<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<export-example>
  <doc>
    <id>23502</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2019</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>246</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>259</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>2</issue>
    <volume>9</volume>
    <type>articler</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2019-02-12</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Recovery of Li(Ni0.33Mn0.33Co0.33)O2 from Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes: Aspects of Degradation</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Nickel–manganese–cobalt oxides, with LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2 (NMC) as the most prominent compound, are state-of-the-art cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. The growing market for electro mobility has led to a growing global demand for Li, Co, Ni, and Mn, making spent lithium-ion batteries a valuable secondary resource. Going forward, energy- and resource-inefficient pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical recycling strategies must be avoided. We presented an approach to recover NMC particles from spent lithium-ion battery cathodes while preserving their chemical and morphological properties, with a minimal use of chemicals. The key task was the separation of the cathode coating layer consisting of NMC, an organic binder, and carbon black, from the Al substrate foil. This can be performed in water under strong agitation to support the slow detachment process. However, the contact of the NMC cathode with water leads to a release of Li+ ions and a fast increase in the pH. Unwanted side reactions may occur as the Al substrate foil starts to dissolve and Al(OH)3 precipitates on the NMC. These side reactions are avoided using pH-adjusted solutions with sufficiently high buffer capacities to separate the coating layer from the Al substrate, without precipitations and without degradation of the NMC particles.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Nanomaterials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/nano9020246</identifier>
    <identifier type="url">https://www.mdpi.com/journal/nanomaterials/special_issues/charact_nano</identifier>
    <identifier type="url">https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/9/2/246</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2079-4991</identifier>
    <enrichment key="BTU">an der BTU erstellt / created at BTU</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <author>
      <firstName>Tim</firstName>
      <lastName>Sieber</lastName>
    </author>
    <submitter>
      <firstName>Jörg</firstName>
      <lastName>Acker</lastName>
    </submitter>
    <author>
      <firstName>Jana</firstName>
      <lastName>Ducke</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Anja</firstName>
      <lastName>Rietig</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Thomas</firstName>
      <lastName>Langner</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Jörg</firstName>
      <lastName>Acker</lastName>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>lithium</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>nickel–manganese–cobalt oxide</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>NMC</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>leaching</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>recycling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SEM-EDX</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Raman spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>lithium ion battery</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="2206">FG Physikalische Chemie</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>24481</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2019</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>28</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition>1. Auflage</edition>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject_noref</type>
    <publisherName>Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Ulm</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2019-10-11</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Degradation effects on Li(Ni0.33Mn0.33Co0.33)O2 in the recovery of lithium battery cathodes</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The compound Li(Ni0.33Mn0.33Co0.33)O2 (NMC) is the state-of-the-art lithium-ion battery cathode material. Due to the increasing demand NMC is of crucial economically importance for the worldwide emerging market of electromobility. Recycling of end-of-life lithium-ion batteries to recover NMC, in particular of batteries from automotive vehicles, is one future strategy to save costs and to become more independent from the supply of the essential elements Co and Mn. Several concepts for NMC recycling from lithium-ion batteries are based on wet-chemical process steps, in particular, to separate the NMC containing cathode layer from the underlying metal foil. However, NMC is very sensitive against the attack by water and reagents that are added to promote the separation process.&#13;
The present study deals with the wet-chemical recycling of NMC using aqueous reagent solutions in a under varying process conditions. The recovered NMC samples are characterized in order to study the ongoing degradation at the surface of the NMC particles. In particular, two major degradation pathways are identified: (i) a preferential loss of lithium and nickel and (ii) the formation of passivation layers due to unwanted side reactions. DRIFT measurements are performed to study the NMC surface species after the recovery processes. SEM/EDX mappings are used to detect changes in the chemical composition in the surface region of the chemically treated NMC particles. Finally, a detailed study of the changes in the chemical state at the NMC particle surface is done by Raman microscopy by means of the deconvolution of the recorded spectra into their A1G component (representing the metal-oxide phonons) and into the Eg component (representing the oxide-metal-oxide phonons). &#13;
As result of this study, the consequences of different wet-chemical process conditions on the quality of the recovered NMC material are discussed.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Advanced Lithium Batteries for Automobile Applications - ABAA 12, Book of Abstracts</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="BTU">an der BTU erstellt / created at BTU</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <author>
      <firstName>Jörg</firstName>
      <lastName>Acker</lastName>
    </author>
    <submitter>
      <firstName>Jörg</firstName>
      <lastName>Acker</lastName>
    </submitter>
    <author>
      <firstName>Tim</firstName>
      <lastName>Sieber</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Jana</firstName>
      <lastName>Ducke</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Thomas</firstName>
      <lastName>Langner</lastName>
    </author>
    <author>
      <firstName>Anja</firstName>
      <lastName>Rietig</lastName>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>lithium ion battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>recycling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>NMC</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>electromobility</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>degradation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Raman spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>cathode</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="2206">FG Physikalische Chemie</collection>
  </doc>
</export-example>
