeT59910.2024.10438643</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="Fprofil">4 Künstliche Intelligenz und Sensorik / Artificial Intelligence and Sensor Technology</enrichment>
    <author>
      <firstName>Moritz</firstName>
      <lastName>Kahlert</lastName>
    </author>
    <submitter>
      <firstName>Madlen</firstName>
      <lastName>Herzig</lastName>
    </submitter>
    <author>
      <firstName>Tai</firstName>
      <lastName>Fei</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Claas</firstName>
      <lastName>Tebruegge</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Markus</firstName>
      <lastName>Gardill</lastName>
    </author>
    <collection role="institutes" number="1101">FG Elektronische Systeme und Sensorik</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>32107</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>73</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>76</pageLast>
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    <edition/>
    <issue/>
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    <publisherName>IEEE</publisherName>
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    <completedDate>2023-12-05</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Doppler Ambiguity Resolution for a PMCW Automotive Radar System</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">20th European Radar Conference (EuRAD), 20-22 September 2023, Berlin (Germany)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-2-87487-074-3</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">979-8-3503-2246-0</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.23919/EuRAD58043.2023.10289445</identifier>
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    <author>
      <firstName>Moritz</firstName>
      <lastName>Kahlert</lastName>
    </author>
    <submitter>
      <firstName>Madlen</firstName>
      <lastName>Herzig</lastName>
    </submitter>
    <author>
      <firstName>Tai</firstName>
      <lastName>Fei</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Claas</firstName>
      <lastName>Tebruegge</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Markus</firstName>
      <lastName>Gardill</lastName>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="1101">FG Elektronische Systeme und Sensorik</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>32109</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>795</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>799</pageLast>
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    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject_ref</type>
    <publisherName>IEEE</publisherName>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2023-12-05</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Multi-Target Doppler Ambiguity Identification for a PMCW Automotive Radar System</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">31st European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), 04-08 September 2023, Helsinki (Finland)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-9-4645-9360-0</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">979-8-3503-2811-0</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2076-1465</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2219-5491</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.23919/EUSIPCO58844.2023.10290009</identifier>
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    <author>
      <firstName>Moritz</firstName>
      <lastName>Kahlert</lastName>
    </author>
    <submitter>
      <firstName>Madlen</firstName>
      <lastName>Herzig</lastName>
    </submitter>
    <author>
      <firstName>Tai</firstName>
      <lastName>Fei</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Junus</firstName>
      <lastName>Hirner</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Claas</firstName>
      <lastName>Tebruegge</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Markus</firstName>
      <lastName>Gardill</lastName>
    </author>
    <collection role="institutes" number="1101">FG Elektronische Systeme und Sensorik</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>35582</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>24</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>27</pageLast>
    <pageNumber>4</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject_ref</type>
    <publisherName/>
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    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2025-03-20</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">A Modular Ray Tracing-Based Framework for Automotive Radar Waveform Evaluation</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) is the dominant waveform scheme in modern automotive radar systems used in advanced driver assistance systems (ADASs). Nevertheless, the digital modulation scheme phase-modulated continuous wave (PMCW) has recently attracted considerable interest due to advantages such as high maximum unambiguous velocities. However, there remains a need for more thorough performance assessments comparing these waveforms in dynamic automotive scenarios. This work presents a flexible framework comprising a ray-tracing simulator and radar models for efficient automotive scenario generation and radar simulation. Using this framework, the performance of FMCW and PMCW radar systems is assessed in a typical automotive scenario. The evaluation demonstrates that the PMCW radar system exhibits superior performance in terms of target detectability in the given scenario.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">IEEE Topical Conference on Wireless Sensors and Sensor Networks (WiSNeT), 19-22 January 2025, San Juan, PR, USA</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">979-8-3315-0733-6</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">979-8-3315-0732-9</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">979-8-3315-0734-3</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2473-4624</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2330-7900</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1109/WiSNeT63956.2025.10905020</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <author>
      <firstName>Moritz</firstName>
      <lastName>Kahlert</lastName>
    </author>
    <submitter>
      <firstName>Madlen</firstName>
      <lastName>Herzig</lastName>
    </submitter>
    <author>
      <firstName>Jinwen</firstName>
      <lastName>Pan</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Tai</firstName>
      <lastName>Fei</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Claas</firstName>
      <lastName>Tebruegge</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Markus</firstName>
      <lastName>Gardill</lastName>
    </author>
    <collection role="institutes" number="1101">FG Elektronische Systeme und Sensorik</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>35585</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>233</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>245</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>3</volume>
    <type>articler</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2025-03-20</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Stepped-frequency PMCW waveforms for automotive radar applications</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Digitally modulated radar systems, such as phase-modulated continuous-wave (PMCW), often struggle with high bandwidth demands for fine-range resolutions, posing challenges for cost-effective automotive applications. To address this issue, we propose an stepped-frequency PMCW (SF-PMCW) radar waveform in which the instantaneous bandwidth of a single pulse is extensively reduced while the range resolution is beyond the theoretical limit imposed by the instantaneous bandwidth. The proposed waveform spans a synthetic bandwidth across multiple pulses, achieving range estimates comparable to those typically achieved with higher instantaneous bandwidths. Simultaneously, the requirements for analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are relaxed. Simulations have been performed to demonstrate the performance. The results indicate that the proposed SF-PMCW waveform with an instantaneous bandwidth of 100 MHz can achieve range estimates as good as a PMCW waveform with an instantaneous bandwidth of 1 GHz.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">IEEE Transactions on Radar Systems</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2832-7357</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1109/TRS.2025.3528773</identifier>
    <enrichment key="BTU">an der BTU erstellt / created at BTU</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>
      <firstName>Moritz</firstName>
      <lastName>Kahlert</lastName>
    </author>
    <submitter>
      <firstName>Madlen</firstName>
      <lastName>Herzig</lastName>
    </submitter>
    <author>
      <firstName>Tai</firstName>
      <lastName>Fei</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Claas</firstName>
      <lastName>Tebruegge</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Markus</firstName>
      <lastName>Gardill</lastName>
    </author>
    <collection role="institutes" number="1101">FG Elektronische Systeme und Sensorik</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>35958</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>43</pageLast>
    <pageNumber>43</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue>8</issue>
    <volume>17</volume>
    <type>articler</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>2025-04-10</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Unified model and survey on modulation schemes for next-generation automotive radar systems</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Commercial automotive radar systems for advanced driver assistance systems (ADASs) have relied on frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) waveforms for years due to their low-cost hardware, simple signal processing, and established academic and industrial expertise. However, FMCW systems face several challenges, including limited unambiguous velocity, restricted multiplexing of transmit signals, and susceptibility to interference. This work introduces a unified automotive radar signal model and reviews the alternative modulation schemes such as phase-coded frequency-modulated continuous wave (PC-FMCW), phase-modulated continuous wave (PMCW), orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), orthogonal chirp division multiplexing (OCDM), and orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS). These schemes are assessed against key technological and economic criteria and compared with FMCW, highlighting their respective strengths and limitations.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Remote sensing</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2072-4292</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/rs17081355</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.import.date">2025-05-30T11:11:06+00:00</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">sword</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="BTU">an der BTU erstellt / created at BTU</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>
      <firstName>Moritz</firstName>
      <lastName>Kahlert</lastName>
    </author>
    <editor>
      <firstName>Georgia</firstName>
      <lastName>Koukiou</lastName>
    </editor>
    <author>
      <firstName>Tai</firstName>
      <lastName>Fei</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Yuming</firstName>
      <lastName>Wang</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Claas</firstName>
      <lastName>Tebruegge</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Markus</firstName>
      <lastName>Gardill</lastName>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Automotive radar</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Frequency-modulated continuous wave</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Orthogonal chirp-division multiplexing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Orthogonal time frequency space</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Phase-coded frequency-modulated continuous wave</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Phase-modulated continuous wave</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="1101">FG Elektronische Systeme und Sensorik</collection>
  </doc>
</export-example>
