@misc{KarnapkeWalther, author = {Karnapke, Reinhardt and Walther, Karsten}, title = {Internet of Things and Real Internet of Things}, series = {20. GI/ITG KuVS Fachgespr{\"a}ch Sensornetze (FGSN 2023)}, journal = {20. GI/ITG KuVS Fachgespr{\"a}ch Sensornetze (FGSN 2023)}, editor = {Piotrowski, Krzysztof}, doi = {10.26127/BTUOpen-6637}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus4-66374}, pages = {2 -- 4}, abstract = {Sensor networks have come a long way since their first inception 30 years ago. In this paper we look at the results achieved and the areas that still need research from an industry perspective.}, language = {en} } @misc{ChatharajupalliRottaKarnapkeetal., author = {Chatharajupalli, Navya Sneha and Rotta, Randolf and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Assessing the Feasibility of Combined BLE and Wi-Fi Communication for High Data Sensing Applications}, series = {EWSN '23: Proceedings of the 2023 International Conference on Embedded Wireless Systems and Networks}, journal = {EWSN '23: Proceedings of the 2023 International Conference on Embedded Wireless Systems and Networks}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, address = {New York}, doi = {10.5555/3639940.3639948}, pages = {56 -- 59}, abstract = {Advanced sensors generate more data than can be transmitted using classic battery-powered wireless sensor networks. While using Wi-Fi would provide plenty of throughput, the receivers are energy hungry and, thus, the radio time needs to be reduced. Previous research suggests to combine Wi-Fi with low-power technologies such as BLE for an energy efficient coordination of the Wi-Fi radios. Existing approaches focus on individual point-to-point routes whereas certain applications require concurrent transmissions. We evaluated the combination of BLE and Wi-Fi on the ESP32-S3 multi-radio microcontroller through detailed energy and throughput measurements. The results show that established BLE connections allow to activateWi-Fi quickly on-demand; the energy efficiency of the data transmission is significantly improved over previous works but the BLE connection setup is prohibitively slow. While the combination of BLE and Wi-Fi provides high throughput with good energy efficiency, careful design of the BLE-based signalling protocol is necessary to also achieve low latency.}, language = {en} } @misc{KarnapkeWalther, author = {Karnapke, Reinhardt and Walther, Karsten}, title = {Realizing Seamless Integration of Sensors and Actuators into the IoT}, series = {Science and Technologies for Smart Cities : 7th EAI International Conference, SmartCity360°, Virtual Event, December 2-4, 2021, Proceedings}, journal = {Science and Technologies for Smart Cities : 7th EAI International Conference, SmartCity360°, Virtual Event, December 2-4, 2021, Proceedings}, editor = {Paiva, Sara}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-031-06370-1}, issn = {978-3-031-06371-8}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-06371-8_44}, pages = {688 -- 701}, language = {en} } @misc{GraffKarnapke, author = {Graff, Daniel and Karnapke, Reinhardt}, title = {From Centralized Management of Robot Swarms to Decentralized Scheduling}, series = {2018 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things and Intelligence System (IOTAIS)}, journal = {2018 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things and Intelligence System (IOTAIS)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway, NJ}, isbn = {978-1-5386-7358-4}, doi = {10.1109/IOTAIS.2018.8600917}, pages = {141 -- 147}, language = {en} } @misc{GraffKarnapke, author = {Graff, Daniel and Karnapke, Reinhardt}, title = {Managing Swarms of Robots: From Centralized Scheduling to Decentralized Scheduling (work in progress)}, series = {17. GI/ITG KuVS Fachgespr{\"a}ch Sensornetze, 13./14. September 2018, Braunschweig}, journal = {17. GI/ITG KuVS Fachgespr{\"a}ch Sensornetze, 13./14. September 2018, Braunschweig}, publisher = {Technische Universit{\"a}t}, address = {Braunschweig}, doi = {10.24355/dbbs.084-201809121401-1}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:084-2018110614244}, pages = {23 -- 26}, language = {en} } @misc{BusseKarnapkeParzyjegla, author = {Busse, Anselm and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Parzyjegla, Helge}, title = {Simulation-Based Tracing and Profiling for System Software Development}, series = {Proceedings of the 10th ACM International Systems and Storage Conference, SYSTOR '17}, journal = {Proceedings of the 10th ACM International Systems and Storage Conference, SYSTOR '17}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York, NY}, isbn = {978-1-4503-5035-8}, doi = {10.1145/3078468.3078475}, pages = {8:1 -- 8:6}, language = {en} } @misc{GraffKarnapke, author = {Graff, Daniel and Karnapke, Reinhardt}, title = {Spatio-Temporal Coordination of Mobile Robot Swarms}, series = {IEEE 41st Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), Dubai, UAE, 7-10 Nov. 2016}, journal = {IEEE 41st Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), Dubai, UAE, 7-10 Nov. 2016}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-5090-2054-6}, pages = {515 -- 518}, language = {en} } @misc{GraffKarnapke, author = {Graff, Daniel and Karnapke, Reinhardt}, title = {The Swarm as a Service: Virtualization of Motion}, series = {Eleventh IEEE International Workshop on Practical Issues in Building Sensor Network Applications (IEEE SenseApp 2016)}, journal = {Eleventh IEEE International Workshop on Practical Issues in Building Sensor Network Applications (IEEE SenseApp 2016)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-5090-2347-9}, pages = {129 -- 136}, language = {en} } @misc{GraffKarnapke, author = {Graff, Daniel and Karnapke, Reinhardt}, title = {Cyber-Physical Systems - Exemplary Applications and a Distributed Execution Platform}, series = {2016 IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Innovative Business Practices for the Transformation of Societies (EmergiTech 2016)}, journal = {2016 IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Innovative Business Practices for the Transformation of Societies (EmergiTech 2016)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-5090-0706-6}, language = {en} } @misc{KarnapkeLohsNolte, author = {Karnapke, Reinhardt and Lohs, Stefan and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {How to ruin Sensor Network Performance using Duplicate Suppression}, series = {Sensor Systems and Software, 5th International Conference, S-CUBE 2014, Coventry, UK, October 6-7, 2014, Revised Selected Papers}, journal = {Sensor Systems and Software, 5th International Conference, S-CUBE 2014, Coventry, UK, October 6-7, 2014, Revised Selected Papers}, editor = {Kanjo, Eiman and Trossen, Dirk}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-319-17135-7}, pages = {20 -- 29}, language = {en} } @misc{BeyerLohsNolteetal., author = {Beyer, Sandra and Lohs, Stefan and Nolte, J{\"o}rg and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Siegemund, Gerry}, title = {Self-Stabilizing Structures for Data Gathering in Wireless Sensor Networks}, series = {SENSORCOMM 2015, The Ninth International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications, August 23-28, 2015 Venice, Italy}, journal = {SENSORCOMM 2015, The Ninth International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications, August 23-28, 2015 Venice, Italy}, publisher = {IARIA}, isbn = {978-1-61208-425-1}, pages = {71 -- 76}, language = {en} } @misc{BuechnerNolteKraemeretal., author = {B{\"u}chner, Steffen and Nolte, J{\"o}rg and Kraemer, Rolf and Lopacinski, Lukasz and Karnapke, Reinhardt}, title = {Challenges for 100 Gbit/s End to End Communication: Increasing Throughput Through Parallel Processing}, series = {40th Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks, 2015, Clearwater Beach Florida}, journal = {40th Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks, 2015, Clearwater Beach Florida}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway, NJ}, isbn = {978-1-4673-6770-7}, doi = {10.1109/LCN.2015.7366337}, pages = {398 -- 401}, abstract = {Today's applications and services become more dependent on fast wireless communication, for the upcoming years data-rate demands of 100Gbit/s can be easily expected. However, fulfilling that demand is a task which cannot simply be solved by upscaling existing technologies. While most of the research tackles the challenges regarding the transmission technology from the physical layer up to base-band processing, we focus on the challenges concerning the handling of that vast amount of data. The overall goal is to bring together the transmission technology with the operating system to create a suitable end-to-end communication solution. In this paper we argue that communication can be understood as a soft-realtime problem and how that helps introducing parallelism into protocol-processing.}, language = {en} } @misc{KarnapkeNolte, author = {Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Buckshot Routing with Distance Vectors in Three Application Scenarios for Wireless Sensor Networks with Unstable Network Topologies and Unidirectional Links}, series = {Journal on Sensors and Transducers}, volume = {185}, journal = {Journal on Sensors and Transducers}, number = {2}, issn = {1726-5479}, pages = {53 -- 67}, abstract = {Experiments have shown that the number of asymmetric and unidirectional links often exceeds the number of bidirectional ones, especially in the transitional area of the communication range of wireless sensor nodes. Still, most of today's routing protocols ignore their existence or try to remove their implications. Also, links are not stable over time, and routes become unusable often, resulting in a need for new routing protocols that can handle highly dynamic links and use unidirectional links to their advantage. At Sensorcomm 2014, we presented BuckshotDV, a routing protocol which is resilient against link fluctuations and uses the longer reach of unidirectional links to increase its performance. Furthermore, its distance vector nature makes it scalable for large sensor networks. This paper is an extended version which adds some implementation details and the evaluation of BuckshotDV in two more application scenarios.}, language = {en} } @misc{BusseKarnapkeHeiss, author = {Busse, Anselm and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Heiss, Hans-Ulrich}, title = {CoBaS: Introducing a Component Based Scheduling Framework}, series = {6th Workshop on Applications for Multi-Core Architectures October 18-21, 2015, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil}, journal = {6th Workshop on Applications for Multi-Core Architectures October 18-21, 2015, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil}, publisher = {IEEE}, pages = {79 -- 84}, language = {en} } @misc{SieberNolteKarnapke, author = {Sieber, Andr{\´e} and Nolte, J{\"o}rg and Karnapke, Reinhardt}, title = {Compensating Dynamic Effects with Budget-based Energy Management to Reach Lifetime Goals}, series = {Sensors \& Transducers}, volume = {194}, journal = {Sensors \& Transducers}, number = {11}, issn = {2306-8515}, pages = {22 -- 34}, abstract = {Nodes within sensor networks often have tight bound goals for the lifetime while running from a non-renewable energy source. Variations within the hardware or induced by the software complicate the prediction of the energy consumption. Additionally, batteries are vulnerable to temperature and non-linear effects. To reach certain lifetime goals under these influences without sacrificing energy due to pessimistic estimations, online energy management is necessary. At Sensorcomm 2015 we presented policies to control the behavior of applications and devices using energy budgets. This paper is an extended version which adds further details and the evaluation of the proposed dynamic energy management in a real-world scenario.}, language = {en} } @misc{KarnapkeNolte, author = {Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Unidirectional Link Counter - a Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks with Many Unidirectional Links}, series = {14th Annual Mediterranean Ad Hoc Networking Workshop (Med-Hoc-Net 2015), Vilamoura, Portugal, 17 - 18 June 2015}, journal = {14th Annual Mediterranean Ad Hoc Networking Workshop (Med-Hoc-Net 2015), Vilamoura, Portugal, 17 - 18 June 2015}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-4673-7306-7}, pages = {1 -- 7}, language = {en} } @misc{GraffRoehrigKarnapke, author = {Graff, Daniel and R{\"o}hrig, Daniel and Karnapke, Reinhardt}, title = {Systemic Support of Transaction-Based Spatial-Temporal Programming of Mobile Robot Swarms}, series = {Proceedings of the 40th Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks LCN 2015, Clearwater Beach, Florida, USA}, journal = {Proceedings of the 40th Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks LCN 2015, Clearwater Beach, Florida, USA}, publisher = {IEEE}, pages = {730 -- 733}, abstract = {In this paper, we present an approach to support transaction-based spatial-temporal programming of mobile robot swarms on a systemic level. We introduce a programming model for swarms of mobile robots. Swarm applications consist of concurrent, distributed and context-aware actions. We provide distributed transactions in order to guarantee atomic execution of a set of dependent actions. We distinguish between schedulability and executability of a set of actions. In order to guarantee exe- cutability of a distributed transaction of spatial-temporal actions, we present the concept of path alternatives and a time-based two- phase commit protocol in order to assure consistency. We show the feasibility of our approach by a proof-of-concept.}, language = {en} } @misc{SieberNolteKarnapke, author = {Sieber, Andr{\´e} and Nolte, J{\"o}rg and Karnapke, Reinhardt}, title = {Using Energy Budgets to Reach Lifetime Goals while Compensating Dynamic Effects}, series = {SENSORCOMM 2015, The Ninth International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications, August 23-28, 2015 Venice, Italy}, journal = {SENSORCOMM 2015, The Ninth International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications, August 23-28, 2015 Venice, Italy}, publisher = {IARIA}, isbn = {978-1-61208-425-1}, pages = {7 -- 13}, abstract = {Nodes within sensor networks often have tight bound goals for the lifetime while running from a non-renewable energy source. Variations within the hardware or induced by the software complicate the prediction of the energy consumption. Additionally, batteries are vulnerable to temperature and non-linear effects. To reach certain lifetime goals under these influences without sacrificing energy due to pessimistic estimations, online energy management is necessary. In this paper, we present policies to control the behavior of applications and devices using energy budgets. First experiments yield promising results, with nodes reaching their lifetime goals while maintaining a high application quality.}, language = {en} } @misc{GraffKarnapke, author = {Graff, Daniel and Karnapke, Reinhardt}, title = {On the Need of Systemic Support for Spatio-Temporal Programming of Mobile Robot Swarms}, series = {11th International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks, (MSN 2015), 16-18 December 2015, Shenzhen, China}, journal = {11th International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks, (MSN 2015), 16-18 December 2015, Shenzhen, China}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway, NJ}, isbn = {978-1-5090-0329-7}, pages = {227 -- 235}, language = {en} } @misc{TraueNolteEngeletal., author = {Traue, Jana and Nolte, J{\"o}rg and Engel, Philipp and Karnapke, Reinhardt}, title = {Using Emulation Software to Predict the Performance of Algorithms on NVRAM}, series = {Proceedings of the 7th International ICST Conference on Simulation Tools and Techniques, SIMUTools '14}, journal = {Proceedings of the 7th International ICST Conference on Simulation Tools and Techniques, SIMUTools '14}, publisher = {ICST}, address = {Br{\"u}ssel}, isbn = {978-1-63190-007-5}, doi = {10.4108/icst.simutools.2014.254796}, pages = {142 -- 146}, abstract = {Currently, new storage technologies which unite the latency and byte-addressability of DRAM with the persistence of disks are being developed. This non-volatile memory (NVRAM) may start a software revolution. Traditionally, software was developed for two levels of storage and NVRAM reduces the hierarchy to a single-level store. Current research projects are already exploring the potential of NVRAM, but they face a challenge when they want to evaluate the performance: The new hardware is not yet available. In this paper, we discuss why benchmark results which are gained on existing DRAM are insufficient for a prediction of the performance on NVRAM. Either existing instructions have to be changed or new ones have to be introduced. We further show that the bochs emulator can be used to build systems which resemble NVRAM, to predict the NVRAM's consequences, and it even allows a comparison of algorithms for NVRAM.}, language = {en} }