@misc{KarnapkeNolteSenner, author = {Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg and Senner, Tobias}, title = {A Combined Routing Layer for Wireless Sensor Networks and Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks}, series = {The Second International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (SENSORCOMM 2008), 25 - 31 August 2008, Cap Esterel, France}, journal = {The Second International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (SENSORCOMM 2008), 25 - 31 August 2008, Cap Esterel, France}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway, NJ}, isbn = {978-0-7695-3330-8}, pages = {147 -- 153}, language = {en} } @misc{KarnapkeNolteWaltheretal., author = {Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg and Walther, Karsten and Sieber, Andr{\´e}}, title = {Using Preemption in Event Driven Systems with a Single Stack}, series = {The Second International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (SENSORCOMM 2008), 25 - 31 August 2008, Cap Esterel, France}, journal = {The Second International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (SENSORCOMM 2008), 25 - 31 August 2008, Cap Esterel, France}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway, NJ}, isbn = {978-0-7695-3330-8}, pages = {384 -- 390}, language = {en} } @misc{KarnapkeNolte, author = {Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {COPRA - A COmmunication PRocessing Architecture for Wireless Sensor Networks}, series = {Parallel processing, proceedings, 12th International Euro-Par Conference, Dresden, Germany, August 28 - September 1, 2006}, journal = {Parallel processing, proceedings, 12th International Euro-Par Conference, Dresden, Germany, August 28 - September 1, 2006}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Berlin [u.a.]}, pages = {951 -- 960}, language = {en} } @misc{BrzozowskiKarnapkeNolte, author = {Brzozowski, Marcin and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {IMPACT - A Family of Cross-Layer Transmission Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks}, series = {IEEE International Performance, Computing, and Communications Conference, IPCCC 2007, New Orleans, LA, April 11 - 13, 2007, including workshop tracks}, journal = {IEEE International Performance, Computing, and Communications Conference, IPCCC 2007, New Orleans, LA, April 11 - 13, 2007, including workshop tracks}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway, NJ}, pages = {619 -- 625}, language = {en} } @misc{KarnapkeNolteMank, author = {Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg and Mank, Stephan}, title = {An Adaptive TDMA based MAC Protocol for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks}, series = {International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications, SENSORCOMM 2007, Valencia, Spain, October 14 - 20}, journal = {International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications, SENSORCOMM 2007, Valencia, Spain, October 14 - 20}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway, NJ}, isbn = {978-0-7695-2988-2}, pages = {62 -- 69}, language = {en} } @misc{KarnapkeKruegerNolte, author = {Karnapke, Reinhardt and Kr{\"u}ger, Maik and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {In-network Processing and Collective Operations using the COCOS-Framework}, series = {12th IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA, 25 - 28 Sept. 2007, University of Patras, Greece}, journal = {12th IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA, 25 - 28 Sept. 2007, University of Patras, Greece}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway, NJ}, isbn = {978-1-4244-0826-9}, pages = {1194 -- 1201}, language = {en} } @misc{KarnapkeKruegerNolte, author = {Karnapke, Reinhardt and Kr{\"u}ger, Maik and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Controlling Sensors and Actuators Collectively using the COCOS-Framework}, series = {1st ACM Workshop on Sensor Actor Networks, SANET 2007, held at MobiCom '07, September 9 - 14, 2007, Montreal, Quebec, Canada}, journal = {1st ACM Workshop on Sensor Actor Networks, SANET 2007, held at MobiCom '07, September 9 - 14, 2007, Montreal, Quebec, Canada}, publisher = {Red Hook, NY}, address = {Curran}, isbn = {978-1-60423-389-6}, pages = {53 -- 54}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SieberWaltherKarnapkeetal., author = {Sieber, Andr{\´e} and Walther, Karsten and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Lagemann, Andreas and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Implicit Sleep Mode Determination in Power Management of Event-driven Deeply Embedded Systems}, series = {7. GI-ITG-KuVS-Fachgespr{\"a}ch Drahtlose Sensornetze, am 25. und 26. September 2008 in Berlin}, booktitle = {7. GI-ITG-KuVS-Fachgespr{\"a}ch Drahtlose Sensornetze, am 25. und 26. September 2008 in Berlin}, editor = {Ritter, Hartmut}, publisher = {Institut f{\"u}r Informatik}, address = {Berlin}, pages = {37 -- 40}, language = {en} } @misc{MankKarnapkeNolte, author = {Mank, Stephan and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {MLMAC - An Adaptive TDMA MAC Protocol for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks}, language = {en} } @misc{WaltherKarnapkeNolte, author = {Walther, Karsten and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {An Existing Complete House Control System based the REFLEX Operating System: Implementation and Experiences over 4 Years}, series = {13th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA 2008, Hamburg, Germany}, journal = {13th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA 2008, Hamburg, Germany}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway, NJ}, isbn = {978-1-4244-1506-9}, doi = {10.1109/ETFA.2008.4638368}, pages = {40 -- 45}, language = {en} } @misc{PetersKarnapkeNolte, author = {Peters, David and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Buckshot Routing - A Robust Source Routing Protocol for Dense Ad-Hoc Networks}, series = {Ad hoc networks, First International Conference, ADHOCNETS 2009, Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada, September 22-25, 2009}, journal = {Ad hoc networks, First International Conference, ADHOCNETS 2009, Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada, September 22-25, 2009}, editor = {Zheng, Jun}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Berlin [u.a.]}, isbn = {978-3-642-11722-0}, pages = {268 -- 283}, language = {en} } @misc{MankKarnapkeNolte, author = {Mank, Stephan and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {MLMAC-UL and ECTS-MAC - Two MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks with Unidirectional Links}, series = {Third International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications, 2009, SENSORCOMM '09 ; 18 - 23 June 2009, Athens/Glyfada, Greece}, journal = {Third International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications, 2009, SENSORCOMM '09 ; 18 - 23 June 2009, Athens/Glyfada, Greece}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway, NJ}, isbn = {978-0-7695-3669-9}, pages = {623 -- 629}, language = {en} } @misc{MankKarnapkeNolte, author = {Mank, Stephan and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: Tackling the Problem of Unidirectional Links}, series = {International journal on advances in networks and services}, volume = {2}, journal = {International journal on advances in networks and services}, number = {4}, issn = {1942-2644}, pages = {218 -- 229}, language = {en} } @misc{NuernbergerKarnapkeNolte, author = {N{\"u}rnberger, Stefan and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Sensorium - An Active Monitoring System for Neighborhood Relations in Wireless Sensor Networks}, series = {Ad hoc networks, second international conference, revised selected papers, ADHOCNETS 2010, Victoria, BC, Canada, August 18 - 20, 2010}, journal = {Ad hoc networks, second international conference, revised selected papers, ADHOCNETS 2010, Victoria, BC, Canada, August 18 - 20, 2010}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Berlin [u.a.]}, isbn = {978-3-642-17993-8}, pages = {34 -- 48}, language = {en} } @misc{SieberKarnapkeNolteetal., author = {Sieber, Andr{\´e} and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg and Martschei, Thomas}, title = {Using Sensor Technology to Protect an Endangered Species: A Case Study}, series = {2011 IEEE 36th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), Bonn, Germany, 4 - 7 October 2011, vol. 2}, journal = {2011 IEEE 36th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), Bonn, Germany, 4 - 7 October 2011, vol. 2}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {978-1-61284-926-3}, pages = {1044 -- 1047}, language = {en} } @misc{LohsKarnapkeNolte, author = {Lohs, Stefan and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Link stability in a wireless sensor network - an experimental study}, series = {Sensor systems and software, third international ICST conference, revised selected papers, Lisbon, Portugal, June 4 - 5, 2012}, journal = {Sensor systems and software, third international ICST conference, revised selected papers, Lisbon, Portugal, June 4 - 5, 2012}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Heidelberg [u.a.]}, isbn = {978-3-642-32777-3}, pages = {146 -- 163}, language = {en} } @misc{LohsKarnapkeNolteetal., author = {Lohs, Stefan and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg and Lagemann, Andreas}, title = {Self-stabilizing Sensor Networks for Emergency Management}, series = {Second Workshop on Pervasive Networks for Emergency Management, Lugano, Switzerland, March 2012}, journal = {Second Workshop on Pervasive Networks for Emergency Management, Lugano, Switzerland, March 2012}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway, NJ}, isbn = {978-1-4673-0905-9}, pages = {721 -- 726}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{TraueKarnapkeNolte, author = {Traue, Jana and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {From Parallel Systems to Wireless Sensor Networks and Back}, series = {Technical Report SEEMOO-TR-2012-03, 11. Fachgespr{\"a}ch Sensornetze der GI/ITG Fachgruppe Kommunikation und Verteilte Systeme, 13.-14. September 2012, Technische Universit{\"a}t Darmstadt}, booktitle = {Technical Report SEEMOO-TR-2012-03, 11. Fachgespr{\"a}ch Sensornetze der GI/ITG Fachgruppe Kommunikation und Verteilte Systeme, 13.-14. September 2012, Technische Universit{\"a}t Darmstadt}, publisher = {Technische Universit{\"a}t}, address = {Darmstadt}, pages = {29 -- 32}, language = {en} } @misc{LohsKarnapkeNolte, author = {Lohs, Stefan and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {ToleranceZone - A Self-Stabilizing Middleware for Wireless Sensor Networks}, pages = {4}, language = {en} } @misc{KarnapkeNolte, author = {Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Buckshot Routing with Distance Vectors in Three Application Scenarios for Wireless Sensor Networks with Unstable Network Topologies and Unidirectional Links}, series = {Journal on Sensors and Transducers}, volume = {185}, journal = {Journal on Sensors and Transducers}, number = {2}, issn = {1726-5479}, pages = {53 -- 67}, abstract = {Experiments have shown that the number of asymmetric and unidirectional links often exceeds the number of bidirectional ones, especially in the transitional area of the communication range of wireless sensor nodes. Still, most of today's routing protocols ignore their existence or try to remove their implications. Also, links are not stable over time, and routes become unusable often, resulting in a need for new routing protocols that can handle highly dynamic links and use unidirectional links to their advantage. At Sensorcomm 2014, we presented BuckshotDV, a routing protocol which is resilient against link fluctuations and uses the longer reach of unidirectional links to increase its performance. Furthermore, its distance vector nature makes it scalable for large sensor networks. This paper is an extended version which adds some implementation details and the evaluation of BuckshotDV in two more application scenarios.}, language = {en} } @misc{KarnapkeNolte, author = {Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {BuckshotDV - A robust Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks with unstable Network Topologies and Unidirectional Links}, series = {SENSORCOMM 2014, The Eighth International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications, Lisbon, Portugal}, journal = {SENSORCOMM 2014, The Eighth International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications, Lisbon, Portugal}, publisher = {IARIA}, isbn = {978-1-61208-374-2}, pages = {60 -- 65}, abstract = {Experiments have shown that the number of asym- metric and unidirectional links often exceeds the number of bidirectional ones, especially in the transitional area of the communication range of wireless sensor nodes. Still, most of today's routing protocols ignore their existence or try to remove their implications. Also, links are not stable over time, and routes become unusable often, resulting in a need for new routing protocols that can handle highly dynamic links and use unidirectional links to their advantage. In this paper, we present BuckshotDV, a routing protocol which is resilient against link fluctuations and uses the longer reach of unidirectional links to increase its performance. Furthermore, its distance vector nature makes it scalable for large sensor networks.}, language = {en} } @misc{KarnapkeNolte, author = {Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Triangle Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks with Unidirectional Links Revisited - a Look at Different Scenarios}, series = {International Journal on Advances in Networks and Services}, volume = {17}, journal = {International Journal on Advances in Networks and Services}, number = {1/2}, issn = {1942-2644}, pages = {72}, abstract = {Experiments with wireless sensor networks have shown that links are often asymmetric or unidirectional. This represents a serious problem for many routing protocols, which often depend on bidirectional links. Routing protocols that can use unidirectional links often induce a high overhead. To overcome this problem we introduced Unidirectional Link Triangle Routing, a routing protocol, which uses neighborhood information, gathered actively or passively, to route around unidirectional links. In this paper, we describe Unidirectional Link Triangle Routing in further detail and present additional evaluation results from different application scenarios.}, language = {en} } @misc{KarnapkeNolte, author = {Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Unidirectional Link Triangle Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks}, series = {SENSORCOMM 2013, The Seventh International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications, Barcelona, Spain}, journal = {SENSORCOMM 2013, The Seventh International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications, Barcelona, Spain}, publisher = {IARIA}, isbn = {978-1-61208-296-7}, pages = {7 -- 14}, abstract = {Experiments with wireless sensor networks have shown that asymmetric and unidirectional links do not only exist, but are indeed quite common. Still, many people argue that the gain in connectivity is not worth the effort of making them usable for routing protocols. In this paper, we follow the opposite approach and introduce Unidirectional Link Triangle Routing, which reduces the overhead and, therefore, makes unidirectional links usable on the routing layer.}, language = {en} } @misc{GraffRoehrigKarnapke, author = {Graff, Daniel and R{\"o}hrig, Daniel and Karnapke, Reinhardt}, title = {Systemic Support of Transaction-Based Spatial-Temporal Programming of Mobile Robot Swarms}, series = {Proceedings of the 40th Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks LCN 2015, Clearwater Beach, Florida, USA}, journal = {Proceedings of the 40th Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks LCN 2015, Clearwater Beach, Florida, USA}, publisher = {IEEE}, pages = {730 -- 733}, abstract = {In this paper, we present an approach to support transaction-based spatial-temporal programming of mobile robot swarms on a systemic level. We introduce a programming model for swarms of mobile robots. Swarm applications consist of concurrent, distributed and context-aware actions. We provide distributed transactions in order to guarantee atomic execution of a set of dependent actions. We distinguish between schedulability and executability of a set of actions. In order to guarantee exe- cutability of a distributed transaction of spatial-temporal actions, we present the concept of path alternatives and a time-based two- phase commit protocol in order to assure consistency. We show the feasibility of our approach by a proof-of-concept.}, language = {en} } @misc{BusseKarnapkeHeiss, author = {Busse, Anselm and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Heiss, Hans-Ulrich}, title = {CoBaS: Introducing a Component Based Scheduling Framework}, series = {6th Workshop on Applications for Multi-Core Architectures October 18-21, 2015, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil}, journal = {6th Workshop on Applications for Multi-Core Architectures October 18-21, 2015, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil}, publisher = {IEEE}, pages = {79 -- 84}, language = {en} } @misc{MenzelKarnapkeBuechneretal., author = {Menzel, Hannes and Karnapke, Reinhardt and B{\"u}chner, Steffen and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Applying Wireless Sensor Networks to Renaturation Monitoring: From Requirements to Deployment}, series = {IFIP Wireless Days (WD) 2014, Rio/Brasil}, journal = {IFIP Wireless Days (WD) 2014, Rio/Brasil}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/WD.2014.7020825}, pages = {4}, language = {en} } @misc{KarnapkeLohsNolte, author = {Karnapke, Reinhardt and Lohs, Stefan and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {How to ruin Sensor Network Performance using Duplicate Suppression}, series = {Sensor Systems and Software, 5th International Conference, S-CUBE 2014, Coventry, UK, October 6-7, 2014, Revised Selected Papers}, journal = {Sensor Systems and Software, 5th International Conference, S-CUBE 2014, Coventry, UK, October 6-7, 2014, Revised Selected Papers}, editor = {Kanjo, Eiman and Trossen, Dirk}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-319-17135-7}, pages = {20 -- 29}, language = {en} } @misc{KarnapkeLohsLagemannetal., author = {Karnapke, Reinhardt and Lohs, Stefan and Lagemann, Andreas and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Simulation of Unidirectional Links in Wireless Sensor Networks}, series = {Proceedings of the 7th International ICST Conference on Simulation Tools and Techniques, SIMUTools '14}, journal = {Proceedings of the 7th International ICST Conference on Simulation Tools and Techniques, SIMUTools '14}, publisher = {ICST}, address = {Br{\"u}ssel}, isbn = {978-1-63190-007-5}, pages = {118 -- 125}, language = {en} } @misc{BeyerLohsNolteetal., author = {Beyer, Sandra and Lohs, Stefan and Nolte, J{\"o}rg and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Siegemund, Gerry}, title = {Self-Stabilizing Structures for Data Gathering in Wireless Sensor Networks}, series = {SENSORCOMM 2015, The Ninth International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications, August 23-28, 2015 Venice, Italy}, journal = {SENSORCOMM 2015, The Ninth International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications, August 23-28, 2015 Venice, Italy}, publisher = {IARIA}, isbn = {978-1-61208-425-1}, pages = {71 -- 76}, language = {en} } @misc{BuechnerNolteKraemeretal., author = {B{\"u}chner, Steffen and Nolte, J{\"o}rg and Kraemer, Rolf and Lopacinski, Lukasz and Karnapke, Reinhardt}, title = {Challenges for 100 Gbit/s End to End Communication: Increasing Throughput Through Parallel Processing}, series = {40th Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks, 2015, Clearwater Beach Florida}, journal = {40th Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks, 2015, Clearwater Beach Florida}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway, NJ}, isbn = {978-1-4673-6770-7}, doi = {10.1109/LCN.2015.7366337}, pages = {398 -- 401}, abstract = {Today's applications and services become more dependent on fast wireless communication, for the upcoming years data-rate demands of 100Gbit/s can be easily expected. However, fulfilling that demand is a task which cannot simply be solved by upscaling existing technologies. While most of the research tackles the challenges regarding the transmission technology from the physical layer up to base-band processing, we focus on the challenges concerning the handling of that vast amount of data. The overall goal is to bring together the transmission technology with the operating system to create a suitable end-to-end communication solution. In this paper we argue that communication can be understood as a soft-realtime problem and how that helps introducing parallelism into protocol-processing.}, language = {en} } @misc{TraueNolteEngeletal., author = {Traue, Jana and Nolte, J{\"o}rg and Engel, Philipp and Karnapke, Reinhardt}, title = {Using Emulation Software to Predict the Performance of Algorithms on NVRAM}, series = {Proceedings of the 7th International ICST Conference on Simulation Tools and Techniques, SIMUTools '14}, journal = {Proceedings of the 7th International ICST Conference on Simulation Tools and Techniques, SIMUTools '14}, publisher = {ICST}, address = {Br{\"u}ssel}, isbn = {978-1-63190-007-5}, doi = {10.4108/icst.simutools.2014.254796}, pages = {142 -- 146}, abstract = {Currently, new storage technologies which unite the latency and byte-addressability of DRAM with the persistence of disks are being developed. This non-volatile memory (NVRAM) may start a software revolution. Traditionally, software was developed for two levels of storage and NVRAM reduces the hierarchy to a single-level store. Current research projects are already exploring the potential of NVRAM, but they face a challenge when they want to evaluate the performance: The new hardware is not yet available. In this paper, we discuss why benchmark results which are gained on existing DRAM are insufficient for a prediction of the performance on NVRAM. Either existing instructions have to be changed or new ones have to be introduced. We further show that the bochs emulator can be used to build systems which resemble NVRAM, to predict the NVRAM's consequences, and it even allows a comparison of algorithms for NVRAM.}, language = {en} } @misc{SieberNolteKarnapke, author = {Sieber, Andr{\´e} and Nolte, J{\"o}rg and Karnapke, Reinhardt}, title = {Using Energy Budgets to Reach Lifetime Goals while Compensating Dynamic Effects}, series = {SENSORCOMM 2015, The Ninth International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications, August 23-28, 2015 Venice, Italy}, journal = {SENSORCOMM 2015, The Ninth International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications, August 23-28, 2015 Venice, Italy}, publisher = {IARIA}, isbn = {978-1-61208-425-1}, pages = {7 -- 13}, abstract = {Nodes within sensor networks often have tight bound goals for the lifetime while running from a non-renewable energy source. Variations within the hardware or induced by the software complicate the prediction of the energy consumption. Additionally, batteries are vulnerable to temperature and non-linear effects. To reach certain lifetime goals under these influences without sacrificing energy due to pessimistic estimations, online energy management is necessary. In this paper, we present policies to control the behavior of applications and devices using energy budgets. First experiments yield promising results, with nodes reaching their lifetime goals while maintaining a high application quality.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SieberKarnapkeNolte, author = {Sieber, Andr{\´e} and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {From Energy Accounting to Energy Management}, series = {13. GI/ITG Fachgespr{\"a}ch Sensornetze, 25. und 26. September 2014 an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, booktitle = {13. GI/ITG Fachgespr{\"a}ch Sensornetze, 25. und 26. September 2014 an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t}, address = {Potsdam}, pages = {25 -- 28}, abstract = {Embedded systems, e.g. nodes within sensor networks, often have tight bound goals for lifetime while running from a not renewable energy source. Mostly batteries are used, which are vulnerable to temperature and non-linear effects. Additionally, variations within the hardware or induced by the software make the prediction of the available and consumed energy a complicated task. To reach certain lifetime goals under these influences, online energy management is necessary. For a fine-grained management on the level of individual sub-tasks, it is necessary to know where in the system the energy is consumed. In this work, we extend our online energy accounting approach to enable online energy management. We present ways to control application and device behavior, and, thus, energy using energy budgets. First experiments yield promising results, reaching their lifetime goals while maintaining a high application quality.}, language = {en} } @misc{SieberNolteKarnapke, author = {Sieber, Andr{\´e} and Nolte, J{\"o}rg and Karnapke, Reinhardt}, title = {Compensating Dynamic Effects with Budget-based Energy Management to Reach Lifetime Goals}, series = {Sensors \& Transducers}, volume = {194}, journal = {Sensors \& Transducers}, number = {11}, issn = {2306-8515}, pages = {22 -- 34}, abstract = {Nodes within sensor networks often have tight bound goals for the lifetime while running from a non-renewable energy source. Variations within the hardware or induced by the software complicate the prediction of the energy consumption. Additionally, batteries are vulnerable to temperature and non-linear effects. To reach certain lifetime goals under these influences without sacrificing energy due to pessimistic estimations, online energy management is necessary. At Sensorcomm 2015 we presented policies to control the behavior of applications and devices using energy budgets. This paper is an extended version which adds further details and the evaluation of the proposed dynamic energy management in a real-world scenario.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{BeyerLohsKarnapkeetal., author = {Beyer, Sandra and Lohs, Stefan and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Self-Stabilizing Aggregation- and Reduction-Structures for Wireless Sensor Networks}, series = {13. GI/ITG Fachgespr{\"a}ch Sensornetze, 25. und 26. September 2014 an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, booktitle = {13. GI/ITG Fachgespr{\"a}ch Sensornetze, 25. und 26. September 2014 an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t}, address = {Potsdam}, pages = {13 -- 16}, language = {en} } @misc{BusseKarnapkeParzyjegla, author = {Busse, Anselm and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Parzyjegla, Helge}, title = {Simulation-Based Tracing and Profiling for System Software Development}, series = {Proceedings of the 10th ACM International Systems and Storage Conference, SYSTOR '17}, journal = {Proceedings of the 10th ACM International Systems and Storage Conference, SYSTOR '17}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York, NY}, isbn = {978-1-4503-5035-8}, doi = {10.1145/3078468.3078475}, pages = {8:1 -- 8:6}, language = {en} } @misc{GraffKarnapke, author = {Graff, Daniel and Karnapke, Reinhardt}, title = {Spatio-Temporal Coordination of Mobile Robot Swarms}, series = {IEEE 41st Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), Dubai, UAE, 7-10 Nov. 2016}, journal = {IEEE 41st Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), Dubai, UAE, 7-10 Nov. 2016}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-5090-2054-6}, pages = {515 -- 518}, language = {en} } @misc{GraffKarnapke, author = {Graff, Daniel and Karnapke, Reinhardt}, title = {The Swarm as a Service: Virtualization of Motion}, series = {Eleventh IEEE International Workshop on Practical Issues in Building Sensor Network Applications (IEEE SenseApp 2016)}, journal = {Eleventh IEEE International Workshop on Practical Issues in Building Sensor Network Applications (IEEE SenseApp 2016)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-5090-2347-9}, pages = {129 -- 136}, language = {en} } @misc{GraffKarnapke, author = {Graff, Daniel and Karnapke, Reinhardt}, title = {Cyber-Physical Systems - Exemplary Applications and a Distributed Execution Platform}, series = {2016 IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Innovative Business Practices for the Transformation of Societies (EmergiTech 2016)}, journal = {2016 IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Innovative Business Practices for the Transformation of Societies (EmergiTech 2016)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-5090-0706-6}, language = {en} } @misc{GraffKarnapke, author = {Graff, Daniel and Karnapke, Reinhardt}, title = {On the Need of Systemic Support for Spatio-Temporal Programming of Mobile Robot Swarms}, series = {11th International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks, (MSN 2015), 16-18 December 2015, Shenzhen, China}, journal = {11th International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks, (MSN 2015), 16-18 December 2015, Shenzhen, China}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway, NJ}, isbn = {978-1-5090-0329-7}, pages = {227 -- 235}, language = {en} } @misc{KarnapkeNolte, author = {Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Unidirectional Link Counter - a Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks with Many Unidirectional Links}, series = {14th Annual Mediterranean Ad Hoc Networking Workshop (Med-Hoc-Net 2015), Vilamoura, Portugal, 17 - 18 June 2015}, journal = {14th Annual Mediterranean Ad Hoc Networking Workshop (Med-Hoc-Net 2015), Vilamoura, Portugal, 17 - 18 June 2015}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-4673-7306-7}, pages = {1 -- 7}, language = {en} } @misc{GraffKarnapke, author = {Graff, Daniel and Karnapke, Reinhardt}, title = {Managing Swarms of Robots: From Centralized Scheduling to Decentralized Scheduling (work in progress)}, series = {17. GI/ITG KuVS Fachgespr{\"a}ch Sensornetze, 13./14. September 2018, Braunschweig}, journal = {17. GI/ITG KuVS Fachgespr{\"a}ch Sensornetze, 13./14. September 2018, Braunschweig}, publisher = {Technische Universit{\"a}t}, address = {Braunschweig}, doi = {10.24355/dbbs.084-201809121401-1}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:084-2018110614244}, pages = {23 -- 26}, language = {en} } @misc{GraffKarnapke, author = {Graff, Daniel and Karnapke, Reinhardt}, title = {From Centralized Management of Robot Swarms to Decentralized Scheduling}, series = {2018 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things and Intelligence System (IOTAIS)}, journal = {2018 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things and Intelligence System (IOTAIS)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway, NJ}, isbn = {978-1-5386-7358-4}, doi = {10.1109/IOTAIS.2018.8600917}, pages = {141 -- 147}, language = {en} } @misc{KarnapkeWalther, author = {Karnapke, Reinhardt and Walther, Karsten}, title = {Realizing Seamless Integration of Sensors and Actuators into the IoT}, series = {Science and Technologies for Smart Cities : 7th EAI International Conference, SmartCity360°, Virtual Event, December 2-4, 2021, Proceedings}, journal = {Science and Technologies for Smart Cities : 7th EAI International Conference, SmartCity360°, Virtual Event, December 2-4, 2021, Proceedings}, editor = {Paiva, Sara}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-031-06370-1}, issn = {978-3-031-06371-8}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-06371-8_44}, pages = {688 -- 701}, language = {en} } @misc{BartnitzekKarnapkeFriedenbergeretal., author = {Bartnitzek, Jens and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Friedenberger, Dirk and Milius, Birgit and Naumann, Billy}, title = {Neue Ans{\"a}tze f{\"u}r Systeme zum Einsatz in Wachstumsregionen}, series = {Der Eisenbahningenieur : EI}, journal = {Der Eisenbahningenieur : EI}, number = {8}, issn = {0013-2810}, pages = {34 -- 37}, language = {de} } @misc{KarnapkeWalther, author = {Karnapke, Reinhardt and Walther, Karsten}, title = {Internet of Things and Real Internet of Things}, series = {20. GI/ITG KuVS Fachgespr{\"a}ch Sensornetze (FGSN 2023)}, journal = {20. GI/ITG KuVS Fachgespr{\"a}ch Sensornetze (FGSN 2023)}, editor = {Piotrowski, Krzysztof}, doi = {10.26127/BTUOpen-6637}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus4-66374}, pages = {2 -- 4}, abstract = {Sensor networks have come a long way since their first inception 30 years ago. In this paper we look at the results achieved and the areas that still need research from an industry perspective.}, language = {en} } @misc{ChatharajupalliRottaKarnapkeetal., author = {Chatharajupalli, Navya Sneha and Rotta, Randolf and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Assessing the Feasibility of Combined BLE and Wi-Fi Communication for High Data Sensing Applications}, series = {EWSN '23: Proceedings of the 2023 International Conference on Embedded Wireless Systems and Networks}, journal = {EWSN '23: Proceedings of the 2023 International Conference on Embedded Wireless Systems and Networks}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, address = {New York}, doi = {10.5555/3639940.3639948}, pages = {56 -- 59}, abstract = {Advanced sensors generate more data than can be transmitted using classic battery-powered wireless sensor networks. While using Wi-Fi would provide plenty of throughput, the receivers are energy hungry and, thus, the radio time needs to be reduced. Previous research suggests to combine Wi-Fi with low-power technologies such as BLE for an energy efficient coordination of the Wi-Fi radios. Existing approaches focus on individual point-to-point routes whereas certain applications require concurrent transmissions. We evaluated the combination of BLE and Wi-Fi on the ESP32-S3 multi-radio microcontroller through detailed energy and throughput measurements. The results show that established BLE connections allow to activateWi-Fi quickly on-demand; the energy efficiency of the data transmission is significantly improved over previous works but the BLE connection setup is prohibitively slow. While the combination of BLE and Wi-Fi provides high throughput with good energy efficiency, careful design of the BLE-based signalling protocol is necessary to also achieve low latency.}, language = {en} } @misc{KarnapkeRichterWerner, author = {Karnapke, Reinhardt and Richter, Martin and Werner, Matthias}, title = {Virtualization in robot swarms: past, present, and future}, series = {2024 IEEE 21st Consumer Communications \& Networking Conference (CCNC)}, journal = {2024 IEEE 21st Consumer Communications \& Networking Conference (CCNC)}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {979-8-3503-0457-2}, doi = {10.1109/CCNC51664.2024.10454838}, pages = {1 -- 6}, abstract = {Robot swarms have come a long way since the first mobile sensor/actuator networks. Since then, we have seen the rise of operating systems for robots and swarm operating systems that ease the use of robots, and especially of large swarms of them, a lot. Still, the description of a task is often not easy and best done by experts. In this paper we envision future swarm operating systems, where task descriptions take a form which can be realized by non-experts. We describe our idea of hugely increased virtualization in the swarm and how this can be used to realize the aforementioned vision.}, language = {en} } @misc{RottaChatharajupalliNaumannetal., author = {Rotta, Randolf and Chatharajupalli, Navya Sneha and Naumann, Billy and Schulz, Julius and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Werner, Matthias and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Demo: B.A.T.M.A.N. mesh routing on ultra low-power IEEE 802.11 modules}, series = {2024 IEEE 49th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN)}, journal = {2024 IEEE 49th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN)}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {979-8-3503-8800-8}, issn = {2832-1421}, doi = {10.1109/LCN60385.2024.10639789}, pages = {4}, abstract = {When implementing multi-hop mesh network protocols, efficient direct communication, route discovery, and route repair are crucial to achieve high network throughput. To our knowledge, there is no open mesh routing protocol available for ultra low power IEEE 802.11 modules. Previous work relied on single board computers like Raspberry Pi. We implemented the B.A.T.M.A.N. mesh protocol on the popular Espressif ESP32 along with a novel hybrid rate adaptation for the selection of efficient routes. In this demo we showcase challenges and solutions related to the implementation on ESP32 and how the hybrid rate adaptation improves end-to-end throughput.}, language = {en} } @misc{RichterKarnapkeWerner, author = {Richter, Martin and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Werner, Matthias}, title = {Utilizing sensor and actuator virtualization to achieve a systemic view of mobile heterogeneous cyber-physical systems}, series = {Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Simulation and Modeling Methodologies, Technologies and Applications}, journal = {Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Simulation and Modeling Methodologies, Technologies and Applications}, publisher = {SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications}, isbn = {978-989-758-708-5}, doi = {10.5220/0012715800003758}, pages = {207 -- 214}, abstract = {When programming cyber-physical systems, application developers currently utilize physical sensors and actuators individually to achieve the desired observations and impacts within the physical world. This is an error-prone and complex task given the size, heterogeneity, and mobility of prevailing cyber-physical systems. We introduce an application model that allows the application developers to take a physical perspective. By means of this model, the programmers describe desired observations and influences with respect to the physical world without directly referencing physical devices. We present an additional model for a runtime environment that transparently utilizes the available physical devices to reach the application developers' targets. We show that an implementation of our models is functional via simulation.}, language = {en} } @misc{KarnapkeSeidelHeuerHoeckneretal., author = {Karnapke, Reinhardt and Seidel Heuer, Dilmari and Hoeckner, Soeren and Walther, Karsten}, title = {Secure connections in local networks despite multiple stakeholders}, series = {Proceedings of Ninth International Congress on Information and Communication Technology : ICICT 2024, London, Volume 4}, journal = {Proceedings of Ninth International Congress on Information and Communication Technology : ICICT 2024, London, Volume 4}, editor = {Yang, Xin-She and Sherratt, Simon and Dey, Nilanjan and Joshi, Amit}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, isbn = {978-9819735617}, pages = {141 -- 153}, abstract = {Computer usage authentication mostly comes in two flavors: Either as a key-value pair (name and password) or as certificates from a thrusted authority. Both approaches have their advantages and drawbacks when used for authentication of users on their computer and their computers on the Internet. However, in Industrial Internet of Things environments, when authenticating machines against machines that do not have a permanent Internet connection, this becomes an even bigger issue. In this paper we describe the insufficiencies of these classic approaches when dealing with attacks that originate inside a local network and present our methods of mutual authentication for devices in environments where multiple stakeholders are involved and a permanent Internet connection is not a given.}, language = {en} } @misc{ChatharajupalliRottaKarnapkeetal., author = {Chatharajupalli, Navya Sneha and Rotta, Randolf and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Probing considered harmful : leveraging RSSI for link quality prediction}, series = {Proceedings of the IEEE 50th Conference on Local Computer Networks : LCN 2025 : October 14-16, 2025, Sydney, Australia}, journal = {Proceedings of the IEEE 50th Conference on Local Computer Networks : LCN 2025 : October 14-16, 2025, Sydney, Australia}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {New York, NY}, isbn = {979-8-3315-3704-3}, issn = {2831-7742}, doi = {10.1109/LCN65610.2025.11146347}, pages = {1 -- 9}, abstract = {Wireless mesh protocols that use a routing metric based on throughput or airtime require predictions about future throughput for all mesh neighbors. Typically, the Wi-Fi rate controller provides this information, and state-of-the-art rate control algorithms estimate it based on statistics from past unicast transmissions. This introduces an adverse cross-layer dependency because meaningful statistics are only available for the links that were used by the routing layer. Existing implementations either ignore this, or use other routing metrics, such as distance, or generate artificial periodic probe traffic to all neighbors. Unfortunately, probing reacts slowly to changing conditions, increases the medium contention, and can lead to overly optimistic predictions. To overcome this, we introduce an RSSI-based link quality prediction for the routing layer. Benchmarks in a B.A.T.M.A.N. version V mesh show a decrease of round-trip time by three orders of magnitude and an increase of the end-to-end packet delivery ratio. TCP connections became possible over long routes that were previously unusable. Although highly imprecise, the easy to acquire RSSI provided sufficiently good predictions for our mesh network.}, language = {en} } @misc{ChatharajupalliRottaKarnapkeetal., author = {Chatharajupalli, Navya Sneha and Rotta, Randolf and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Animal health monitoring and tracking through solar-powered mesh network}, series = {22. GI/ITG KuVS Fachgespr{\"a}ch Sensornetze : 11. und 12. September 2025, Clausthal-Zellerfeld}, journal = {22. GI/ITG KuVS Fachgespr{\"a}ch Sensornetze : 11. und 12. September 2025, Clausthal-Zellerfeld}, publisher = {TU Clausthal-Zellerfeld}, address = {Clausthal-Zellerfeld}, doi = {10.21268/20250805-0}, pages = {1 -- 3}, abstract = {Various health and movement sensors, especially bolus sensors inside a cow's stomach, are crucial for timely medical interventions. Commonly, wall-powered gateways are used to retrieve sensor updates and forward them quickly to an analysis service. In large outdoor farmlands, however, localisation of individual cows becomes important while the long-term operation of wall-powered gateways is costly. Previous solutions that use a LoRaWAN gateway with bigger antennas are still limited to 500m and provide only poor localization information. Existing solutions based on a mesh network of repeaters provide good localization but still depend on external wall power. Solar-powered mesh nodes would simplify the long-term operation. In order to achieve this, a significant improvement of the energy efficiency of the mesh nodes is necessary. This paper explores protocol design choices for the energy-efficient communication between mesh nodes and the bolus sensors. By introducing synchronised sleep and communication intervals, the size of the solar panels and energy storage can be reduced.}, language = {en} } @misc{ChatharajupalliRottaKarnapkeetal., author = {Chatharajupalli, Navya Sneha and Rotta, Randolf and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {VibroMote : Wi-Fi-based mesh communication for railway bridge inspection and monitoring}, series = {2025 International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC)}, journal = {2025 International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway, NJ}, isbn = {978-1-6654-5769-9}, issn = {2768-0940}, doi = {10.1109/ISNCC66965.2025.11250402}, pages = {1 -- 6}, abstract = {Vibration sensing provides insights into the dynamic behaviour of engineering constructions such as railway bridges. Cable-based sensors are viable only for long-term condition monitoring and rare special inspections because of the labor-intensive deployment. Although wireless sensors significantly reduce this overhead, their energy constraints limited the network throughput and, hence, their resolution in space and time. Batteryor solar-powered sensor nodes with high network throughput would enable in-depth measurements during regular inspections and improve the access to high-quality monitoring data. We present "VibroMote", which combines energy harvesting, a high-bandwidth 3-axis MEMS accelerometer, and high-throughput, self-organizing mesh communication via IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi. The evaluation on a real bridge with 18 VibroMotes shows that the deployment time can be reduced from hours to minutes; the multi-hop mesh provides sufficient throughput reserves for the application whereas direct one-hop communication failed; the battery runtime is sufficient for temporary measurements during inspections; and the energy consumption during sleep modes would be low enough for solar-powered long-term monitoring. Hence, the combination of high-throughput Wi-Fi with mesh networking is a strong alternative to the commonly used low-power radio technologies when long range between the sensors is not needed.}, language = {en} } @misc{KarnapkeMikhalevCotardoetal., author = {Karnapke, Reinhardt and Mikhalev, Daniil and Cotardo, Dario and During, Fabian and Kupke, David and Walther, Karsten and Mechtcherine, Viktor}, title = {Enhancing performance and increasing safety of concrete pumps through digitalization}, series = {IEEE SAS 2025 : IEEE Sensors and Applications 2025 : symposium proceedings}, journal = {IEEE SAS 2025 : IEEE Sensors and Applications 2025 : symposium proceedings}, publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, address = {Piscataway, NJ}, isbn = {979-8-3315-1193-7}, doi = {10.1109/SAS65169.2025.11105159}, pages = {1 -- 6}, abstract = {Modern concrete mixtures are becoming increasingly complex due to environmental and economic pressures. The use of fillers and advanced admixtures enables a reduction in cement content, which alters the properties of fresh concrete. These changes often lead to higher viscosity and increased sensitivity to temperature fluctuations and water content variations, potentially causing flow instabilities and pipeline blockages during pumping.In this paper, a sensor-based edge device is introduced that can be attached to existing concrete pumps to monitor process data and detect impending blockages. By continuously analyzing hydraulic data during the pumping process, the system assesses the material's flow behavior to identify early signs of potential blockages. These insights enable proactive interventions, improving operational safety and reducing costly disruptions.conct}, language = {en} } @misc{HerglotzJabłońskiKarnapkeetal., author = {Herglotz, Christian and Jabłoński, Ireneusz and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Shahin, Keyvan and Reichenbach, Marc}, title = {Designing intelligent sensor networks : a comprehensive survey of sensing, edge AI, and 5G+/6G connectivity}, series = {IEEE access}, volume = {13}, journal = {IEEE access}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway, NJ}, issn = {2169-3536}, doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3615205}, pages = {172306 -- 172325}, abstract = {With the advent of advanced transmission technologies, powerful neural-network architectures, and the availability of cheap sensing solutions, new paradigms for monitoring, controlling, and optimizing any automated system are appearing. While traditionally, sensors simply provided visual or acoustic feedback to human operators of such systems, nowadays, autonomous systems more and more rely on the automatic sensing and processing of such data to react and adapt their control mechanisms. In such complex control systems, sensor networks play a vital role. In this paper, we assess the state of the art in the three main components used within sensor networks: smart sensing elements, transmission technologies, and processing technologies. Concerning the latter, more and more artificial intelligence-based methods are developed and applied turning smart sensor networks into intelligent or even cognitive sensor networks. For the development of such sensing systems, a high variety of performance metrics could be important to the designer. This paper discusses the vast design space for intelligent sensor networks and provides guidance and directions on how to construct future intelligent sensor networks efficiently.}, language = {en} }